2023年国际贸易法律实务试题

名词解释1、offerandacceptanceOfferandacceptanceanalysisisatraditionalapproachincontractlawusedtodeterminewhetheranagreementexistsbetweentwoparties.Anofferisanindicationbyonepersontoanotheroftheirwillingnesstocontractoncertaintermswithoutfurthernegotiations.Acontractisthenformedifthereisexpressorimpliedagreement.Acontractissaidtocomeintoexistencewhenacceptanceofanofferhasbeencommunicatedtotheofferorbytheofferee.Anofferisanexpressionofwillingnesstocontractoncertainterms,madewiththeintentionthatitshallbecomebindingassoonasitisacceptedbythepersontowhomitisaddressed,the"offeree".The"expression"referredtointhedefinitionmaytakedifferentforms,suchasaletter,newspaper,fax,emailandevenconduct,aslongasitcommunicatesthebasisonwhichtheofferorispreparedtocontract.The"intention"referredtointhedefinitionisobjectivelyjudgedbythecourts.Acceptanceisafinalandunqualifiedexpressionofassenttothetermsofanoffer.Alternatively,anofferconsistingofapromisetopaysomeoneifthelatterperformscertainactswhichthelatterwouldnototherwisedo(suchaspaintahouse)maybeacceptedbytherequestedconductinsteadofapromisetodotheact.Theperformanceoftherequestedactindicatesobjectivelytheparty'sassenttothetermsoftheoffer.2、信用证3、尤其提款权4、独占许可5、国际特许专营InternationalFranchisingTheU.S.hasexperiencedanexplosioninbusinessformatfranchisinginthelasttwodecades.themostefficientbusinessmodelfordistributinggoodsandservicesandtheveryadvancedU.S.freemarketeconomyrewardsefficiencyaboveall..Essentiallyfranchisingisaveryspecificmethodorwayofdistributinggoodsandservices.Ithasbeenaroundinoneformoranothersincemanfirstbegantoengageincommercialenterprise.IthasevolvedfromasimplegrantofarightorprivilegeinthemiddleagestothesophisticatedbusinessformatfranchiseconceptoftodayModerndayfranchisingisprimarilyinthebusinessformatmode.Thistypefranchisingnotonlygrantstherighttousethenameandselltheproductsorservicesofthefranchiserbutitalsoinvolvesthetransferofthetotalwayofdoingbusinessthathasbeendevelopedbythefranchiser6、市场经济国家MarketEconomyNations7、仲裁ArbitrationTheessenceofarbitrationisthatitisanagreementbetweentwoormorepartiestotrytoresolveadisputeoutsideofthecourtsystem.Thepartiesagreeuponathirdpartyasanarbitratorwhowillactasajudgeandjury.Aftergivingthepartiestheopportunitytopresenttheirsideofthestoryandtopresentanyrelevantdocumentsorotherevidence,thearbitratorwillactasKingSolomontodecidewhowinsandwholoses.ArbitrationAward"binding"arbitrationgenerallymeansthatthewinningpartycantakeanarbitrationawardtoacourtoflawandenforceitifthelosingpartydoesnotcomplywiththetermsofthedecision."Non-binding"arbitrationreferstoasituationwherethepartiesagreetousearbitrationasaforumtotrytoresolvetheirdifferences,butneitherpartyisboundtocomplywithanydecisionbythearbitrator.简答1、rulesofacceptanceAcceptanceisafinalandunqualifiedexpressionofassenttothetermsofanoffer.Alternatively,anofferconsistingofapromisetopaysomeoneifthelatterperformscertainactswhichthelatterwouldnototherwisedo(suchaspaintahouse)maybeacceptedbytherequestedconductinsteadofapromisetodotheact.Theperformanceoftherequestedactindicatesobjectivelytheparty'sassenttothetermsoftheoffer.Communicationofacceptance.Thereareseveralrulesdealingwiththecommunicationofacceptance:Theacceptancemustbecommunicated:Dependingontheconstructionofthecontract,theacceptancemaynothavetocomeuntilthenotificationoftheperformanceoftheconditionsintheoffer.butnonethelesstheacceptancemustbecommunicated.Priortoacceptance,anoffermaybewithdrawn.Anoffercanonlybeacceptedbytheofferee,thatis,thepersontowhomtheofferismade.Anoffereeisnotboundifanotherpersonacceptstheofferonhisbehalfwithouthisauthorisation:Itmaybeimpliedfromtheconstructionofthecontractthattheofferorhasdispensedwiththerequirementofcommunicationofacceptance.Iftheofferspecifiesamethodofacceptance,youmustacceptitusingamethodthatisnolesseffectivethanthemethodspecified.Silencecannotbeconstruedasacceptance:2、cisg合用范围TheUnitedNationsConventiononContractsfortheInternationalSaleofGoods

(the“CISG”)isoneofthedocumentsproducedthroughthediplomaticeffortsoftheUnitedNationsCommissiononInternationalTradeLaw(“UNCITRAL”).

TheCISGattemptstobridgethegapbetweenthedifferentlegalsystemsoftheworld,mainlybetweenthecivillaw(FrenchandGermansub-traditions)andthecommonlaw(EnglishandAmericansub-traditions),bycreatingauniformlawfortheinternationalsaleofgoods(preambleoftheCISG).

TheCISGgovernstheformationofthecontractofsaleaswellastherightsandobligationsofthebuyerandseller(includingtheirremedies).

