普通心理学13心理压力与健康课件

Chapter12Stress,coping&healthChapter12Stress,coping&hea疾病/健康病源学的转变Contagiousdiseases(传染病）：由传染源引起的疾病，如天花、伤寒、疟疾、白喉、黄热病、霍乱、脑灰质炎、肺结合等—20世纪之前的致命疾病；与nutrition,publichygiene,sanitationandmedicaltreatment等有密切关系.Chronicdiseases(慢性病):heartdisease、cancer、stroke(中风）等，生活压力（应激）、生活方式等因素是慢性病形成的主要原因。疾病/健康病源学的转变Contagiousdiseases普通心理学13心理压力与健康课件心身病（蔡能等，1985)心理因素在疾病的发生和病程演变中起主导作用的躯体疾病。例如情绪，通过植物神经、内分泌、肌肉骨骼系统、皮肤及免疫系统等受累而引起的症状群及疾病。心身病（蔡能等，1985)心理因素在疾病的发生和病程演变中起病源分析（蔡能等，1985）身心分离观点（传统医学观点）：细胞疾病--》组织结构改变---》功能障碍；身心统一观点：情绪（心理）因素---》功能障碍（？？）---》细胞疾病---》组织结构改变。病源分析（蔡能等，1985）身心分离观点（传统医学观点）：细HealthpsychologyHealthpsychologyDiscoveryofcausation,prevention,andtreatment（病因、预防及治疗）Healthpromotionandmaintenance（健康的促进和保持）Bio-psychosocialmodel（生物心理社会模型）:身体疾病由生物、心理及社会文化等因素相互作用引起。HealthpsychologyHealthpsycho普通心理学13心理压力与健康课件NatureofstressDefinationofstress（应激、紧张）Stressors(应激源):eventsorcircumstance(what?)Threatenorperceivedthreatenone’swell-being:(why?)Cognitiveappraisal：whataffectappraisal？Needtocoping:how?NatureofstressDefinationof普通心理学13心理压力与健康课件FrustrationFrustration（挫折、打击）

-blockedgoal（与目标不一致）

-Trafficjams-failure-loss;情绪：愤怒、恐惧、悲伤；心境：抑郁、焦虑；生理：血压（Novaco,etal.1990)；FrustrationFrustration（挫折、打击）Conflict——

twoormoreincompatiblemotivations冲突的三种类型（Lewin,andMiller(1944)Approach-approach(双趋性冲突）：鱼与熊掌；Avoidance-avoidance（双避冲突）：approach-avoidance（趋避冲突）：进退两难、犹豫不决、举棋不定；NealMiller(1944)的实验：趋（食物+电击）避（无食物+无电击）冲突；---LauraKingandRobertEmmons(1991):以问卷调查内心冲突与焦虑、抑郁、及生理症状的关系；Conflict——

twoormoreincompaconflictsconflictsconflictsconflictsChange:havetochangeTwoissues:Whatchangesledtostress?Degree?Whatconsequence?HolmesandRahe:SocialReadjustmentRatingScale(SRRS)—耗费更多的能量。。。。肺结核的心理因素调查：结婚、晋升、有小孩等；消极刺激；生活变化大，生理疾病和心理问题也多一些（Creed,1993)；----疾病与生活应激的相关研究；Change:havetochangeTwoissuSocialreadjustmentratingscaleDeathofspouse100Divorce73Jailterm63Marriage50Firedatwork47Retirement45Changeinschool20Vacation15Socialreadjustmentratingsca学生压力量表(HolmesandRaber)学生压力量表(HolmesandRaber)Pressure:expectationtobehaveincertainwaysPerformancepressureSalespeopleProfessorActorStudentConformpressure（相符）。来源于关系期望的压力（工作、学校、家庭、朋友等）；与自我期望有关（ideaself&realself);压力与心理问题、生理疾病。Pressure:expectationtobehav国内研究恋爱婚姻与家庭内部问题；恋爱婚姻；子女与父母关系；家庭关系变迁；学校与职业场所的问题；失学；失业；社会生活变化与个人特殊遭遇灾难性事件；《生活事件量表》国内研究恋爱婚姻与家庭内部问题；RespondingtostressEmotionalrespondingPhysiologicalrespondingBehavioralrespondingRespondingtostressEmotionalFigure13.4Overviewofthestressprocess.

