新世纪实用英语写作Chapter

Chapter4ENGLISHESSAYWRITING

EnglishEssayWriting4.1StructureofEnglishEssays4.2WritingProcess4.3TypesofEnglishEssays4.1StructureofEnglishEssays（1）Introductoryparagraph（2）Themainbody（3）Concludingparagraph（1）IntroductoryParagraphIntroductoryparagraphusuallyincludestwoparts:generalstatement（概括性阐述）thesisstatement（主题阐述）ActivityThinkanddiscusswithyourpartneraboutthemainpointsofathesisstatement.在一个完整的句子中表达有关主旨的态度、观点或见解。主题阐述应表达一个观点，而不应表达一个事实，需要进一步的解释和论证。并非简单地提出文章将要展开的主题，而要表明和限制其展开的方法。位置最好是在引言段的结尾或接近段尾处。ActivityReadandappreciatethefollowingparagraph.Travelingtoaforeigncountryisalwaysinteresting,especiallyifitisacountrythatiscompletelydifferentfromyourown.Youcandelightintastingnewfoods,seeingnewsights,andlearningaboutdifferentcustoms,someofwhichmayseemverycurious.Ifyouweretovisitmycountry,forinstance,youwouldprobablythinkthatmypeoplehavesomeverystrangecustoms,asthesethreeexampleswillillustrate在这个引言段中，作者在第一个句子中引出了“travelingtoaforeigncountry”的话题。然后，把这个题目缩小到具体的方面，即作者自己国家的风俗习惯。作者在段落最后的一个句子中提出对主题的阐述，其中表述段落主旨的关键词是“strange”。在正文中将用三个具体的例证阐述这种独特的风俗习惯。EffectiveIntroductionHowtowriteeffectiveintroduction?PertinentQuotationQuestionRhetoricalQuestionAutobiographyFactsandStatisticsRefutation开篇恰当地引用名人名言或格言谚语，会使文章显得富于哲理。这不仅是引起读者注意的一种简单而有效的方法，而且还可以增强文章的说服力和表现力。“Theonlyuselesslifeiswoman’s,”wroteBenjaminDisraeliaboutacenturyago.Todaymanyfeministsarehardatworktoliberatewomanfromthe“useless”lifeofhousewifetoa“useful”oneofengineer,doctor,orpoliticalleader.Allwomen,however,donotconsiderthelifeofkeepinghouseandrearingchildrenuseless.Infact,asstrangeasitmaysoundtomostpeople,notallwomenwanttobeliberated.PertinentQuotation（恰当的引语）在引言段中提出一个将在文章中阐释的问题，可以引起读者对主题的思考。Whatshouldwegetfromcollege?Somestudentswilltellyouverydefinitelywhattheywant.Onewantstotakeallthosesubjects,andonlythose,thatwillhelphergetintomedicalschool;another,knowingthatajobawaitshiminhisfather'sfirm,wantstobecomeanengineerasquicklyandpainlesslyashecan.Ontheotherhandistheperson,whoIsuspectisinthemajority,whoseonlydefiniteaimistodiscoversomedefiniteaim(Horner,1988,p.237).Question

（问题）RhetoricalQuestion（修辞性疑问句）反诘是以问句的形式表述自己观点的方法，用以加重语气或强调效果，而并不是真正的问句。作者不是为了获得新信息而发问，而是为了引起读者的思考，所以不要求回答。

ArethecourtsabolishingsexdiscriminationinAmericaneducation?Recentcourtdecisionsconcerningchargesofsexdiscriminationinuniversityathleticshaveraisedsomeveryrealdoubtsinthemindsoffemaleathletesaboutthewillingnessofthecourtstoabolishsexbias.Areviewofthreeofthesecaseswillillustratethepoint.Autobiography（个人经历）在引言段中，以描写与主题相关的个人的一次经历或一个事件开头，引发主题，可使内容生动逼真,但是这种引言对作文来讲可能会显得太长。Aboutadozenpeoplescamperedoffthebusasitsdoorsswishedopen.WhenIreachedthesidewalk,Istoppedforseveralsecondsbeforedecidingtogointothecornerrestaurantandhaveacupofcoffee.AsIenteredthecrowdedrestaurantandmovedtowardthelunchcounter,awell-dressedelderlyman(whoseemedtohaveappearedoutofnowhere)puthishandonmyshoulderandsaid,“Youngman,howwouldyouliketomakealotofmoney?”ThiswasthebeginningofoneofthemostunusualexperiencesIeverhad.