Itcameintoforceon1January1988forthosecountriesthatwerethenpartiestoit.TheSphereofApplicationofCISG(1)ThisConventionappliestocontractsofsaleofgoodsbetweenpartieswhoseplacesofbusinessareindifferentStates(a)whentheStatesareContractingStates;or(b)whentherulesofprivateinternationallawleadtotheapplicationofthelawofaContracting(2)ThefactthatthepartieshavetheirplacesofbusinessindifferentStatesistobedisregardedwheneverthisfactdoesnotappeareitherfromthecontractorfromanydealingsbetween,orfrominformationdisclosedby,thepartiesatanytimebeforeorattheconclusionofthecontract.(3)NeitherthenationalityofthepartiesnorthecivilorcommercialcharacterofthepartiesorofthecontractistobetakenintoconsiderationindeterminingtheapplicationofthisConvention.3、买方或者卖方旳救济措施Remediesforbreachofcontractbytheseller(1)IfthesellerfailstoperformanyofhisobligationsunderthecontractorthisConvention,thebuyermay:(a)exercisetherightsprovidedinarticles46to52;

(b)claimdamagesasprovidedinarticles74to77.(2)Thebuyerisnotdeprivedofanyrighthemayhavetoclaimdamagesbyexercisinghisrighttootherremedies.(3)Noperiodofgracemaybegrantedtothesellerbyacourtorarbitraltribunalwhenthebuyerresortstoaremedyforbreachofcontract.Remediesforbreachofcontractbythebuyer(1)IfthebuyerfailstoperformanyofhisobligationsunderthecontractorthisConvention,thesellermay:(a)exercisetherightsprovidedinarticles62to65;

(b)claimdamagesasprovidedinarticles74to77.(2)Thesellerisnotdeprivedofanyrighthemayhavetoclaimdamagesbyexercisinghisrighttootherremedies.(3)Noperiodofgracemaybegrantedtothebuyerbyacourtorarbitraltribunalwhenthesellerresortstoaremedyforbreachofcontract.Thesellermayrequirethebuyertopaytheprice,Thesellermaydeclarethecontractavoided(a)ifthefailurebythebuyertoperformanyofhisobligationsunderthecontractorthisConventionamountstoafundamentalbreachofcontract;or

(b)ifthebuyerdoesnot,withintheadditionalperiodoftimefixedbythesellerinaccordancewithparagraph(1)ofarticle63,performhisobligationtopaythepriceortakedeliveryofthegoods,orifhedeclaresthathewillnotdosowithintheperiodsofixed;However,incaseswherethebuyerhaspaidtheprice,thesellerlosestherighttodeclarethecontractavoidedunlesshedoesso:(a)inrespectoflateperformancebythebuyer,beforethesellerhasbecomeawarethatperformancehasbeenrendered;or(b)inrespectofanybreachotherthanlateperformancebythebuyer,withinareasonabletime:4、两个图写流程13条5、排他许可双方旳权利义务关系6、判断市场经济国家旳原则CriteriaofMarketEconomy1．Itdiffersfromeitherhistoricalself-sufficienteconomyorplannedeconomy,2.CriteriaofMarketEconomyasDefinedbyRelevantAntidumpingLawsoftheUSA,theEUandCanada3."Non--MarketEconomyCountries"asreferredtobytheUSDepartmentofCommercearecountrieswhoseoperationdoesnotfollowmarketcostsorpricerulesCriteriaofMarketEconomyasDefinedbytheUSA："Non--MarketEconomyCountries"asreferredtobytheUSDepartmentofCommercearecountrieswhoseoperationdoesnotfollowmarketcostsorpricerulessixstatutoryrequirements：(1)theextenttowhichthecurrencyoftheforeigncountryisconvertibleintothecurrencyofothercountries;(2)theextenttowhichwageratesintheforeigncountryaredeterminedbyfreebargainingbetweenlaborandmanagement;(3)theextenttowhichjointventuresorotherinvestmentsbyfirmsofotherforeigncountriesarepermittedintheforeigncountry;(4)theextentofgovernmentownershiporcontrolOfthemeansofproduction;(5)theextentofgovernmentcontrolovertheallocationofresourcesandoverthepriceandoutputdecisionsofenterprises,requestingthatdecisionsconcerningtheoutputandpricesofanindustryarefreeofgovernmentinterventionandthatallimportantproductinputsarepaidatmarketprices;(6)suchotherfactorsastheadministratingauthorityconsidersappropriate.7CriteriaofMarketEconomyasDefinedbytheEU(1)prices,costsandinputsetcaredeterminedbymarketdemandandsupply;(2)firmshaveoneclearsetofbasicaccountingrecordswhichareindependentlyauditedinlinewithinternationalaccountingstandardsandareappliedforallpurpose.(3)Theproductioncostsandfinancialsituationoffirmsarenotsubjecttosignificantdistortionscarriedoverfromtheformernon-marketeconomysystem,inparticularinrelationtodepreciationofassets,otherwrite-offs,bartertradeandpaymentviacompensationofdebts.(4)Thefirmsconcernedaresubjecttobankruptcyandpropertylawsthatguaranteelegalcertaintyandstabilityfortheoperationoffirms,and,(5)exchangerateconversionsarecarriedoutatthemarketrate.CriteriaofMarketEconomyasDefinedbyCanada"non-marketeconomy"（1）isthegovernment'sroleinformulatingeconomicpoliciesandcontrollingeconomicactivitiesinterferingthenormalperformanceofthemarketeconomy?Thisincludesthepercentageandstructureofgovernmentalinfluenceinpricing,distributionofproductsandproceduresformakingoffers;thepricingmechanismofdomesticproductsandservices;planningandcontrollingofproductionofcommoditiesandprovisionofservicesandmarketrestrictions;thecontrolofdomesticandinternationaltrade;furtherreformsinthestructureandfunctionsofgovernmentorganizations(2)howdoesthegovernmentcontrolorgovernenterprisesinrespectofproduction,salesandprocurement?Andhowiscontrolorgovernin