新编大学英语第一册Unit 7 课件（浙大版）

ChoicesinLifeChoicesinLifeChoicesinLifeChoosealifeofaction,notoneofostentation.——C.Nepos要选择行动的一生，而不是炫耀的一生。——内波斯

ListeningPracticePractice1——AStoryPractice2——AboutChoiceVideoclipProverbsandSayingsOralPractice

Practice1——What’sYourChoicePractice2——Self-PerformingPractice1Listentothestoryandanswerthefollowingquestionsbriefly.Wordsyouneedtoknow:sophomore〔大二学生〕tumor〔肿瘤〕incredibly〔难以置信地〕appreciate〔欣赏，期望〕enlightened〔光明的〕AStoryListeningPractice1.Whydidhewakeupinthehospital,scaredandconfusedoneday?2.Whatkindofchoicedidhehavetomake?3.Didhemaketherightchoiceintheend?Questions:Becausehehadabraintumor.Thebiggestonehehadevermetinhislife.Yes,hedidandhestartedhisnewlifeafterthe

operation.

Inthespringofmysophomoreyearincollege,onemorningIwokeupinthehospital,scaredandconfused.Myparentsweresittingaroundme.Afewweekslater,amedicalreportrevealedasmallbraintumorinmyhead.Thedoctortoldmethetumorwassmallbuttherewasapossibilityitwouldputmeathighriskinthefuture.Meanwhile,ifIhadabrainsurgerynowImightsufferafullstroke.HeletmemakethebiggestchoiceI’devermetinmylife.ThenIdecidedtoundergothesurgery.Ihadabrainsurgerytwoweekslateranditwasincrediblysuccessful.Sometimesbadthingshappenedtopeople,youcaneitherbecomesadoryoucankeeponappreciatinglifeinanenlightenedway.Idecidedtolive.TalkinginPairsHaveyouevermadeanyimportantchoicesbyyourself?Whataretheyandwhydidyoumakethefinalchoice?SampleAnswerThebiggestchoiceIhadmadeinmylifeistochoosethisuniversitywhenIgraduatedfrommiddleschool.Atthattime,myparentsjustgavemesomehelpfuladviceandaskedmetomakethefinalchoicebymyself.Atfirst,Iwasalmostataloss.ButIcalmeddowninashortperiodandthoughtofwhatmyparentshadtoldme.Finally,IchosethisuniversityIlikebycomparingtheadvantagesanddisadvantagesfromallaspects.Practice2Listentoapassageandfillintheblanks.AboutChoiceListeningPracticechoicesleisuretimeattendtiredofcontinuesurprisingoutcome

Eachdayweallmakemany

;mostofthesechoicesaresmall—whattowear,whattoeat,whattodowithany

wemighthappentohave,tonamejustafew.Still,therearemanyimportantchoicesthatwemakeinlife—whichuniversityto

,whattostudy,whattypeofjobtoseek,whomtomarry,etc.Sometimeswemaybecome

makingchoices,butwealwaysknowthatwewill

tomakethemaslongaswelive,becausethatisbetterthanhavingthemmadeforus.Itisnot

thatoneofthemostcommonoldsayingsinEnglishis“youpayyourmoneyandyoumakeyourchoice”,meaningthatyoucandowhatyouwantwhenitcomestomakingachoicebutthenyouwillhavetolivewiththe

.GroupDiscussionPractice1Ifyouhaveachancetochooseonlyonefromthefollowingthingswhenyoucometotheworld,whichonedoyouwantmost?Tellthereason.What’sYourChoiceOralPracticemoneybeautywisdomSampleAnswer

Iwouldliketochoosewisdomasmyborngift,becauseIthinkwisdomisthestrongestpowerintheworldanditismuchmoreimportantthantheothertwothings.What’smore,Ibelievewisdomwillbringmegreathelpinmywholelifeandundoubtedlyitwillmakemylifemeaningfulandinteresting.Thatweighsheavierthanwhatmoneyandbeautybringtome.SoifIhadsuchachancetochoose,Iwouldchoosewisdomwithouthesitation.Inyouropinion,howtomakethecomparativelyrightchoice?Practice2Example:OpeningyourselftochangeUnderstandingtherisksinvolvedintakingsuchactionWeighingtheprosandconsoftakingtheactionSelf-PerformingOralPracticeHowtomakearightchoice?MoreSamples

Ignoringyourneedforothers’approvalinordertotakethemostappropriateactionforyou.