Apotentiallystressfulevent,suchasamajorexam,elicitsasubjectiveappraisalofhowthreateningtheeventis.Iftheeventisviewedwithalarm,thestressmaytriggeremotional,psychological,andbehavioralreactions,aspeople’sresponsetostressismultidimensional.Figure13.4Respondingtostress:emotionalresponsesStress-》specificcognitivereaction—》specificemotion(SmithandLazarus,1991)Selfblame自责--》Guilt内疚；Helplessness无助---》sadness悲伤；Commonemotionalresponse:annoyance(烦恼）,anger,andrage;apprehension（忧虑）；anxiety（焦虑）,andfear;dejection（沮丧）,sadnessandgrief（悲痛）；Respondingtostress:emotionaEmotionalresponsesCasper,etal.(1987)的研究被试：96女性，时间28天任务：报告她们每天生活中紧张事件与心情；结果：stressledtonegativemood;

EmotionalresponsesCasper,etaEmotionalresponsetostress研究：253Care-givingpartnersofmenwithAIDs’copingpattern（Folkman，1997)存在一定的正情绪；Positiveemotions:interestandjoy;Promotecreativityandflexibility;加速信息加工过程；减弱不良的生理反应；情绪反应的作用/功能？

Emotionalresponsetostress研究EffectsofemotionalarousalEmotionalarousalandperformance(成绩/绩效）Theinverted-U-hypothesis（倒U曲线）

--简单任务需要较高唤醒水平；

--中等难度任务在中等唤醒状态下成绩最好；

--复杂任务在较低唤醒状态下才有较好成绩。情绪与认知关系；EffectsofemotionalarousalEmFigure13.5Arousalandperformance.GraphsoftherelationshipbetweenemotionalarousalandtaskperformancetendtoresembleaninvertedU,asincreasedarousalisassociatedwithimprovedperformanceuptoapoint,afterwhichhigherarousalleadstopoorerperformance.Theoptimallevelofarousalforataskdependsonthecomplexityofthetask.Oncomplextasks,arelativelylowlevelofarousaltendstobeoptimal.Onsimpletasks,however,performancemaypeakatamuchhigherlevelofarousal.Figure13.5PhysiologicalResponsesFight-or-flightresponse。W.Cannon(1932):cats与dogs的实验；result:increasedinbreathingandheartrateanddecreasedindigestiveprocesses。现代生活与应激的生理反应；RespondingtoStressPhysiologicallyPhysiologicalResponsesRespondHansSelye：GeneralAdaptationSyndromePhysicalandpsychologicalstress:cold,heat,pain,mildshock,restraint,et.Al.Stressfulresponse:nonspecificreactions.Generaladaptationsyndrome:Alarm（警觉）:fightorflightresponse,Resistance（抵抗、坚持）:prolongedstress,Exhaustion（疲乏，衰竭）:diseaseofadaptation(适应疾病）；HansSelye：GeneralAdaptation

一般适应症候群和慢性应激长期压力带来的生理反应是什么?一般适应症候群报警阶段抵抗期疲惫期心身失调一般适应症候群和慢性应激长期压力带来的生理反应是什么?一般

一般适应症候群的三个阶段一般适应症候群的三个阶段Brain-bodypathways（Felker&Hubbard,1998)Pathway(I):Stress-hypothalamus(下丘脑）-ANS-adrenalmedulla(肾上腺髓质）-catechizations(儿茶酚胺）--增强活动（心血管、呼吸、运动系统激活）。Pathway(II):Stress-hypothalamus-Pituitarygland(脑垂体)-ACTH肾上腺皮质激素-adrenalcortex-corticosteroids(皮质类固醇素/可的松）--增强能量消耗（proteinandfat）。Effectofstressonimmunesystem(免疫系统）;Brain-bodypathways（Felker&HFigure13.6Brain-bodypathwaysinstress.

