《新能源专业英语》学习资料课件

《新能源专业英语》《新能源专业英语》References:References:1InternationalEnergyoutlookWorldEnergyDemandandEconomicOutlookLiquidFuelsNaturalGasCoalElectricityTransportationSectorEnergyConsumptionEnergy-RelatedCarbonDioxideEmissions1InternationalEnergyoutlookWorldEnergyDemandandEconomicOutlookTotalworldconsumptionofmarketedenergyisprojectedtoincreaseby50percentfrom2005to2030.Thelargestprojectedincreaseinenergydemandisforthenon-OECDeconomies.WorldEnergyDemandandEconom

ChinaandIndia-thefastestgrowingnon-OECDeconomies-willbekeycontributorstoworldenergyconsumptioninthefuture.19808%→200518%→203025%

USA22%in2005toabout17%in2030

WorldMarketedEnergyConsumption1980-2030ChinaandIndia-thefasteOECDvsnon-OECDEnergyconsumptioninothernon-OECDregionsalsoisexpectedtogrowstronglyfrom2005to2030,withincreasesofaround60percentprojectedfortheMiddleEast,Africa,andCentralandSouthAmerica.OECDvsnon-OECDEnergycoWorldEnergyConsumptionbySourceliquidfuelsaretheworld’sslowestgrowingsourceofenergy;Renewableenergyandcoalarethefastestgrowingenergysources,withconsumptionincreasingby2.1percentand2.0percent,respectively;China’scoalconsumptionincreasedby17percentperyearonaveragefrom2002to2005.Naturalgasremainsanimportantfuelforelectricitygenerationworldwide;WorldEnergyConsumptionbySoElectricitygenerationfromnuclearpowerincreasesfrom2.6trillionkilowatthoursin2005to3.0trillionkilowatthoursin2015and3.8trillionkilowatthours;

Plantsafety,radioactivewastedisposal,andtheproliferationofnuclearweapons,ElectricitygenerationfromnuMuchofthegrowthinrenewableenergyconsumptionisprojectedtocomefrommid-tolarge-scalehydroelectricfacilitiesinnon-OECDAsiaandCentralandSouthAmerica;SomeareasofChinaandIndiaalsorelyheavilyonwoodfuel,woodwaste,andcharcoalforcooking.InChina,about55percentoftheruralpopulationusesbiomassforcooking,asdoes87percentoftheruralpopulationinIndia.MostoftheincreaseinOECDrenewableenergyconsumptionisexpectedtocomefromnonhydroelectricresources,suchaswind,solar,geothermal,municipalsolidwaste,andbiomass.MuchofthegrowthinrenewablWorldEconomicOutlookWorldEconomicOutlookTheworld’srealGDPgrowthonapurchasingpowerparitybasisisprojectedtoaverage4.0percentannuallyPopulationgrowthLaborforceparticipationratesCapitalaccumulation,Productivityimprovements.Theworld’srealGDPgrowthon2LiquidFuelsWorlduseofliquidsgrowsfrom83.6millionbarrelsoilequivalentperday5in2005to95.6millionbarrelsperdayin2015and112.5millionbarrelsperdayin2030.Muchoftheincreaseintotalliquidsconsumptionisprojectedforthenationsofnon-OECDAsiaandtheMiddleEast.2LiquidFuelsWorlduseWorldLiquidFuelsProduction,2005-2030WorldLiquidFuelsProduction,ChinaandIndiaaccountformuchofthegrowthinliquidsdemand,andtogethertheyaccountfor11.5millionbarrelsperday(74percent)oftheregionalincrementinliquidsuse.Middle-east:1Highbirthrate2Subsidy3HighincomepercapitaChinaandIndiaaccountfOilpricesInthelongterm,fourfactorsdeterminethepriceofoil:growthinworldliquidsdemand,highproductioncostsforaccessiblenon-OPECconventionalliquidsresources,OPECinvestmentandproductionbehavior,andthecostandavailabilityofunconventionalliquidssupply.OilpricesInthelongterm,WorldLiquidsProductionWorldLiquidsProductionWorldliquidsproductionincreasesby28millionbarrelsperdayfrom2005to2030tomeetprojectedgrowthindemand.About47percentofthetotalworldincreaseinliquidssuppliesisexpectedtocomefromOPECmembercountries.Thus,in2030,OPECproductionisprojectedtototal49millionbarrelsperdayandnon-OPECproduction63millionbarrelsperday.Caspianarea(Kazakhstan)andSouthAmerica(Brazil)NON-OPECWorldliquidsproductionOPEC’stotalliquidsproductionincreasesata1.3-percentaverageannualratefrom2005to2030.ThemostrapidgrowthinOPECproductionisprojectedforQatar.OPEC’stotalliquidsprodOilReservesandResourcesAsofJanuary1,2008,provedworldoilreserves,asreportedbytheOil&GasJournal,wereestimatedat1,332billionbarrels.OilReservesandResourcesAsoThe56percentoftheworld’sprovedoilreservesarelocatedintheMiddleEast.Amongthetop20reserveholdersin2008,11areOPECmembercountriesthat,Together,accountfor69percentoftheworld’stotalreserves.The56percentofthewor3NaturalGasWorldwide,totalnaturalgasconsumptionincreasesfrom104trillioncubicfeetin2005to158trillioncubicfeetin2030intheIEO2008referencecase.3NaturalGasWorldwide,toNaturalgasconsumptioninthenon-OECDcountriesgrowsmorethantwiceasfastasconsumptionintheOECDcountries,with2.3-percentaverageannualgrowthfrom2005to2030fornon-OECDcountries,comparedwithanaverageof1.0percentfortheOECDcountries.NorthAmericaEUNaturalgasconsumptioniNON-OECDNON-OECDSupplySupplyReservesandResourcesAlmostthree-quartersoftheworld’snaturalgasreservesarelocatedintheMiddleEastandEurasia.Russia,Iran,andQatartogetheraccountedforabout57percentoftheworld’snaturalgasreservesasofJanuary1,2008ReservesandResourcesAl4CoalWorldcoalconsumptionincreasesby65percentovertheprojectionperiod,from122.5quadrillionBtuin2005to202.2quadrillionBtuin2030.In2005,coalaccountedfor27percentofworldenergyconsumption.Ofthecoalproducedworldwidein2005,63percentwasshippedtoelectricityproducers,34percenttoindustrialconsumers,andmostoftheremaining3percentwenttocoalconsumersintheresidentialandcommercialsectors.4CoalWorldcoalconsumptIn2005,Australiawastheworld’sleadingcoalexporter,supplying6.1quadrillionBtuofcoaltotheinternationalmarket,whileJapanandSouth