Pursuingtherequiredactionsdespitethefearthatitwillaffectothersnegatively.

Decidingtomakeapersonalsacrificeoftime,energy,ability,orknowledgeasaninvestmenttobetteryourcircumstances.

Tryingtobelesssubjective,lessdefensive,andmoreopeninyoursearchfortruth,honesty,andsanityinresolvingyourproblems.VideoClipWatchthevideoanddiscussthefollowingquestion:Howdidyoumakeyourchoiceofthespecificschoolyou’dliketogotowhenyougraduatefromthemiddleschool?VideoClipClickthepictureProverbsandSayingsTheimportantthinginlifeistohaveagreataim,andthedeterminationtoattainit. —GoetheThereisonlyonesuccesstobeabletospendyourlifeinyourownway. —C.MorleyMoralitymayconsistsolelyinthecourageofmakingachoice. —L.Blum人生重要的在于确立一个伟大的目标，并有决心使其实现。

——歌德只有一种成功，那就是能够用自己的方式度过自己的一生。

——莫利品德可能仅仅在于有勇气作出抉择。

——布鲁斯TakeRisksWhenThere'sNoDangerDiscussthefollowingquestionsinpairs.

Howwillyoufeelifyourfriendsays“Takerisks”insteadof“Takecare”toyouwhenyou’releaving?Willyoutakeitasajokeandsmileitaway?Orwilltheexpressionsetyouthinkingtheremightbesomethinginwhathesays?AtthebeginningIwouldprobablylaughitaway.Imightthinkmyfriendsaidthisjustforfunorhejustwantedtosoundhumorous.Butonasecondthought,Icouldsensesomethingmeaningfulinit.Normally,peoplesay“Takecare〞whentheyleaveoneanother.Thisisbecausepeoplethinkitisveryimportanttobesafeandsound.Butto“Takerisks〞isanewwayoflookingatthings,whichencouragespeopletobemoreriskyandadventurous.Itmightbegoodinchangingpeople’slong-heldconceptofplayingsafeandthereforebringthemintoatotallydifferentworld.Para.1~2Para.3~9Para.10~13

Para.14~16

“Takerisks〞maymakepeopleextremelysuccessful.Mostpeopleconfuse“risks〞with“danger〞.Riskisdifferentfromdanger.Takingrisksmaybringpeoplesuccess,whiledangershouldbeavoided.Peopleshouldseparateriskfromdangerandtakeriskswhenthereisnodanger.1.Ordoesthethoughtcrossyourmindthatyoumightbecomephysicallyinjuredorharmed?(Line6)thatyoumightbecomephysicallyinjuredorharmed

是

thought

的同位语从句。同位语从句是名词从句的一种。它往往放在名词后面，对名词作进一步补充说明。与定语从句相比，同位语从句有4大特点：1.从句和被修饰词的关系不一样。定语从句:修饰、描述、限定所修饰的名词。同位语从句：补充说明前面的名词的具体内容。2.定语从句的先行词一般没有特殊性，而同位语从句前的名词往往是以下这些：belief,fact,hope,idea,doubt,news,rumor,conclusion,evidence,suggestion,problem,order,answer,decision,discovery,explanation,information,opinion,possibility,truth,promise,report,statement3.如果是由that来引导，that在定语从句中作代词，而在同位语从句中作连词。4.同位语从句一般由that引导，why,where,what等词也可以引导，但很少见。which不能引导同位语从句。Thesupplies________willbesentoverwithintheweek.A)whichtheyhaveaskedforthemB)theyhaveaskedforthemC)thattheyhaveaskedforthemD)theyhaveaskedforScientistshavereachedtheconclusion________thetemperatureontheearthisgettinghigherandhigher.A)whenB)butC)thatD)forthatPleasefillintheblankswithanappropriatewordandthendecidewhetheritisanappositiveclause.