FactsandStatistics（事实和统计数字

）列举与论点相关的事实和统计数字，从而引起读者的关心注和兴趣。不过，必须确定所你提出的事实是真实的并与论点相关的。

AnewCensusBureaureportpredictsthattherewillbe383millionAmericansintheyear2050.That's128millionmorethantherearenow,and83millionmorethanthebureauwaspredictingjustfouryearsago,whenitappearedthattheU.S.populationwouldperkandstabilizeataround300million.Refutation（驳斥）在引言段中先总结陈述对方的观点或意见，然后再表达自己的观点。以一种灵活的方式确立论点，对于议论文不失为恰当的写作手法。Forcingchildrentodothings,ingeneral,isgoodifthechildisindangerortooyoungtomakemajordecisions.Parentsmayalsoarguethatforcingtheirchildtotakeupcertainhobbies,likethepiano,willgivethechildawell-roundededucationandapossiblefuturecareerinmusic.However,thereareseveralproblemswithforcingchildrentocomply:abreakdownincommunicationbetweenthechildrenandtheparents,rebellion,andfailureinschool(Leonhard,1999,p.101).（2）MainBody:FormalOutlinePatternThesisStatement:

I.Firstmainidea

A.Firstsubordinateidea1.Firstexampleorillustration2.Secondexampleorillustrationa.Firstsupportingdetailb.SecondSupportingdetailB.SecondsubordinateideaSecondmainidea（3）ConcludingParagraph结尾段位于短文的末尾，是整篇文章不可缺少的组成部分，是要点总结。它总结归纳文章正文阐述的观点，并重申主题，与引言段首尾呼应。结尾应该警策有力而又耐人寻味。WritingRequirements

◆以不同的简洁的语句重述主题使之得到深化。◆对主题做最后评论，以引起读者对文章主题的回味和思考。◆总结文章论证要点，加深读者对整篇文章的理解，并留下更深刻的印象。◆在结尾段开首时运用表示结论的转承词语以示整篇文章就要

结束，同时也使结尾段与正文的连接更为流畅自然。TypicalConclusions◆EvaluatingtheSubject（评价主题的重要性）Theseamazing,controversialphotographsofthecometwillcontinuetobethesubjectofdebatebecause,accordingtosomescientists,theyyieldthemostimportantcluesyetrevealedabouttheoriginsofouruniverse.◆StatingBroaderImplication（阐述深远的寓意）BecausethesestudiesoffelineleukemiamaysomedayplayacrucialroleinthediscoveryofacureforAIDSinhumanbeings,theexperiments,asexpensiveastheyare,mustcontinue.◆UsingWitticism

（用诙谐的语言深化主题）Noonesaiddietingwaseasy.Butforsomeofuswhohavesurrendered,thecliche“halfaloafisbetterthannone”hastakenonnewmeaning!◆InferringandForecasting（推论或展望前景）Soapoperaswillcontinuetobepopularnotonlybecausetheydistractusfromourdailychoresbutalsobecausetheypresentlifeaswewantittobe:fast-paced,glamorous,andfullofexcitingcharacters.◆UsingaRhetoricalQuestion（用修辞性疑问句引发深思）Noonewantstoseehostagesputindanger.Butwhatnationcanaffordtoletterroristsknowtheycangetawaywithmurder?4.2WritingProcessFiveStepsinWriting：DeterminingtheTopicFindingandSelectingMaterialsOrganizingMaterialsintoanOutlineDraftingRevisingWaysofMakinganOutlineDirectionsforOutlining：“Harvard标准提纲”是一种表达一篇文章中各个部分内容之间关系的结构框架。根据这个框架结构：大写的罗马数字(theRomannumerals)表示主要划分(maindivisions)；大写英语字母(upper-caseletters)表示续分(subdivisions)；阿拉伯数字(Arabicnumerals)

表示再续分(furtherdivisions)；小写英语字母(lower-caseletters)表示下

个层次的再续分(stillfurtherdivisions);依次类推。EssayOutlineFramework

IntroductionI.Firstmajorpointordivision

A.Firstpointbelongingtoabovedivision

B.SecondpointII.Secondmajorpointordivision

A.Firstpointbelongingtoabovedivision

1.detailsbelongingtoPointA.