Koreaweretheworld’sleadingimporters,receiving4.5and1.9quadrillionBtuofcoal,respectively.Morethanone-half(53percent)ofChina’scoalusein2005wasinthenon-electricitysectors,primarilyintheindustrialsector.Chinawastheworld’sleadingproducerofbothsteelandpigironin2005.In2005,AustraliawastWorldCoalProduction

China,Australia,theUnitedStates,andIndiadominatetheoveralltrendsfortheOECDandnon-OECD,accountingfor99percentoftheincreaseinnetproductionforalltheOECDcountriesand82percentoftheincreaseforthenon-OECDcountries.WorldCoalProductionChinWorldCoalReservesTotalrecoverablereservesofcoalaroundtheworldareestimatedat930billiontons.Althoughcoaldepositsarewidelydistributed,76percentoftheworld’srecoverablereservesarelocatedinfivecountries:theUnitedStates(28percent),Russia(19percent),China(14percent),Australia(9percent)andIndia(7percent).WorldCoalReservesTotal5ElectricityWorldnetelectricitygenerationnearlydoublesinthereferencecase,from17.3trillionkilowatthoursin2005to24.4trillionkilowatthoursin2015and33.3trillionkilowatthoursin2030.5ElectricityWorldneteNuclearEnergyElectricitygenerationfromnuclearpowerisprojectedtoincreasefromabout2.6trillionkilowatthoursin2005to3.8trillionkilowatthoursin2030,NuclearEnergyElectricitChinaistryingtodiversifyitssourcesofelectricity,andincreasingnuclearpowercapacityisseenasastrategytoachievethatgoal.UnlikemostoftheOECDnations,Chinawillbeabletoexpanditsnuclearprogramlargelywithoutpoliticaldeterrents.Atpresent,Chinahas11commercialnuclearpowerreactorsinoperation,6ofwhichhavebeenbroughtonlinesince2002.Another6plantsarecurrentlyunderconstruction,andseveralmoreareinvariousstagesofplanning.TheChinesegovernmentisalsointheprocessofawardingbillionsofdollarsincontractstobuildadditionalnuclearplants.France’sAREVA,Russia’sAtomStroyExport,andU.S.-basedWestinghouseallhavewonbids.Intheworld’slargestnuclearpowerdealtodate,Chinawillpay$11.9billiontoAREVAtobuildtwonuclearreactors.ChinaistryingtodiversChinaalsohasanumberoflarge-scalehydroelectricprojectsunderconstruction,includingthe18,200-megawattThreeGorgesDamprojectslatedforcompletionattheendof2008.TheChinaYangtzeRiverThreeGorgesProjectDevelopmentCorporationalreadyhasannounceditplanstoincreaseitstotalinstalledcapacityto22,400megawatts.Inaddition,workcontinuesonthe12,600-megawattXiluoduprojectontheJishaRiver(scheduledforcompletionin2020aspartofa14-facilityhydropowerdevelopmentplan)andthecountry’sthird-largesthydroelectricfacility,the6,300megawattLongtanprojectontheHongshuiRiverChinaalsohasanumber6TransportationSectorEnergyConsumptionThetransportationshareoftotalliquidsconsumptionincreasesfrom52percentin2005to58percentin2030.Muchofthegrowthintransportationenergyuseisprojectedforthenon-OECDnations,wheremanyrapidlyexpandingeconomiesareexpectedtoseestronggrowthinenergyconsumptionastransportationsystemsaremodernizedandrisingstandardsoflivingincreasethedemandforpersonalmotorvehicleownership.6TransportationSectorEnergy《新能源专业英语》学习资料课件BothChinaandIndiahavebecomemajorvehiclemanufacturers.In2006,Chinaproducednearly7.2millionmotorvehicles,thethird-highestproductionlevelintheworldafterJapanandtheUnitedStatesandmorethanone-tenthoftheworld’stotalproduction.In2007,motorvehicleproductioninChinagrewbyanother22percent,to8.9millionvehicles.Withinthenextseveralyears,China’sproductionofmotorvehiclesmayreach10millionvehicles.BothChinaandIndiahav7CarbonDioxideEmissionsTheaverageannualincreaseinnon-OECDemissionsfrom2005to2030(2.5percent)isfivetimestheincreaseprojectedfortheOECDcountries(0.5percent).In2030,non-OECDemissions,projectedat26.8billionmetrictons,exceedtheprojectionforOECDemissionsby72percent.7CarbonDioxideEmissionsInpre-industrialtimes,theconcentrationofcarbondioxideintheatmospherewasabout280partspermillion(ppm).Theatmosphericconcentrationofcarbondioxideatpresentisabout380ppm,andaccordingtotheIEO2008referencecaseprojections,by2030itwouldbeabout450ppm.Inpre-industrialtimes,《新能源专业英语》学习资料课件《新能源专业英语》学习资料课件2GlobalRenewableEnergyStatusIn2007,morethan$100billionwasinvestedinnewrenewableenergycapacity,manufacturingplants,andresearchanddevelopment—atrueglobalmilestone.2GlobalRenewableEnergyStat《新能源专业英语》学习资料课件Biomassandgeothermalenergyarecommonlyemployedforbothpowerandheating,withrecentincreasesinanumberofcountries,includingusesfordistrictheating.Morethan2milliongroundsourceheatpumpsareusedin30countriesforbuildingheatingandcooling.Productionofbiofuels(ethanolandbiodiesel)exceededanestimated53billionlitersin2007,up43percentfrom2005.Ethanolproductionin2007representedabout4percentofthe1,300billionlitersofgasolineconsumedglobally.Annualbiodieselproductionincreasedbymorethan50percentin2006.Renewableenergy,especiallysmallhydropower,biomass,andsolarPV,provideselectricity,heat,motivepower,andwaterpumpingfortensofmillionsofpeopleinruralareasofdevelopingcountries,servingagriculture,smallindustry,homes,schools,andcommunityneeds.Twenty-fivemillionhouseholdscookandlighttheirhomeswithbiogas,and2.5millionhouseholdsusesolarlightingsystems.BiomassandgeothermalenergyDevelopingcountriesasagrouphavemorethan40percentofexistingrenewablepowercapacity,morethan70percentofexistingsolarhotwatercapacity,and45percentofbiofuelsproduction.Developingcountriesasagrou《新能源专业英语》学习资料课件GlobaloverviewGlobaloverview《新能源专业英语》学习资料课件《新能源专业英语》学习资料课件《新能源专业英语》学习资料课件《新能源专业英语》学习资料课件INVESTMENTFLOWSAnestimated$71billionwasinvestedinnewrenewableenergycapacityworldwidein2007,upfrom$55billionin2006and$40billionin2005.INVESTMENTFLOWSAnestim《新能源专业英语》学习资料课件3ChinaRenewableEnergyStatusNewenergyaccountfor20%inenergymixin2004.Biomass0.25billiontonstandardcoalHydroelectricity