D

C

或许，你认为这样你的身体可能会受伤?1.Ordoesthethoughtcrossyourmindthatyoumightbecomephysicallyinjuredorharmed?(Line6)2.Iknowamanagerwhousedtobefrightenedbythethoughtofspeakinginfrontofanaudience.(Line32)

usedtodo过去常常做······(相对于现在不做了)thethoughtof…

“一想到······”,“一有······的想法”相关的词组还有：atthethoughtof…

一想到······thevery(mere)thoughtof…只要一想起······就······Motherswhousedtostayhomeandcareforchildrenarenowintheworkforce.那些过去呆在家里照顾孩子的母亲们现在也参加了劳动力的大军。OneofthethingsIusedtodislikemostaboutMikewasthewayheeatsfood.过去我最不喜欢迈克的事情之一就是他吃饭的样子。一想到马上就可以回到家乡见到久别的父母时，他的心跳都加快了。Thethought

ofbeingathometownandseeinghisparentswhohehasmissedforalongtimemakeshisheartbeatfiercely.一想到今天中午要美餐一顿，我就觉得口水都出来了。Thethoughtofasplendiddinnerofthecominglunchmakesmymouthwater.我认识一位经理，他以前一想到要面对公众演讲就十分害怕。2.Iknowamanagerwhousedtobefrightenedbythethoughtofspeakinginfrontofanaudience.(Line32)

3.Insteadofthinkingthatitwasonlyarisk,hecreatedexcessiveanxietyasifitwasdangerous.(Line34)

insteadof…+句子

没有······/不是······，而是······通过讨论的方式教学而不是讲授的方式教学受到大多数同学的欢送。Teachingbydiscussioninsteadofbytellingiswelcomedbymoststudents.

Insteadofpreventingpeoplefrombreakingtrafficregulations,thispolicycanonlymakethingsworse.这项政策没有阻止人们继续违反交通规那么，相反，它使事情变得更糟。他没意识到演讲不过是一种冒险，把自己搞得过分的紧张，犹如大敌当前。3.Insteadofthinkingthatitwasonlyarisk,hecreatedexcessiveanxietyasifitwasdangerous.(Line34)4.Eachtimeyoudosomethingnewordifferent,youarefacedwitharisk.(Line42)eachtime作连词，表示“每当······的时候〞。类似的词组还有：everytime,when,theway,themanner,etc.EachtimeIopenthephotoalbum,herbeautifulfigureappearsinmyeyes.每当我翻开相册，她那美丽的形象就出现在我的眼中。每次我发现你撒谎时，我开始哭，你却总说这是最后一次。EachtimeIcatchyoulying,Istartcrying.Youalwayssay“It’sthelasttime.〞每当做一件新的或者不同的事情时，你都会面临风险。4.Eachtimeyoudosomethingnewordifferent,youarefacedwitharisk.(Line42)5.Ifyouknowthatdangerislikely,Isuggestthatyouavoidthedangeroussituationunlessyouknowthatyoucanmanagethedanger.(Line46)suggest后跟that从句时，从句需用虚拟语气。从句的谓语动词用〔should〕+动词原形。一些表示命令、建议、要求等的词后如果带从句时，从句往往需用虚拟语气。如：advise,order,demand,desire,insist,request,require,decide,recommend,etc.Thepeopledemandthat______________________________.人民要求部队马上撤退。考试指令要求学生不能用红笔答题。Theexaminationinstructionsaskthat

_______________________________.thetroops(should)withdrawatoncethestudents(should)notusearedpen如果你知道危险存在的可能性很大，那么我建议你避开险情，除非你确信自己能够对付它。5.Ifyouknowthatdangerislikely,Isuggestthatyouavoidthedangeroussituationunlessyouknowthatyoucanmanagethedanger.(Line46)1.risk

(Title)n.dangerofloss,harm,etc.危险，风险Hewaswillingtoserveasamoleintothegangdom__________________.他甘愿冒着生命危险进入黑社会充当卧底。attheriskofhislifeThereisariskofhisgettinginfectedwithSARS.他可能会感染非典。2.inhibit(Line3,Para.1)vt.holdsomeoneorsomethingback阻碍；抑制Thosecorruptofficialsingovernmentshouldknowhowtoinhibittheirgreedydesires.服用兴奋剂可能会让他无法继续自己的职业生涯。Dopingwouldprobablyinhibithimfromcontinuinghiscareer.那些政府中的腐败的官吏应该知道如何抑制心中贪婪的欲望。

名词形式：inhibition3.dealwith

(Line9,Para.3)1)takeactionabout处理；对付ItseemsthatsofartheIndiangovernmentdoesnotwanttotakeanyactiontodealwiththeproblemofIndia’sfast-growingpopulation.看来印度政府目前不想采取任何的措施来应对国内人口快速增长的问题。Asiancountriesmustactimmediatelyanddecisivelytoexploitarealbutshort-livedchancetodealwiththespreadofAIDSintheregion.亚洲国家应该迅速果断地采取行动，利用虽然近在眼前但却是稍纵即逝的时机来应对艾滋病在该地区的传播。ThisbookdealswiththedrugsmugglinginsomeAsiancountries.

2)beabout;beconcernedwith论述；涉及这是一本论述亚洲局部国家毒品走私问题的书。Thenextchapterofthenovel

dealswith

theobstaclesheencounteredduringhisyouth.小说的下一章讲述了他在青年时期所遭遇的种种挫折。4.confuse

(Line10,Para.3)vt.mistakesomeoneorsomethingforsomeoneorsomethingelse混淆，使混乱Onthatmatter,youshouldnothaveconfusedblackandwhite.在那个问题上，你不应该混淆黑白。名词形式：confusionYoumusthaveconfusedfamousgymnastLiXiaoshuangwithLiDashuang,histwinbrother.你一定是把著名体操运发动李小双和他的孪生哥哥李大双搞混了。5.alarm

(Line18,Para.7)

n.warningofdanger警报Theair-raidalarmcouldbeeasilyheardacrossthecityofBaghdad.空袭警报在全巴格达城都能听到。TheoutbreakofSARSandbirdflu________________tohumanbeing’sconsciousnessofenvironmentalprotection.非典及禽流感的爆发为人类的环保意识敲响了警钟。soundsanalarmThereisnothingtogetalarmedabout.没有什么可大惊小怪的。vt.makepeopleafraidthatsomethingunpleasantordangerousmighthappen使惊恐，使担忧Idon’twanttoalarmyou,butthereisastrangemansittinginyourgarden.我并不想惊扰你，不过你的花园里坐着个陌生人。6.likely

(Line20,Para.8)__________________moreShenzhoumannedspaceshipswillbesenttotheouterspaceinthenearfuture.在不久的将来，更多的“神舟〞载人飞船会被送往外太空是很有可能的。bableorexpected可能的，有希望的It’squitelikelythatlikely,possible和probable这三个词均表示“可能〞、“或许〞的意思。

likely作形容词表示人或事物的性质特征，likely作表语接不定式往往表示某人将做什么，某事物将如何发展。另外两个词一般情况下没有这样的用法；

probable指非常可能是真的、正确的或将发生的事。与另外两个词相比，可能性最大；

possible表示能完成或取得的事，一般指未来将会发生或能够完成，但把握不大。因此它表示的可能性最小，但有存在或发生的可能。likely的可能性要比

possible大，但可信性比probable要小。词义辨析请用“likely〞,“probable〞或“possible〞填空。Itseemed_________thattheywouldagree.Thisisthemost_________interpretationofthistheory.Successis_________buthardly_________.Wewillnotbe________toforgetsuchexperience.likelyprobablepossibleprobablelikelyTellthechildrentostopbotheringtheirfather.告诉孩子们不要再打搅他们的父亲。7.bother