2.detailsbelongingtoPointA.

a.finerdetailsbelongingto2.(1)stillfinerdetailsbelongingtoa.(2)stillfinerdetailsbelongingtoa.b.B.III.ThirdmajorpointordivisionA.B.C.ConclusionTechniques&PrinciplesinOutlining编列提纲是把思想条理化的过程，逻辑平行是编列提纲的重要原则。主要项目的分类在逻辑上应是并列平行的，它们在内容的重要性、等级、程度上都应是相同的；在语法结构上应由互为平行的词、短语或句子组成。TypesofOutlines

TopicOutlineSentenceOutlineTopic-SentenceOutlineSampleOutline---

TherapeuticBenefitsfromPetsThesisStatement:Petshavebeenfoundtoprovideimportanttherapeuticbenefitstothementallyill,thephysicallyill,andthehandicapped.I.BenefitstothementallyillHistoryoftheuseofanimalsforthementallydisturbedRecentuseofanimalstohelpmentallyillpatientsUseofpetstohelpthecriminallyinsaneII.BenefitstothephysicallyillHighersurvivalratesforheart-diseasepatientswhoownpetsB.ImprovedbloodpressureinthosepatientswithpetsC.ImprovementstohospitalpatientswhoarevisitedbypetsBenefitstothehandicappedanddisabledA.PhysicalassistanceSeeing-eyedogsHearing-eardogsAnimalsthatrunerrandsB.EmotionalsupportEmotionalbenefitsofguidedogsIncreasedconfidencetodisabledfromhorsebackridingImprovementofmoraleinnursinghomes.

4.3TypesofEnglishEssays（1）Narration（2）Description（3）Exposition（4）Argumentation(1)Narration记叙文也称叙述文，是以叙述为主要表达方法，以人物、事件为主要表达内容的文章。通讯、新闻报道、历史、散文、故事、游记、人物传记、日记等都属于记叙文。ANewYear'sEveParty

EveryNewYear’sEve,theprovincialgovernmenthostsaNewYear’sEvepartyforforeignexpertsandteachersworkingintheprovince.Onthisparticularevening,theweatherwaspiercinglycoldoutside,butinsidethegrandbanquethall,itwaswarmlikespring.Peoplewereshakinghandssayinghellotoeachother.Theholidayatmospherewasallround.Thechandeliershangingfromtheceilingshonebrightlyandallthelampsaroundthewallswereablazewithcolorfullights.Dozensoflovelygirlsdressedinsnowwhiteuniformswerebusilywalkingupanddownthehallservingtheguestswithdrinksandsnacks.Alltheguestsdressedintheirverybestclotheswereeitherstandingorsittingalongeachsideofthehall.SuddenlythesonorousvoiceoftheMasterofCeremoniescameovertheloudspeakerintroducingthevice-governoroftheprovince,whodeliveredaNewYear’sEvemessage,followedbythepresentationofawardstooutstandingforeignexpertsandteachers.TheproudawardeesstoodinfrontoftherostrumholdingtheirCertificatesofMeritandprizes,posingforflashingcameras.Afterathank-youspeechbyarepresentativeoftheforeignexperts,theperformancebegan.AlltheactorsandactresseswerefromtheProvincialSongandDanceEnsemble.（continued)Thepartyreacheditsclimaxwhenthechairpersondeclaredthatthedancepartywouldbegin.Thelightsweredimmedandalightedballhangingfromtheceilingbeganturningaroundandaroundshootingcoloredlightsinalldirections.Theguestsexcitedlybegantodancearoundthelargehall,enjoyingbothclassicalandChinesefolkmusic,lookingforwardtothecomingyearwithhopeandanticipation.

这是一则新闻稿，报道了某省政府举行盛大新年晚会，表彰在省内工作的外国专家和教师的情景。文章按时间顺序叙事，在报道中穿插了场面描写和人物描写，真实地描述了晚会的全过程和热烈的气氛。文章用词丰富多彩，叙述轻松流畅。