0.1billionkilowattSolar,windandothernewenergy25milliontonstandardcoal1Windenergy2000-2005growthrate20%bytheendof“Eleventhfive”5millionkilowatt1-3megawattwindelectricityequipmentisnotavailable2PVSolarradiationreceived5×1022joulebytheendof“Eleventhfive”0.4millionkilowatt3ChinaRenewableEnergyStatu3SolarwaterheaterChinaranksfirstwith70millionm2Productioncapacity10millionm2peryear4BiomassDomesticbiogasplant12millionEthanol

1milliontonBioelectricity2millionkilowatt(5millionbytheendofeleventhfive)3Solarwaterheater此课件下载可自行编辑修改，仅供参考！

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感谢您的支持，我们努力《新能源专业英语》《新能源专业英语》References:References:1InternationalEnergyoutlookWorldEnergyDemandandEconomicOutlookLiquidFuelsNaturalGasCoalElectricityTransportationSectorEnergyConsumptionEnergy-RelatedCarbonDioxideEmissions1InternationalEnergyoutlookWorldEnergyDemandandEconomicOutlookTotalworldconsumptionofmarketedenergyisprojectedtoincreaseby50percentfrom2005to2030.Thelargestprojectedincreaseinenergydemandisforthenon-OECDeconomies.WorldEnergyDemandandEconom

ChinaandIndia-thefastestgrowingnon-OECDeconomies-willbekeycontributorstoworldenergyconsumptioninthefuture.19808%→200518%→203025%

USA22%in2005toabout17%in2030

WorldMarketedEnergyConsumption1980-2030ChinaandIndia-thefasteOECDvsnon-OECDEnergyconsumptioninothernon-OECDregionsalsoisexpectedtogrowstronglyfrom2005to2030,withincreasesofaround60percentprojectedfortheMiddleEast,Africa,andCentralandSouthAmerica.OECDvsnon-OECDEnergycoWorldEnergyConsumptionbySourceliquidfuelsaretheworld’sslowestgrowingsourceofenergy;Renewableenergyandcoalarethefastestgrowingenergysources,withconsumptionincreasingby2.1percentand2.0percent,respectively;China’scoalconsumptionincreasedby17percentperyearonaveragefrom2002to2005.Naturalgasremainsanimportantfuelforelectricitygenerationworldwide;WorldEnergyConsumptionbySoElectricitygenerationfromnuclearpowerincreasesfrom2.6trillionkilowatthoursin2005to3.0trillionkilowatthoursin2015and3.8trillionkilowatthours;