(Line23,Para.9)vt.&vi.beorcausetroubleto;worry打搅，搅扰，烦扰Don’tbothermewithsuchfoolishquestions.不要拿这么愚蠢的问题来烦我。bother,annoy,irritate这三个词均表示由于客观的人、事物或环境的影响和刺激，令人产生烦恼、生气，以致发怒的情绪。它们在语气和程度上有差异。三个词中bother的语气最轻，表示烦扰和搅扰。annoy的语气略重于bother，意思是“使······烦恼或生气〞。e.g.IwasannoyedbecauseImissedthebus.没有搭上那趟公交车我很恼火。

irritate在三个词中语气最强烈，表示无法忍受而被激怒。e.g.JerrywasirritatedbyTom’sinsolence.杰瑞被汤姆的傲慢激怒了。

词义辨析请用“bother〞,“annoy〞或“irritate〞的适当形式填空。Hersisterwas________tolearnthatshewouldnotbeabletocatchthetrain.Willit_________youifIputtheradioon?Hefelt_________whenhisfriendsrefusedtohelp.Don’tbe_________againsthim.Afterall,heisstillachild.Thatmanisalways__________metolendhimmoney.annoyedbotherannoyedirritatedbotheringHewaseventuallydismissed______________________.由于缺乏进取心，他最终还是被解雇了。_______________________,youwilleasilybedefeatedbyanyopponentinthematchthoughyouwereoncetheworldchampion.如果不发挥自己的主动性的话，尽管你曾是世界冠军，在比赛中也会轻易被任何对手击败。8.initiative

(Line24,Para.9)n.theabilitytostartthings,especiallywithoutbeingtoldtodoso主动性，进取心duetothelackofinitiativeUnlessusingyourinitiative动词形式：initiateTheNationalBasketballAssociationofAmericadecidedtoinitiateanewplaninAsiatofurtherpromotethepopularityofbasketball.美国的NBA决定在亚洲地区开始实施一项新的方案来进一步促进篮球运动的普及。vt.begin;set(ascheme,etc.)working开始；着手〔方案等〕9.anxiety

(Line35,Para.12)n.emotionalconditioninwhichthereisfearanduncertaintyaboutthefutureChinesegovernment’sfirmattitudeintermsofthe“OneChina〞policy__________________________________.中国政府在“一个中国〞政策方面的坚决的态度让“台独〞分子非常的不安。Therelativesofthehostage_________________fornewsofhissaferelease.那名人质的家属焦急地等待着他被平安释放的消息。causedtheTaiwanseparatistsgreatanxietywaitedwithanxiety忧虑，焦虑adj.feelinganxiety;troubled忧虑的；焦虑的；担忧的；不安的Wewereanxiousabouthersafety.我们为她的平安而忧虑。形容词形式：anxiousHisillhealthhasbeenaveryanxiousbusiness.他身体不好使人十分担忧。10.positive

(Line40,Para.13)InordertorealizeahealthydevelopmentofChinesefootball,weshouldbringallpositivefactorsintoplay.为了能使中国足球健康地开展，我们应该调动起一切积极的因素。FengXiaogang’ssuccessinboxofficemakespositivecontributionstowardtheboomofChinesehome-mademovies.冯小刚在票房上的成功为中国外乡电影的繁荣做出了积极的奉献。adj.feelinghopefulorconfident自信的，积极的反义词：negative

反面的，消极的11.determine

(Line50,Para.15)Youmaydeterminethemeaningofthatwordthroughthecontext.通过上下文你可以确定那个词的意思。vt.&vi.1)learn,findout,exactly〔本课指〕确定2)bethefactthatdecides〔指事实〕决定Doheredityandenvironmentdetermineaman’scharacter?遗传和环境可以决定一个人的性格吗？Hisfuturehasnotyetbeendetermined,butitissaidthathemaycontinuehisstudyinWestPoint.他的未来尚未决定，不过据说他可能会去西点军校继续自己的学业。3)(withonorupon)decide(sb.’sfuture);makeupone’smindtodosth.;settle〔与on或upon连用〕决定〔某人的〕未来；下决心〔做某事〕；解决WangLiqin,themen’ssingle’stitleholderofthe46thWorldTableTennisChampionships,

isdeterminedtobecome

thenextping-ponggrandslamwinner.第46届世乒赛男单冠军王励勤下决心要成为下一个乒乓球大满贯得主。名词形式：determination____________________________________tobepresenttookthesponsorsalongtime.在决定应该邀请谁出席的问题上花了主办方很多时间。n.1)determiningorbeingdetermined;deciding决定ThedeterminationofwhoshouldbeinvitedFamousactorPuCunxin’s____________________theimageambassadoroftheAIDSpreventioncampaigntouchedmanypeople.著名演员濮存昕想成为预防艾滋病行动的形象大使的决定感动了很多人。2)firmnessofpurpose;resolution