Intimesofstress,thebrainsendssignalsalongtwopathways.Thepathwaythroughtheautonomicnervoussystemcontrolsthereleaseofcatecholaminehormonesthathelpmobilizethebodyforaction.Thepathwaythroughthepituitaryglandandtheendocrinesystemcontrolsthereleaseofcorticosteroidhormonesthatincreaseenergyandwardofftissueinflammation(Felker&Hubbard,1998).Figure13.6

应激中的躯体反应应激中的躯体反应

拖沓的健康成本研究者鉴别了拖沓和不拖沓者后要求被试在学期初和学期末报告体验躯体疾病的症状.拖沓的健康成本研究者鉴别了拖沓和不拖沓者后要求被试在学期初Coping应对:Activeeffortstomaster,reduce,ortoleratethedemandscreatedbystress.Adaptive&maladaptivecoping;Problem-focusedcoping&emotionalfocusedcoping;DifferencefromconceptofEmotionregulation(?)Copingstyles：consistentacrosssituations；RespondingtoStressBehaviorallyLaunchVideoCoping应对:Activeeffortstoma

几种应对反应

应激预应付可控制的应激源不可控的应激源

几种应对反应

应激预应付GivingupandblamingoneselfGivingup适当放弃：简单放弃：Learnedhelplessness(习得无助);Behavioraldisengagement(行动脱离);StressincreasedandledtodepressionSelfblame适当的自我批判；过分的自责——导致焦虑上升;Catastrophicthinking(自责思维/悲观思维/悲惨思维）Developmentofdepression;GivingupandblamingoneselfGStrikingoutatotherAggression（攻击）:Frustration-aggressionhypothesis（Dollard,etal.，1939).Displacement（转移）：将攻击目标（挫折引起）转移到其它无关的对象，例如，家庭成员;Catharsis(宣泄）-释放发泄紧张情绪，宣泄与抑制对心理/生理适应的作用。StrikingoutatotherAggressioIndulgingoneself（纵容自己）Indulgingoneself:在其它方面获得替代满足。Smoking,Drinking，Drugsusing,Overeating,Spendmoney,Internetaddiction（网迷).Indulgingoneself（纵容自己）IndulgiDefensemechanisms（防御机制）Repression（压抑）Projection（投射）Displacement（转移/迁怒）Reactionformation（反向形成）Regression（倒退）Rationalization（合理化）Identification（认同）Intellectualization(isolation)智力化,升华。Overcompensation(过度补偿）;Undoing（取消）；Denialofreality（否认）;Fantasy（幻想）；Defensemechanisms（防御机制）RepresConstructivecoping（Epstein,1989,1990)

----更有效、更加健康的应付方式直接面对问题，积极解决问题；对引起应激环境和应付资源理性现实的评价；学习对可能引起的破坏性情绪反应进行重新组织，或者抑制；努力确保自身不受可能的伤害；----与IQ关系较弱，与社会关系、爱情及成功的工作有较大相关。Constructivecoping（Epstein,1TheEffectsofStressOnPsychologicalFunctioningOnPhysicalHealthTheEffectsofStressOnPsychoFactorsinEffectsofstressStress:High&mediate&low,whichisoptimallevel?Effect:Positive&Negativeshort&term;Personality:howtraitsmodulatetheinteraction?Forwhat?Why?How?FactorsinEffectsofstressStStressImpairedtaskperformance