Plantsafety,radioactivewastedisposal,andtheproliferationofnuclearweapons,ElectricitygenerationfromnuMuchofthegrowthinrenewableenergyconsumptionisprojectedtocomefrommid-tolarge-scalehydroelectricfacilitiesinnon-OECDAsiaandCentralandSouthAmerica;SomeareasofChinaandIndiaalsorelyheavilyonwoodfuel,woodwaste,andcharcoalforcooking.InChina,about55percentoftheruralpopulationusesbiomassforcooking,asdoes87percentoftheruralpopulationinIndia.MostoftheincreaseinOECDrenewableenergyconsumptionisexpectedtocomefromnonhydroelectricresources,suchaswind,solar,geothermal,municipalsolidwaste,andbiomass.MuchofthegrowthinrenewablWorldEconomicOutlookWorldEconomicOutlookTheworld’srealGDPgrowthonapurchasingpowerparitybasisisprojectedtoaverage4.0percentannuallyPopulationgrowthLaborforceparticipationratesCapitalaccumulation,Productivityimprovements.Theworld’srealGDPgrowthon2LiquidFuelsWorlduseofliquidsgrowsfrom83.6millionbarrelsoilequivalentperday5in2005to95.6millionbarrelsperdayin2015and112.5millionbarrelsperdayin2030.Muchoftheincreaseintotalliquidsconsumptionisprojectedforthenationsofnon-OECDAsiaandtheMiddleEast.2LiquidFuelsWorlduseWorldLiquidFuelsProduction,2005-2030WorldLiquidFuelsProduction,ChinaandIndiaaccountformuchofthegrowthinliquidsdemand,andtogethertheyaccountfor11.5millionbarrelsperday(74percent)oftheregionalincrementinliquidsuse.Middle-east:1Highbirthrate2Subsidy3HighincomepercapitaChinaandIndiaaccountfOilpricesInthelongterm,fourfactorsdeterminethepriceofoil:growthinworldliquidsdemand,highproductioncostsforaccessiblenon-OPECconventionalliquidsresources,OPECinvestmentandproductionbehavior,andthecostandavailabilityofunconventionalliquidssupply.OilpricesInthelongterm,WorldLiquidsProductionWorldLiquidsProductionWorldliquidsproductionincreasesby28millionbarrelsperdayfrom2005to2030tomeetprojectedgrowthindemand.About47percentofthetotalworldincreaseinliquidssuppliesisexpectedtocomefromOPECmembercountries.Thus,in2030,OPECproductionisprojectedtototal49millionbarrelsperdayandnon-OPECproduction63millionbarrelsperday.Caspianarea(Kazakhstan)andSouthAmerica(Brazil)NON-OPECWorldliquidsproductionOPEC’stotalliquidsproductionincreasesata1.3-percentaverageannualratefrom2005to2030.ThemostrapidgrowthinOPECproductionisprojectedforQatar.OPEC’stotalliquidsprodOilReservesandResourcesAsofJanuary1,2008,provedworldoilreserves,asreportedbytheOil&GasJournal,wereestimatedat1,332billionbarrels.OilReservesandResourcesAsoThe56percentoftheworld’sprovedoilreservesarelocatedintheMiddleEast.Amongthetop20reserveholdersin2008,11areOPECmembercountriesthat,Together,accountfor69percentoftheworld’stotalreserves.The56percentofthewor3NaturalGasWorldwide,totalnaturalgasconsumptionincreasesfrom104trillioncubicfeetin2005to158trillioncubicfeetin2030intheIEO2008referencecase.3NaturalGasWorldwide,toNaturalgasconsumptioninthenon-OECDcountriesgrowsmorethantwiceasfastasconsumptionintheOECDcountries,with2.3-percentaverageannualgrowthfrom2005to2030fornon-OECDcountries,comparedwithanaverageof1.0percentfortheOECDcountries.NorthAmericaEUNaturalgasconsumptioniNON-OECDNON-OECDSupplySupplyReservesandResourcesAlmostthree-quartersoftheworld’snaturalgasreservesarelocatedintheMiddleEastandEurasia.Russia,Iran,andQatartogetheraccountedforabout57percentoftheworld’snaturalgasreservesasofJanuary1,2008ReservesandResourcesAl4CoalWorldcoalconsumptionincreasesby65percentovertheprojectionperiod,from122.5quadrillionBtuin2005to202.2quadrillionBtuin2030.In2005,coalaccountedfor27percentofworldenergyconsumption.Ofthecoalproducedworldwidein2005,63percentwasshippedtoelectricityproducers,34percenttoindustrialconsumers,andmostoftheremaining3percentwenttocoalconsumersintheresidentialandcommercialsectors.4CoalWorldcoalconsumptIn2005,Australiawastheworld’sleadingcoalexporter,supplying6.1quadrillionBtuofcoaltotheinternationalmarket,whileJapanandSouth

Koreaweretheworld’sleadingimporters,receiving4.5and1.9quadrillionBtuofcoal,respectively.Morethanone-half(53percent)ofChina’scoalusein2005wasinthenon-electricitysectors,primarilyintheindustrialsector.Chinawastheworld’sleadingproducerofbothsteelandpigironin2005.In2005,AustraliawastWorldCoalProduction