决心；决意；决断determinationtoserveas

Didthethoughtcrossyourmind?Ifyoucolourthoughtsaboutthefuturewithalarmingthoughts,ddiscomfortDangeriswhenyourfleshwillbetorn.你是否这样想过？倘若你在思想上给未来抹上惊恐的色彩，你的行动就会受到制约。些微的不适当你肉体要受到伤害时就有危险。

Yourfleshwillnotgettornduringmostchanges.Hecreatedexcessiveanxiety.Sheisfrightenedbythethoughtofdoingsth.danger-free,risk-takingstrategies大多数的变更不会使你受很严重的皮肉之痛。他把自己搞得过分地紧张。一想到做······,她就惊慌。没有危险的冒险策略ChoicesinLifeWordsyouneedtoknow:perplexed困惑的vision视力tapone’spotential发挥潜力MakingChoices

AsIlookbackontheadvicereceivedinthoseveryfirstdaysoncampus,Inolongerfeelperplexed,becauseInowhavemyownguideline:MakechoicesthatleadtoaclearervisionofwhoIam,whatIcando,andhowImaybesttapmypotential.

当我回头看那些在刚入学时得到的建议时，我再也不会觉得困惑了。因为我现在有了自己的指导方针：做出能让我清楚自己的选择——我是谁，我能做些什么，我怎样才能充分发挥自己的潜力。Imaginehowdifferentlyyoumighthavedevelopedifyourfriendsandfamilysaidtoyou,“Takerisks.〞〔Line3)“如果〞、“假设〞、“要是〞等是汉语中用来表示假设的常用连词。汉语中表示假设的分句一般前置，但作为补充说明情况的分句那么往往后置；英语中表示假设的从句前置或后置比较灵活，这是中英文逻辑思维顺序的差异造成的。英文多为线型思维，可能先表态，后陈述事实；先讲明内容，后加以解释。中文多为螺旋型思维，译文顺序是铺垫或条件在前，结论在后，讲究水到渠成，注重来龙去脉。想象一下，假定你的朋友和家人对你说的是：“去冒冒险吧〞，那么你的开展又会是多么的不同。Theguideusedtocarryhimoverthemountains

if

oneofthemcollapsed,astheyoftendid.如果其中一个人垮了，这种事情常在他们中间发生，向导就要背着他进山。Youcandrivetonight

if

youareready.(补充说明情况)

你今晚就可以出车，如果你愿意的话。Howcanyouexpectyourchildrentobetruthful

if

youyourselftelllies?

如果你自己讲假话，怎么能期待你的孩子说真话呢？

Ordoesthethoughtcrossyourmindthatyoumightbecomephysicallyinjuredorharmed?(Line6)对翻译同位语、特别是同位语从句而言，可根据情况运用以下不同方法：重复先行词法、先行词转化表语解释法和从句关系转换法，译为汉语同位语或外位语。

或者，你是否想过这样你的身体可能会受伤？〔宾语从句〕Heheldontothebeliefthattheeducationwouldenablethemtomakeausefulcontributiontosociety.他相信教育会使他们对社会做出有益的奉献。〔同位语从句转化为宾语从句〕Thefactthattheelectroniccomputerisdevelopingmostrapidlyissoattractiveinallcountriesoftheworld.电子计算机正在飞速开展，引起了世界各国注意。〔同位语〕电子计算机正在飞速开展，这一事实引起世界各国注意。〔外位语〕Thestatementthatoiloriginatedintheseaisconfirmedbyaglanceatamapshowingthechiefoilfieldsoftheworld.粗略地观察一幅标有世界各大油田的地图，就可以证实关于石油形成于海洋的论断。〔同位语从句转化为定语从句〕Thosemistakenexpressionsdonotdescribewhatactuallyhappenswhenyoutrytochangesomething.(Line19)翻译此句的关键在于如何处理否认词“not〞的位置。原文中的否认词落在谓语动词上，译文中需要将汉语的否认词转移到有关的陈述局部，突出其表达的内容。常见的类似谓语动词有：think,feel,believe,suppose等。这些错误语言描述的并不是你改变现状时真的会发生的情况。

Don’tthinkillofmebecauseIuseherhelp.

