《英国文学简史》完整版笔记1

/31ThedeclineofthedramaRichardBrinsleySheridenlife.works:Rivals,TheSchoolforScandals.significanceofhisplays.Inhisplays,moralityistheconstanttheme.Heismuchconcernedwiththecurrentmoralissuesandlashesharshlyatthesocialvicesoftheday.'sgreatnessalsoliesinhistheatricalart.Heseemstohaveinheritedfromhisparentsanaturalabilityandinbornknowledgeaboutthetheatre.Hisplaysaretheproductofadramaticgeniusaswellasofawell-versedtheatricalman.Hisplotsarewell-organized,hischaracters,eithermajororminor,areallsharplydrawn,andhismanipulationofsuchdevicesasdisguise,mistakenidentityanddramaticironyismasterly.Wittydialoguesandneatanddecentlanguagealsomakeacharacteristicofhisplays.Chapter6EnglishLiteratureoftheRomanticAgeIntroductionHistoricalBackgroundLiteraryOverview:RomanticismCharacteristicsofRomanticism:ThespontaneousoverflowofpowerfulfeelingsThecreationofaworldofimaginationThereturntonatureformaterialEmphasisupontheexpressionofindividualgeniusThereturntoMiltonandtheElizabethansforliterarymodelsTheinterestinoldstoriesandmedievalromancesAsenseofmelancholyandlonelinessTherebelliousspiritII.Pre-RomanticsRobertBurnsLife:FrenchRevolutionFeaturesofpoetryBurnsischieflyrememberedforhissongswrittenintheScottishdialect.Hispoemsareusuallydevoidofartificialornamentandhaveagreatcharmofsimplicity.Hispoemsareespeciallyappreciatedfortheirmusicaleffect.Hispoliticalandsatiricalpoemsarenotedforhispassionateloveforfreedomandfierysentimentsofhatredagainsttyranny.SignificanceofhispoetryHispoetrymarksanepochinthehistoryofEnglishliterature.TheysuggestedthatthespiritoftheRomanticrevivalwasembodiedinthisobscureploughman.Love,humor,pathos,theresponsetonature一allthepoeticqualitiesthattouchthehumanheartareinhispoems,whichmarkedthesunriseofanotherday一thedayofRomanticism.WilliamBlakelife:FrenchRevolutionworks.lSongsofInnocencelSongsofExperiencefeaturessympathywiththeFrenchRevolutionhatredfor18thcenturyconformityandsocialinstitutionattitudeofrevoltagainstauthoritystrongprotestagainstrestrictivecodeshisinfluenceBlakeisoftenregardedasasymbolistandmystic,andhehasexertedagreatinfluenceontwentiethcenturywriters.Hispeculiaritiesofthoughtandimaginativevisionhaveinmanywaysprovedfarmorecongenialtothe20thcenturythantheyweretothe19th.III.RomanticPoetsofthefirstgenerationIntroductionWilliamWordsworth:representativepoet,chiefspokesmanofRomanticpoetryLife:lovenature;b.;tourto;Frenchrevolution;Dorathy;The;friendofColeridge;conservativeafterrevolution.works:theLyricalBallads(preface):significanceThePrelude:abiographicalpoem.theotherpoemsFeaturesofhispoems.ThemeAconstantthemeofhispoetrywasthegrowthofthehumanspiritthroughthenaturaldescriptionwithexpressionsofinwardstatesofmind.characteristicsofstyle.Hispoemsarecharacterizedbyasympathywiththepoor,simplepeasants,andapassionateloveofnature.SamuelTaylorColeridge:poetandcriticLife:a.;friendwithSoutheyandWordsworth;takingopium.works.lThefallofRobespierrelTheRimeoftheAncientMarinerlKublaKhanlBiographiaLiterariaBiographiaLiteraria.HiscriticismHewasoneofthefirstcriticstogiveclosecriticalattentiontolanguage.Inbothpoetryandcriticism,hisworkisoutstanding,butitistypicalofhimthathiscriticalworkisveryscatteredanddisorganized.IV.RomanticPoetsoftheSecondGeneration.IntroductionGeorgeGordonByronLife:,publishedpoemsandreviews;atourofandtheEast;left;friendwithShelley;workedin:nationalhero;radicalandsympatheticwithFrenchRevolution.Works.lDonJuanlWhenWeTwoPartedlSheWalksinBeautyByronicHero.ByronintroducedintoEnglishpoetryanewstyleofcharacter,whichasoftenbeenreferredtoas“ByronicHero"of“satanicspirit”.PeopleimaginedthattheysawsomethingofByronhimselfinthesestrangefiguresofrebels,pirates,anddesperateadventurers.Poeticstyle:loose,fluentandvividPercyByssheShelley:poetandcriticLife:aristocraticfamily;rebelliousheart;c.;IrishnationalliberationMovement;discipleofWilliamGodwin;marriagewithHarriet,andMarry;leftandwanderedinEUrope,diedin;radicalandsympatheticwiththeFrenchrevolution;FriendwithByronworks:twotypes一violentreformerandwandererCharacteristicsofpoems.pursuitofabettersociety;radianbeauty;superbartistry:imagination.DefenseofPoetry.JohnKeats.Life:fromapoorfamily;b.;friendwithByronandShelley;attackedbytheconservativesanddiedin.works.Characteristicsofpoemslovedbeauty;seekingrefugeinanidealisticworldofillusionsanddreams.V.NovelistsoftheRomanticAge.WaterScott.NovelistandpoetLife:a.;b.;poemtonovel;unsuccessfulpublishingfirm;greatcontribution:historicalnovel.threegroupsofnovelsFeaturesofhisnovels.hisinfluence.JaneAustenLife:countryclergyman;uneventfullife,domesticduties;works.featuresofherwritings.rationalism,neoclassicism,romanticismandrealism.VI.FamiliarEssays.IntroductionCharlesLamb:essayistandcriticlife:poorfamily;friendofColeridge;sisterMary;workedintheEastIndiaHouse;e.amiserablelife;amanofmildcharacter.aRomanticistofthecity.works:EssaysofElia.Threegroups.Features.Themoststrikingfeatureofhisessaysishishumour.Lambwasespeciallyfondofoldwriters.Hisessaysareintenselypersonal.HewasaromanticistChapter7EnglishLiteratureoftheVictorianAgeIntroductionHistoricalBackgroundAnageofexpansionTheconditionsoftheworkersandthechartistmovementReformsDarwin'stheoryofevolutionanditsinfluenceThewomenquestionLiteraryOverview:criticalrealism.InVictorianperiodappearedanewliterarytrendcalledcriticalrealism.Englishcriticalrealismofthe19thcenturyflourishedinthe40sandintheearly50s.Itfounditsexpressionintheformofnovel.Thecriticalrealists,mostofwhomwerenovelists,describedwithmuchvividnessandartisticskillthechieftraitsoftheEnglishsocietyandcriticizedthecapitalistsystemfromademocraticviewpoint.NovelsofCriticalRealists.CharlesDickens.Life:clerkfamily;amiserablechildhood;aclerk,areporter,awriter;amanofhardwork.worksofthreeperiods.optimizefrustrationpessimismFeaturesofhisworks.charactersketchesandexaggerationbroadhumorandpenetratingsatirethepowerofexposureWilliamMakepeaceThackerayLife:bornin;studiedin;workedasartistandillustratorandwriter.work:TheVanityFairThackerayandDickens一featuresJustlikeDickens,Thackerayisoneofthegreatestcriticalrealistsofthe19thcentury.Hepaintslifeashehasseenit.Withhispreciseandthoroughobservation,richknowledgeofsociallifeandofthehumanheart,thepicturesinhisnovelsareaccurateandtruetolife.Thackerayisasatirist.Hissatireiscausticandhishumoursubtle.Besidesbeingarealistandsatirist,Thackerayisamoralist.Hisaimistoproduceamoralimpressioninallhisnovels.TheBronteSistersCharlotteBronteandJaneEyreEmilyBronteandTheWutheringHeights.GeorgeEliot.Life:MaryAnnEvans;theruralmidland;abandonedreligion;interestedinsocialphilosophicalproblems;editoroftheWestminsterReview;GeorgeHenryLewis.workslAdamBedelSilasMarnerlMiddlemarchFeaturesofworks.Asamoralist,sheshowsineachofhercharacterstheactionandreactionofuniversalforcesandbelievesthateveryevilactmustbringinevitablepunishmenttothemanwhodoesit.Morallawwastoherasinevitableandautomaticasgravitation.ThomasHardy:novelistandpoetLife:—“Wexssex;closetopeasantry;beliefinevolution.Works:RomancesandfantasiesnovelsofingenuitynovelsofcharactersandenvironmentIdeasofFate.UnlikeDickens,mostofHardy'snovelsaretragic.Thecauseoftragedyisman'sownbehaviourorhisownfaultbutthesupernaturalforcesthatrulehisfate.AccordingtoHardy,manisnotthemasterofhisdestiny;heisatthemercyofindifferentforceswhichmanipulatehisbehaviourandhisrelationswithothers.EnglishPoetsoftheAgeAlfredTennysonlife:a.;friendwithHallem;poetlaureate.Works:InMemoriam;IdyllsoftheKing.RobertBrowning.Life:marriedElizabethBarret,apoetess.WorkstheDramaticMonologueThedramaticmonologueisasoliloquyindramainwhichthevoicespeakingisnotthepoethimself,butacharacterinventedbythepoet,sothatitreflectslifeobjectively.ItwasimitatedbymanypoetsafterBrowningandbroughttoitsmostsophisticatedformbyT.S.EliotinhisTheLoveSongofJ.AlfredPrufrock(1915)EnglishProseoftheageThomasCarlylelifeworksJohnRuskinlifeworkssocialandaestheticideasV.AestheticismAestheticismThebasictheoryoftheaesthetic一“artforart'ssake”一wassetforthbyaFrenchpoet,TheophileGautier.ThefirstEnglishmanwhowroteaboutthetheoryofaestheticismwasWalterPeter,themostimportantcriticalwriterofthelateVictorianperiod,whosemostimportantworkswerestudiesintheHistoryofRenaissanceandAppreciations.ThechiefrepresentativeofthemovementinwasOscarWilde,withhisThePictureofDorianGray.Aestheticismplacesartabovelife,andholdsthatlifeshouldimitateart,notartimitatelife.Accordingtoaesthetes,allartisticcreationisabsolutelysubjectiveasopposedtoobjective.Artshouldbefreefromanyinfluenceofegoism.Onlywhenartisforart'ssakecanitbeimmortal.Itshouldberestrictedtocontributingbeautyinahighlypolishedstyle.OscarWildeLife:dramatist,poet,novelistandessayist,spokesmanfortheschoolof“Artforart'ssake”,theleaderoftheAestheticmovementworkslTheHappyPrinceandOtherTaleslThePictureofDorianGraylTheImportanceofBeingEarnestChapter8EnglishLiteratureofthefirsthalfofthe20thCenturyI.HistoricalBackgroundRationalchangesonoldtraditions,insocialstandardsandinpeople'sthoughtsThehightideofanti-VictorianismTheFirstWorldWarThesuccessofwomen'sstruggleforsocialandcivilrightsII.OverviewoftheLiterature一theModernismWhatismodernism?FeaturesofmodernismComplexityRadicalanddeliberatebreakwithtraditionalaestheticprinciplesBacktoAristotleDevelopmentofmodernismafterWWIISection1PoetryI.AGeneralSurveyThecenturyhasproducedalargenumberofbothmajorandminorpoets,manyofwhomhavereceivedgeneralacclaim.Manywritersofsignificantworksoffictionalsowritedistinguishedpoetry.Thepoetsofthe20thcenturyhavetendedtogroupthemselvesintoschoolswhosepoetryhasparticulardistinguishingcharacteristics.II.ThomasHardyLifeWorkshispoetryPoemsandOtherVersesPoemsofthePastandthePresentTime'sLaughingStocksMomentsofVisionLateLyricsandEarlierThefamousTragedyoftheQueenofCornwellWinterWordshisfictionsTessoftheD'UrbervillesJudetheObscureTheReturnoftheNativeFarfromtheMaddingCrowdTheMayorofCasterbridgePointofviewAccordingtohispessimisticphilosophy,mankindissubjectedtotheruleofsomehostilemysteriousfate,whichbringsmisfortuneintohumanlife..WilliamYeatsLife一poetanddramatistWorkshispoetryTheResponsibilitiesTheWildSwansatCooleTheTowerTheWindingStairhisdramasTheHourGlassThe'sDesireOnBaile'shisbookofphilosophy一VisionsStyle.ThomasStearnsEliotlife-poet,playwright,literarycriticWorkspoemslTheLoveSongofJ.AlfredPrufrocklTheWasteLand(epic)lHollowManlAshWednesdaylFourQuartersPlayslMurderintheCathedrallSweeneyAgonisteslTheCocktailPartylTheConfidentialClerkCriticalessayslTheSacredWoodlEssaysonStyleandOrderlElizabethanEssayslTheUseofPoetryandTheUseofCriticismslAfterStrangeGodsPointofviewThemodernsocietyisfutileandchaotic.Onlypoetscancreatesomeorderoutofchaos.StyleFreshvisualimagery,flexibletoneandhighlyexpressiverhythmDifficultanddisconnectedimagesandsymbols,quotationsandallusionsEllipticalstructures,strangejuxtapositions,anabsenceofbridgesTheWasteLand:fivepartsTheBurialoftheDeadAGameofChessTheFireSermonDeathbyWaterWhattheThunderSaidSection2FictionI.TheContinuingofRealismThetwocharacteristicsof20thcenturyfictionModernismContinuationofthetraditionofrealismThebeginningGeneralfeaturesII.JohnGalsworthyLifeWorksTheIslandPhariseesTurgenevTheManofPropertyInChanceryForsyteSagaTheEndoftheChapterTheSilverBoxStrifePointofviewStylestrengthandelasticitypowerfulsweepbrilliantillustrationsdeeppsychologicalanalysisIII.StreamofConsciousnessJamesJoycelifemajorworksAPortraitoftheArtistasaYoungManDublinersUlyssesFinnegansWakesignificanceofhisworksHechangedtheoldstyleoffictionsandcreatedastrangemodeofarttoshowthechaosandcrisisofconsciousnessofthatperiod.Fromhim,streamofconsciousnesscametothehighestpointasagenreofmodernliterature.InFinnegansWake,thispursueofnewnessoverrodethenormalnessandshowedatendencyofvanity.VirginiaWoolflifeworksMrs.DallowayTotheLighthouseTheWavesFlushTheYearsBetweentheActsARoomofOne'sOwnThreeModernFictionTheCommonReader(2series)pointofviewShechallengedthetraditionalwayofwritingandcreatedhernovelsinanewway.Shethoughtthedepictionofdetailsdarkenedthecharacters.Shecalledth