Baumeister(1984)的研究：hypothesis:Pressure—>selfconsciousincrease—>performancedecreaseX:PressureY:PerformanceonthetaskofperceptionHome-team(主场）wouldbeundergreaterpressurethanthevisitingteam（客场）??Earlygames:home-teamwinsLastgame:hometeamwinsEffectsofstressonpsychologicalfunctioningStressImpairedtaskperformanBurnout（崩溃）Burnoutinvolvesphysical,mental,andemotionalexhaustionthatisattributabletolong-terminvolvementinemotionaldemandingsituation(长期情绪紧张导致生理、心理及情绪上的衰竭）.Pines(1993)concluded,eventsundermineimportantandheroicbeliefsgraduallybyheavy,chronicwork-relatedstress.Eg.Retirefromanimportantposition.Burnout（崩溃）BurnoutinvolvesphAntecedentscomponentsconsequencesWorkoverloadLackofsocialsupportLackofcontrol,Inadequaterecognition,rewardsExhaustion疲惫不堪Cynicism牢骚Loweredself-efficacy低自我效能IncreasedphysiologicalillnessIncreasedabsenteeism,turnoverDecreasedcommitmenttojobReducedproductivityAntecedentscomPosttraumatic创伤stressdisorders(PTSD）灾难经历：Mele:81.3%;women:74.2%。PTSD：toogreatfear；9%,or45%。Psychologicalproblemsanddisorders：depression,anxiety,schizophrenia,andeatingdisorder；灾难后精神安抚；Socialsupport.Posttraumatic创伤stressdisordePositiveeffectsoftraumaPromotepersonalgrowthorself-improvement;Forcetodevelopnewskills,reevaluatepriorities,learnnewinsights,andacquirenewstrengths.Positivepsychology:researchonwellbeing,hope,courage,perseverance,tolerance,andotherhumanstrengthsandvirtues.PositiveeffectsoftraumaPromPsychosomaticdiseases（心身病）:由心理因素，尤其是情绪因素引起的，生理上的健康问题（有器质性兵病变）；

hypertension,ulcer（溃疡）,asthma（哮喘）,skindisorder,migraineandtensionheadaches(偏头痛），stroke（中风）,tuberculosis（肺结合）,multiplesclerosis（硬化病）,arthritis（关节炎）,diabetes（糖尿病）,leukemia（白血病）,cancer,varioustypesofinfectiousdisease（传染病）,andthecommoncold（感冒）(Elliott,1989)。EffectsofStress:PhysicalPsychosomaticdiseases（心身病）:由心TypeAandcoronaryheartdisease（MayerFriedman&RayRosenman,1974)TypeA:strongcompetitiveness争强好胜,impatience没耐心andtimeurgency，angerandhostility；TypeB:relaxed,patient,easygoing（随和）,amicable(友善）TypeA:更容易得冠心病。TypeAandcoronaryheartdise普通心理学13心理压力与健康课件AngerandhostilityMoreanger,andhigherriskofcoronaryeventsAngerandhostilityMoreanger,情绪反应与心脏病情绪反应增加心血管系统负担；负情绪反应（anger,stress)——》心血管病人--》myocardialischemia（心肌缺血）、chestpain（胸疼）等症状。心脏病人在治疗过程中要尽可能地保持平静心境，避免情绪刺激；情绪反应与心脏病情绪反应增加心血管系统负担；抑郁与心脏病抑郁病人的心率比较高；Pratt,etal.(1996)发现，在他13年的临床经验看，在初诊心脏病人中，抑郁的病人是其他类型病人的4倍。愤怒、悲伤：心率上升；恐惧、厌恶：心率下降;抑郁与心脏病Stressandimmunefunctioning免疫反应：lymphocytes（淋巴细胞）的功能，以抵抗外来细菌、滤过性病毒媒体、外物的入侵。Stressreducedimmuneactivity（动物和人类）StressandimmunefunctioningFeaturedstudy:

ConnectingStresstothecommoncold

Cohen&Tyrrell(1993)Subjects:154(men),266(women)Method:X:High-orLow-stressY:Cold%结果：高紧张组患病概率更大。特点：考虑了人格和生活习惯等变量。Featuredstudy:

ConnectingSt人格变量的作用Stressandhealth：r=.20s~.30s,(不能说紧张是引起疾病的必然因素)。人格因素可能起重要作用。人格变量的作用Stressandhealth：r=.20Figure13.12Thestress-illnesscorrelation.