China,Australia,theUnitedStates,andIndiadominatetheoveralltrendsfortheOECDandnon-OECD,accountingfor99percentoftheincreaseinnetproductionforalltheOECDcountriesand82percentoftheincreaseforthenon-OECDcountries.WorldCoalProductionChinWorldCoalReservesTotalrecoverablereservesofcoalaroundtheworldareestimatedat930billiontons.Althoughcoaldepositsarewidelydistributed,76percentoftheworld’srecoverablereservesarelocatedinfivecountries:theUnitedStates(28percent),Russia(19percent),China(14percent),Australia(9percent)andIndia(7percent).WorldCoalReservesTotal5ElectricityWorldnetelectricitygenerationnearlydoublesinthereferencecase,from17.3trillionkilowatthoursin2005to24.4trillionkilowatthoursin2015and33.3trillionkilowatthoursin2030.5ElectricityWorldneteNuclearEnergyElectricitygenerationfromnuclearpowerisprojectedtoincreasefromabout2.6trillionkilowatthoursin2005to3.8trillionkilowatthoursin2030,NuclearEnergyElectricitChinaistryingtodiversifyitssourcesofelectricity,andincreasingnuclearpowercapacityisseenasastrategytoachievethatgoal.UnlikemostoftheOECDnations,Chinawillbeabletoexpanditsnuclearprogramlargelywithoutpoliticaldeterrents.Atpresent,Chinahas11commercialnuclearpowerreactorsinoperation,6ofwhichhavebeenbroughtonlinesince2002.Another6plantsarecurrentlyunderconstruction,andseveralmoreareinvariousstagesofplanning.TheChinesegovernmentisalsointheprocessofawardingbillionsofdollarsincontractstobuildadditionalnuclearplants.France’sAREVA,Russia’sAtomStroyExport,andU.S.-basedWestinghouseallhavewonbids.Intheworld’slargestnuclearpowerdealtodate,Chinawillpay$11.9billiontoAREVAtobuildtwonuclearreactors.ChinaistryingtodiversChinaalsohasanumberoflarge-scalehydroelectricprojectsunderconstruction,includingthe18,200-megawattThreeGorgesDamprojectslatedforcompletionattheendof2008.TheChinaYangtzeRiverThreeGorgesProjectDevelopmentCorporationalreadyhasannounceditplanstoincreaseitstotalinstalledcapacityto22,400megawatts.Inaddition,workcontinuesonthe12,600-megawattXiluoduprojectontheJishaRiver(scheduledforcompletionin2020aspartofa14-facilityhydropowerdevelopmentplan)andthecountry’sthird-largesthydroelectricfacility,the6,300megawattLongtanprojectontheHongshuiRiverChinaalsohasanumber6TransportationSectorEnergyConsumptionThetransportationshareoftotalliquidsconsumptionincreasesfrom52percentin2005to58percentin2030.Muchofthegrowthintransportationenergyuseisprojectedforthenon-OECDnations,wheremanyrapidlyexpandingeconomiesareexpectedtoseestronggrowthinenergyconsumptionastransportationsystemsaremodernizedandrisingstandardsoflivingincreasethedemandforpersonalmotorvehicleownership.6TransportationSectorEnergy《新能源专业英语》学习资料课件BothChinaandIndiahavebecomemajorvehiclemanufacturers.In2006,Chinaproducednearly7.2millionmotorvehicles,thethird-highestproductionlevelintheworldafterJapanandtheUnitedStatesandmorethanone-tenthoftheworld’stotalproduction.In2007,motorvehicleproductioninChinagrewbyanother22percent,to8.9millionvehicles.Withinthenextseveralyears,China’sproductionofmotorvehiclesmayreach10millionvehicles.BothChinaandIndiahav7CarbonDioxideEmissionsTheaverageannualincreaseinnon-OECDemissionsfrom2005to2030(2.5percent)isfivetimestheincreaseprojectedfortheOECDcountries(0.5percent).In2030,non-OECDemissions,projectedat26.8billionmetrictons,exceedtheprojectionforOECDemissionsby72percent.7CarbonDioxideEmissionsInpre-industrialtimes,theconcentrationofcarbondioxideintheatmospherewasabout280partspermillion(ppm).Theatmosphericconcentrationofcarbondioxideatpresentisabout380ppm,andaccordingtotheIEO2008referencec