(2)Description描写文是一种以描写为主要表达方式，以人物、景物和其他事物的形态、状态、特征为主要表达内容的文章。人物描写：描写人物的容貌、神情、气质、语言、动作、心理活动等。环境描写：社会生活场景描写与自然景物描写。VisitingTianzishanEarlierthisyearIhadtheopportunitytovisitTianzishannaturereserve,whichisonepartofWulingyuansceneryareainHunanprovince,theworld'sfamousnaturalresourceheritage.Afterspendingthenightinasmallquainthotelnotfarfromthefoothills,Iawoketoamostserenesite.InthedistancewasapicturesquescenejustlikeatraditionalChinesepaintinghangingbeforemyeyes.Amysteriousthinmisthoveredoverthezigzaggedmountaintopslikeatranslucentsilkscarfcoveringabeautifulfairy.Behindthemysteriousmist,darkbluemountainsappearedanddisappeared.InspiredbythissceneIheadedforTianzishantotakeinthecoolfreshunpollutedairandnaturalbeautyofthemountains.InordertoreachHelongPark,Ihadtoclimbastonestaircase,whichspiraledallthewayupthemountain.AsIclimbedstepbystep,ImetseveralbearersofsedanchairswhoofferedtogivemearidebutIdecidedtocontinueclimbingonmyown.AsIproceededupthemountainIobservedseveraldifferentkindsoftreesgrowingbetweenjaggedrocksofgrotesqueshapes.Everythreehundredmeterstherewasarestareaofabout40or50squaremeterswherelocalresidentsweresellingsouvenirs.Afteraboutten

suchrestareasIfinallyarrivedatthetopwhichwasawidespaciousarea.Iwasastoundedbythebeautyofthenationalparksurroundedbymanyhillsandstoneforestsofdifferentshapes.

Ontheeastsideofthemountaintop,Isawasilhouetteofamotherholdingababyinherarms,allinstone.Tome,itseemedtobetheomnipotenceofheavenhadcreatedallofthis.Tothewestwasagroupofstoneforestsdimlycoveredbyathinmist.Tothesouthwasabirds-eyeviewofthebeautifulscenerybelow.Tothenorthweremountainsthatseemedtogoonforeverlikerollingwaves.Atthatmoment,itseemedIhadbeentransportedintoafairyland.

这是作者在游览湖南武陵源天子山风景区后写的一篇游记。文章按空间顺序进行叙述，先从武陵源风景区的远处写起，描绘了天子山从远处眺望，山水相映，美丽如画的特征。接下去，作者描写了从山脚下上山的过程，以及沿途所见到的美丽的自然风光和浓郁的风土人情。最后，作者站在山顶举目远望，周围千姿百态的山水风光尽收眼底，使人犹入仙境一般。本文的语言流畅、规范，描写细致入微，读后令人神往。(3)Exposition

说明文是以说明为主要表达方法，对客观事物的形态、性质、特点、功能和用途等做科学说明或解释的一种文体。各类教材、词典、科学实验报告、影视介绍、广告、旅游介绍、以及各种说明书等都是说明文。PrimalanMequitazine____________________________________________________________________________________________

COMPOSITIONMequitazine…………………….5mgpertablet

INDICATIONSTreatmentofvariousallergicsymptoms:vasomotorrhinitis,allergicrhinitis(seasonalorperennial),conjunctivitis,angioneuroticoedema,urticaria.Supportivesymptomatictreatmentofpruriginousdermatologicalconditions(eczema,prurigo,etc.)

CONTRAINDICATIONSAvoidcombinationwithM.A.O.I.sClosed-angleglaucoma.Prostaticadenoma.

(continued)PRECAUTIONSInformyourdoctorintheeventofpregnancyofbreast-feeding.

DOSAGEAsdirectedbyyourdoctor.Theusualdosageis1tabletinthemorningand1intheevening,or2tabletsasasingledoseatnight.

PRESENTATIONBoxof14and6tabletseachcontaining5mgofmequitazine.A.M.M.318156.8

RHONE-POULENCRORER____________________________________________________________________________PHARMUKA31RUEDEFLEURUS﹒75006﹒FRANCE

这是一篇法国生产的"波丽玛郎"的药品说明书。说明书精确地介绍了此药的成分(Composition)、适应症(Indications)、禁忌症(Contraindications)、注意事项(Precautions)、服用方法和剂量（Dosage）以及包装(Presentation)，解答了患者可能持有的疑问，因而达到了说明的目的。(4)Argumentation议论文是一种写作者就某个话题，某个问题，或某个事件发表自己的看法，进行议论、分析、说明和论证，阐明自己的观点和主张的文体。议论文以逻辑思维和辩证思维为主要思维方式，通过充分的论证，影响读者的认知活动，说服读者接受作者的观点。社论、评论、书评、杂文都属于议论文范畴。一篇完整的议论文应包含论点、论据和论证。Activity

ForAgainst1.LecturesareaneconomicalwayofgivingInformationtoalargenumberofstudents.1.Lecturesareoftenbadlydeliveredandareboring.2.Thelatestinformationorviewscanbeheard.2.Oftenthesamelecturenotesareusedyearafteryear.3.Itismoreinterestingtohearandseeapersonthantoreadab