Oneormoreaspectsofpersonality,physiology,ormemorycouldplaytheroleofapostulatedthirdvariableintherelationshipbetweenhighstressandhighincidenceofillness.Forexample,neuroticismmayleadsomesubjectstoviewmoreeventsasstressfulandtoremembermoreillness,thusinflatingtheapparentcorrelationbetweenstressandillness.Figure13.12FactorsmoderationtheimpactofstressSocialsupport(社会支持);Optimismandconscientiousness(责任心)Autonomicreactivity(自主神经的反应性);FactorsmoderationtheimpactSocialSupport(社会支持）Increasedimmunefunctioning(Uchino,etal.1999)Higherlevelofanantibody(Jemmottetal.,1988)Socialsupport&socialbond.FactorsModeratingtheImpactofStress（影响紧张作用的调节因素）SocialSupport(社会支持）FactorsMo.健康促进策略达到最佳健康状态的十步.健康促进策略达到最佳健康状态的十步

遵医嘱药物治疗改变饮食规定的卧床锻炼期复查康复训练化学疗法.积极治疗为什么定期锻炼是降低压力,保持健康和长寿计划的一个重要因素遵医嘱.积极治疗为什么定期锻炼是降低压力,保持健康和长寿计

对于健康的心理影响

为什么如果对你的朋友诉说自己的想法和感受可能对你我健康产生积极的影响呢?

对于健康的心理影响

为什么如果对你的朋友诉说自己的想法演讲完毕，谢谢观看！演讲完毕，谢谢观看！Chapter12Stress,coping&healthChapter12Stress,coping&hea疾病/健康病源学的转变Contagiousdiseases(传染病）：由传染源引起的疾病，如天花、伤寒、疟疾、白喉、黄热病、霍乱、脑灰质炎、肺结合等—20世纪之前的致命疾病；与nutrition,publichygiene,sanitationandmedicaltreatment等有密切关系.Chronicdiseases(慢性病):heartdisease、cancer、stroke(中风）等，生活压力（应激）、生活方式等因素是慢性病形成的主要原因。疾病/健康病源学的转变Contagiousdiseases普通心理学13心理压力与健康课件心身病（蔡能等，1985)心理因素在疾病的发生和病程演变中起主导作用的躯体疾病。例如情绪，通过植物神经、内分泌、肌肉骨骼系统、皮肤及免疫系统等受累而引起的症状群及疾病。心身病（蔡能等，1985)心理因素在疾病的发生和病程演变中起病源分析（蔡能等，1985）身心分离观点（传统医学观点）：细胞疾病--》组织结构改变---》功能障碍；身心统一观点：情绪（心理）因素---》功能障碍（？？）---》细胞疾病---》组织结构改变。病源分析（蔡能等，1985）身心分离观点（传统医学观点）：细HealthpsychologyHealthpsychologyDiscoveryofcausation,prevention,andtreatment（病因、预防及治疗）Healthpromotionandmaintenance（健康的促进和保持）Bio-psychosocialmodel（生物心理社会模型）:身体疾病由生物、心理及社会文化等因素相互作用引起。HealthpsychologyHealthpsycho普通心理学13心理压力与健康课件NatureofstressDefinationofstress（应激、紧张）Stressors(应激源):eventsorcircumstance(what?)Threatenorperceivedthreatenone’swell-being:(why?)Cognitiveappraisal：whataffectappraisal？Needtocoping:how?NatureofstressDefinationof普通心理学13心理压力与健康课件FrustrationFrustration（挫折、打击）