不要因为我使唤了她就认为我不好。Idon’tbelieveheisahalf-heartedperson.我相信他不是一个半心半意的人。

Idonotsupposethenews

is

true.我认为这个消息不是真的。ChoicesinLife发现捷径，快速开头

文章开头多遵循“从笼统到一般、再到具体〞的规律。一篇文章的开头写法多种多样，没有一种固定的模式。西谚云：“条条大路通罗马〞。虽然每个人的思维方式、思考内容和表达手法不尽一致，只要按文章的命题内容、要求和提示的思路去写，均可写出较为理想的文章开头来。1.提出概括 在文章的开头就把要讲的内容概括出来，吸引读者读下去，急于了解这个概括是如何得出来的。概括范围宽窄恰当，留有讨论的余地。2.点明主题 文章的开头段开门见山，点明主题，揭示全篇的主要内容。然后再围绕这一主题展开细节和例证，进行发挥。这样便于读者自始至终地紧扣主题、层次清楚地说明问题，使读者迅速而有效地了解主旨，对文章讨论的问题有心理准备。可借鉴选用的开头写法：

3.交代目的 落笔入题说明写作缘由，交代写作目的与动机。读者会轻而易举地了解作者的写作意图，从而直接掌握要论述的主要内容。

4.提出问题 在文章的开头，用自问自答点明主题，引起读者注意。提出问题或自问自答可提示全文大致探讨内容，让读者紧紧跟踪作者的思路、带着问题寻求答案。这样能激发读者读下去、探个究竟。5.介绍评述对象 以介绍评述对象、给评述对象下定义为开头，交待评述对象归属的种类、揭示其特征、评价其作用。需要注意的是，介绍评述对象并非简单扼要地分类、定义，而要抛开其表，揭示出实质性的内容，为后面的纵深层次探讨打下根底。唯有这样才会使开头显得有份量。6.引用名人名言、凡人警句或谚语俗语开头 名人名言或谚语俗语常常言简意赅。开头直接引用或变体运用名人名言或谚语俗语往往能收到先声夺人的奇效。恰如其分地活用名人名言或谚语俗语可到达出奇制胜、增强表现力、加强论述效果的目的。按照上面所列举的开头方法，在写下面作文时，你怎样考虑起始段落的写法？

Direction:Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteacompositiononthetopic:WhoShouldPaytheBill?Youshouldwriteatleast120wordsaccordingtotheoutlinegivenbelowinChinese.1.同学聚餐，谁来买单2.几种常见方式〔提示：请客，AA制，轮流做东〕3.小结WhoShouldPaytheBill?

Itisreallyenjoyable(愉快的)forstudentstohaveamealtogether.However,whenthewaiterbringsthebillattheendofthemeal,therelaxingmoodofthewonderfulmealseemstovanish(消失),andthesituationbecomesembarrassing(为难).Whoshouldpaythebill?Generallyspeaking,therearethreeways:treatingtheothers,goingDutch(AA制),andtreatingbyturns.Thefirstsituationhappenswhenoneofthemgetsascholarshiporwinsaprize.Sotheprizewinner

orthescholarshipownerwilltreathis/herfriendsorroommates,andthemealisregardedasacelebration.GoingDutchhasbecomequiteapopularwayofpayingthebill.Eachpersonpaysforhis/herownpartintheend.ItoccurswhenseveralstudentsgettogethertocelebratefestivalsorspecialdayssuchasChristmasDayorCommencement(毕业典礼)Day.Splitting(分担)thecheckneednotinvolveusingacalculatortoworkoutwhodrankmorewineorwhohaddessert.Equalpaymentisprobablybest,inspiteofwhoatewhat.Thethirdwayistreatingbyturns.Itisusuallyusedamongveryclosefriendswhodinetogetherfrequently.Forexample,John,Hardy,andTomareveryclosefriends.Theyoftendineouttogether.Thefirsttime,JohntreatsHardyandTom;thesecondtime,Hardytreatstheothertwo;andthethirdtime,Tompaysthebillinhisturn.There