2022年英语专八考试阅读基础训练题

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TheAffectofElectricityonCancer

Canelectricitycausecancer?Inasocietythatliterallyrunsonelectricpower,theveryideaseemspreposterous.Butformorethanadecade,agrowingbandofscientistsandjournalistshaspointedtostudiesthatseemtolinkexposuretoelectromagneticfieldswithincreasedriskofleukemiaandothermalignancies.Theimplicationsareunsettling,tosaytheleast,sinceeveryonecomesintocontactwithsuchfields,whicharegeneratedbyeverythingelectrical,frompowerlinesandantennastopersonalcomputersandmicro-waveovens.Becauseevidenceonthesubjectisinconclusiveandoftencontradictory,ithasbeenhardtodecidewhetherconcernaboutthehealtheffectsofelectricityislegitimate—ortheworstkindofparanoia.

NowthealarmistshavegainedsomequalifiedsupportfromtheU.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency.Intheexecutivesummaryofanewscientificreview,releasedindraftformlatelastweek,theEPAhasputforwardwhatamountstothemostseriousgovernmentwarningtodate.Theagencytentativelyconcludesthatscientificevidence“suggestsacasuallink”betweenextremelylow-frequencyelectromagneticfields—thosehavingverylongwave-lengths—andleukemia,lymphomaandbraincancer,WhilethereportfallsshortofclassifyingELFfieldsasprobablecarcinogens,itdoesidentifythecommon60-hertzmagneticfieldas“apossible,butnotproven,causeofcancerinhumans.”

Thereportisnoreasontopanic—oreventolostsleep.Ifthereisacancerrisk,itisasmallone.TheevidenceisstillsocontroversialthatthedraftstirredagreatdealofdebatewithintheBushAdministration,andtheEPAreleaseditoverstrongobjectionsfromthePentagonandtheWhitHouse.Butnownoonecandenythattheissuemustbetakenseriouslyandthatmuchmoreresearchisneeded.

Attheheartofthedebateisasimpleandwell-understoodphysicalphenomenon:Whenanelectriccurrentpassesthroughawire,titgeneratesanelectromagneticfieldthatexertsforcesonsurroundingobjects,Formanyyears,scientistsdismissedanysuggestionthatsuchforcesmightbeharmful,primarilybecausetheyaresoextraordinarilyweak.TheELFmagneticfieldgeneratedbyavideoterminalmeasuresonlyafewmilligauss,oraboutone-hundredththestrengthoftheearth’sownmagneticfield,Theelectricfieldssurroundingapowerlinecanbeashighas10kilovoltspermeter,butthecorrespondingfieldinducedinhumancellswillbeonlyabout1millivoltpermeter.Thisisfarlessthantheelectricfieldsthatthecellsthemselvesgenerate.

Howcouldsuchminusculeforcesposeahealthdanger?Theconsensususedtobethattheycouldnot,andfordecadesscientistsconcentratedonmorepowerfulkindsofradiation,likeX-rays,thatpacksufficientwalloptoknockelectronsoutofthemoleculesthatmakeupthehumanbody.Such“ionizing”radiationshavebeenclearlylinkedtoincreasedcancerrisksandthereareregulationstocontrolemissions.

Butepidemiologicalstudies,whichfindstatisticalassociationsbetweensetsofdata,donotprovecauseandeffect.ThoughthereisabodyoflaboratoryworkshowingthatexposuretoELFfieldscanhavebiologicaleffectsonanimaltissues,amechanismbywhichthoseeffectscouldleadtocancerousgrowthshasneverbeenfound.

ThePentagonisforfrompersuaded.Inablistering33critiqueoftheEPAreport,AirForcescientistschargeitsauthorswithhaving“biasedtheentiredocument”towardprovingalink.“Ourreviewersareconvincedthatthereisnosuggestionthatelectromagneticfieldspresentintheenvironmentinduceorpromotecancer,”theAirForceconcludes.“ItisastonishingthattheEPAwouldlenditsimprimaturonthisreport.”ThenPentagon’sconcernisunderstandable.Thereishardlyaunitofthemodernmilitarythatdoesnotdependontheheavyuseofsomekindofelectronicequipment,fromhugeground-basedradartowerstothedefensesystemsbuiltintoeverywarshipandplane.

1.Themainideaofthispassageis

[A]studiesonthecauseofcancer

[B]controversialview-pointsinthecauseofcancer

[C]therelationshipbetweenelectricityandcancer.

[D]differentideasabouttheeffectofelectricityoncaner.

2.Theview-pointoftheEPAis

[A]thereiscasuallinkbetweenelectricityandcancer.

[B]electricityreallyaffectscancer.

[C]controversial.

[D]lowfrequencyelectromagneticfieldisapossiblecauseofcancer

3.WhydidthePentagonandWhitHouseobjecttothereleaseofthereport?Because

[A]itmaystiragreatdealofdebateamongtheBushAdministration.

[B]everyunitofthemodernmilitaryhasdependedontheheavyuseofsomekindofelectronicequipment.

[C]thePentagon’sconcernwasunderstandable.

[D]theyhaddifferentarguments.

4.Itcanbeinferredfromphysicalphenomenon

[A]theforceoftheelectromagneticfieldistooweaktobeharmful.

[B]theforceoftheelectromagneticfieldisweakerthantheelectricfieldthatthecellsgenerate.

[C]electromagneticfieldmayaffecthealth.

[D]onlymorepowerfulradiationcanknockelectronoutofhumanbody.

5.Whatdoyouthinkordinarycitizensmaydoafterreadingthedifferentarguments?

[A]Theyareindifferent.[B]Theyareworriedverymuch.

[C]Themayexerciseprudentavoidance.[D]Theyareshocked.

答案详解：

1.D电力对癌症影响的不同观点。文章一开头就提出了“电会致癌吗?”这个问题。十多年来，一大批科学家和新闻界人士都指出：研究结果貌似表示：接触电磁场可能会增加患白血病和其他恶性肿瘤的危害性。所以说到目前为止还难以确定电力对健康的影响到底是理性的，还是杞人忧天。见难句解释1。其次段公布了环保署的报告，见难句解释3。第三段说明：即使有致癌危害也是极微的。但应予以专心对待，举行更多的研究。而第七段中空军方面的科学家还没有被压服见难句解释9，明确提出，我们的评论员认为没有迹象说明环境中存在的电力会诱发或促发癌症。

A.对致癌因素的研究。B.致癌理由方面有争议的观点，这两项根本部队，和文内电力毫无关系。C.电力和癌症的关系，文中涉及的是电力到底会不会致癌的两种观点，而不是两