-blockedgoal（与目标不一致）

-Trafficjams-failure-loss;情绪：愤怒、恐惧、悲伤；心境：抑郁、焦虑；生理：血压（Novaco,etal.1990)；FrustrationFrustration（挫折、打击）Conflict——

twoormoreincompatiblemotivations冲突的三种类型（Lewin,andMiller(1944)Approach-approach(双趋性冲突）：鱼与熊掌；Avoidance-avoidance（双避冲突）：approach-avoidance（趋避冲突）：进退两难、犹豫不决、举棋不定；NealMiller(1944)的实验：趋（食物+电击）避（无食物+无电击）冲突；---LauraKingandRobertEmmons(1991):以问卷调查内心冲突与焦虑、抑郁、及生理症状的关系；Conflict——

twoormoreincompaconflictsconflictsconflictsconflictsChange:havetochangeTwoissues:Whatchangesledtostress?Degree?Whatconsequence?HolmesandRahe:SocialReadjustmentRatingScale(SRRS)—耗费更多的能量。。。。肺结核的心理因素调查：结婚、晋升、有小孩等；消极刺激；生活变化大，生理疾病和心理问题也多一些（Creed,1993)；----疾病与生活应激的相关研究；Change:havetochangeTwoissuSocialreadjustmentratingscaleDeathofspouse100Divorce73Jailterm63Marriage50Firedatwork47Retirement45Changeinschool20Vacation15Socialreadjustmentratingsca学生压力量表(HolmesandRaber)学生压力量表(HolmesandRaber)Pressure:expectationtobehaveincertainwaysPerformancepressureSalespeopleProfessorActorStudentConformpressure（相符）。来源于关系期望的压力（工作、学校、家庭、朋友等）；与自我期望有关（ideaself&realself);压力与心理问题、生理疾病。Pressure:expectationtobehav国内研究恋爱婚姻与家庭内部问题；恋爱婚姻；子女与父母关系；家庭关系变迁；学校与职业场所的问题；失学；失业；社会生活变化与个人特殊遭遇灾难性事件；《生活事件量表》国内研究恋爱婚姻与家庭内部问题；RespondingtostressEmotionalrespondingPhysiologicalrespondingBehavioralrespondingRespondingtostressEmotionalFigure13.4Overviewofthestressprocess.

Apotentiallystressfulevent,suchasamajorexam,elicitsasubjectiveappraisalofhowthreateningtheeventis.Iftheeventisviewedwithalarm,thestressmaytriggeremotional,psychological,andbehavioralreactions,aspeople’sresponsetostressismultidimensional.Figure13.4Respondingtostress:emotionalresponsesStress-》specificcognitivereaction—》specificemotion(SmithandLazarus,1991)Selfblame自责--》Guilt内疚；Helplessness无助---》sadness悲伤；Commonemotionalresponse:annoyance(烦恼）,anger,andrage;apprehension（忧虑）；anxiety（焦虑）,andfear;dejection（沮丧）,sadnessandgrief（悲痛）；Respondingtostress:emotionaEmotionalresponsesCasper,etal.(1987)的研究被试：96女性，时间28天任务：报告她们每天生活中紧张事件与心情；结果：stressledtonegativemood;

EmotionalresponsesCasper,etaEmotionalresponsetostress研究：253Care-givingpartnersofmenwithAIDs’copingpattern（Folkman，1997)存在一定的正情绪；Positiveemotions:interestandjoy;Promotecreativityandflexibility;加速信息加工过程；减弱不良的生理反应；情绪反应的作用/功能？

Emotionalresponsetostress研究EffectsofemotionalarousalEmotionalarousalandperformance(成绩/绩效）Theinverted-U-hypothesis（倒U曲线）

--简单任务需要较高唤醒水平；

--中等难度任务在中等唤醒状态下成绩最好；

--复杂任务在较低唤醒状态下才有较好成绩。情绪与认知关系；EffectsofemotionalarousalEmFigure13.5Arousalandperformance.GraphsoftherelationshipbetweenemotionalarousalandtaskperformancetendtoresembleaninvertedU,asincreasedarousalisassociatedwithimprovedperformanceuptoapoint,afterwhichhigherarousalleadstopoorerperformance.Theoptimallevelofarousalforataskdependsonthecomplexityofthetask.Oncomplextasks,arelativelylowlevelofarousaltendstobeoptimal.Onsimpletasks,however,performancemaypeakatamuchhigherlevelofarousal.Figure13.5PhysiologicalResponsesFight-or-flightresponse。W.Cannon(1932):cats与dogs的实验；result:increasedinbreathingandheartrateanddecreasedindigestiveprocesses。现代生活与应激的生理反应；RespondingtoStressPhysiologicallyPhysiologicalResponsesRespondHansSelye：GeneralAdaptationSyndromePhysicalandpsychologicalstress:cold,heat,pain,mildshock,restraint,et.Al.Stressfulresponse:nonspecificreactions.Generaladaptationsyndrome:Alarm（警觉）:fightorflightresponse,Resistance（抵抗、坚持）:prolongedstress,Exhaustion（疲乏，衰竭）:diseaseofadaptation(适应疾病）；HansSelye：GeneralAdaptation

一般适应症候群和慢性应激长期压力带来的生理反应是什么?一般适应症候群报警阶段抵抗期疲惫期心身失调一般适应症候群和慢性应激长期压力带来的生理反应是什么?一般

一般适应症候群的三个阶段一般适应症候群的三个阶段Brain-bodypathways（Felker&Hubbard,1998)Pathway(I):Stress-hypothalamus(下丘脑）-ANS-adrenalmedulla(肾上腺髓质）-catechizations(儿茶酚胺）--增强活动（心血管、呼吸、运动系统激活）。Pathway(II):Stress-hypothalamus-Pituitarygland(脑垂体)-ACTH肾上腺皮质激素-adrenalcortex-corticosteroids(皮质类固醇素/可的松）--增强能量消耗（proteinandfat）。Effectofstressonimmunesystem(免疫系统）;Brain-bodypathways（Felker&HFigure13.6Brain-bodypathwaysinstress.

Intimesofstress,thebrainsendssignalsalongtwopathways.Thepathwaythroughtheautonomicnervoussystemcontrolsthereleaseofcatecholaminehormonesthathelpmobilizethebodyforaction.Thepathwaythroughthepituitaryglandandtheendocrinesystemcontrolsthereleaseofcorticosteroidhormonesthatincreaseenergyandwardofftissueinflammation(Felker&Hubbard,1998).Figure13.6

应激中的躯体反应应激中的躯体反应

拖沓的健康成本研究者鉴别了拖沓和不拖沓者后要求被试在学期初和学期末报告体验躯体疾病的症状.拖沓的健康成本研究者鉴别了拖沓和不拖沓者后要求被试在学期初Coping应对:Activeeffortstomaster,reduce,ortoleratethedemandscreatedbystress.Adaptive&maladaptivecoping;Problem-focusedcoping&emotionalfocusedcoping;DifferencefromconceptofEmotionregulation(?)Copingstyles：consistentacrosssituations；RespondingtoStressBehaviorallyLaunchVideoCoping应对:Activeeffortstoma

几种应对反应

应激预应付可控制的应激源不可控的应激源

几种应对反应

应激预应付GivingupandblamingoneselfGivingup适当放弃：简单放弃：Learnedhelplessness(习得无助);Behavioraldisengagement(行动脱离);StressincreasedandledtodepressionSelfblame适当的自我批判；过分的自责——导致焦虑上升;Catastrophicthinking(自责思维/悲观思维/悲惨思维）Developmentofdepression;GivingupandblamingoneselfGStrikingoutatotherAggression（攻击）:Frustration-aggressionhypothesis（Dollard,etal.，1939).Displacement（转移）：将攻击目标（挫折引起）转移到其它无关的对象，例如，家庭成员;Catharsis(宣泄）-释放发泄紧张情绪，宣泄与抑制对心理/生理适应的作用。StrikingoutatotherAggressioIndulgingoneself（纵容自己）Indulgingoneself:在其它方面获得替代满足。Smoking,Drinking，Drugsusing,Overeating,Spendmoney,Internetaddiction（网迷).Indulgingoneself（纵容自己）IndulgiDefensemechanisms（防御机制）Repression（压抑）Projection（投射）Displacement（转移/迁怒）Reactionformation（反向形成）Regression（倒退）Rationalization（合理化）Identification（认同）Intellectualization(isolation)智力化,升华。Overcompensation(过度补偿）;Undoing（取消）；Denialofreality（否认）;Fantasy（幻想）；Defensemechanisms（防御机制）RepresConstructivecoping（Epstein,1989,1990)

----更有效、更加健康的应付方式直接面对问题，积极解决问题；对引起应激环境和应付资源理性现实的评价；学习对可能引起的破坏性情绪反应进行重新组织，或者抑制；努力确保自身不受可能的伤害；----与IQ关系较弱，与社会关系、爱情及成功的工作有较大相关。Constructivecoping（Epstein,1TheEffectsofStressOnPsychologicalFunctioningOnPhysicalHealthTheEffectsofStressOnPsychoFactorsinEffectsofstressStress:High&mediate&low,whichisoptimallevel?Effect:Positive&Negativeshort&term;Personality:howtraitsmodulatetheinteraction?Forwhat?Why?How?FactorsinEffectsofstressStStressImpairedtaskperformance

Baumeister(1984)的研究：hypothesis:Pressure—>selfconsciousincrease—>performancedecreaseX:PressureY:PerformanceonthetaskofperceptionHome-team(主场）wouldbeundergreaterpressurethanthevisitingteam（客场）??Earlygames:home-teamwinsLastgame:hometeamwinsEffectsofstressonpsychologicalfunctioningStressImpairedtaskperformanBurnout（崩溃）Burnoutinvolvesphysical,mental,andemotionalexhaustionthatisattributabletolong-terminvolvementinemotionaldemandingsituation(长期情绪紧张导致生理、心理及情绪上的衰竭）.Pines(1993)concluded,eventsundermineimportantandheroicbeliefsgraduallybyheavy,chronicwork-relatedstress.Eg.Retirefromanimportantposition.Burnout（崩溃）BurnoutinvolvesphAntecedentscomponentsconsequencesWorkoverloadLackofsocialsupportLackofcontrol,Inadequaterecognition,rewardsExhaustion疲惫不堪Cynicism牢骚Loweredself-efficacy低自我效能IncreasedphysiologicalillnessIncreasedabsenteeism,turnoverDecreasedcommitmenttojobReducedproductivityAntecedentscomPosttraumatic创伤stressdisorders(PTSD）灾难经历：Mele:81.3%;women:74.2%。PTSD：toogreatfear；9%,or45%。Psychologicalproblemsanddisorders：depression,anxiety,schizophrenia,andeatingdisorder；灾难后精神安抚；Socialsupport.Posttraumatic创伤stressdisordePositiveeffectsoftraumaPromotepersonalgrowthorself-improvement;Forcetodevelopnewskills,reevaluatepriorities,learnnewinsights,andacquirenewstrengths.Positivepsychology:researchonwellbeing,hope,courage,perseverance,tolerance,andotherhumanstrengthsandvirtues.PositiveeffectsoftraumaPromPsychosomaticdiseases（心身病）:由心理因素，尤其是情绪因素引起的，生理上的健康问题（有器质性兵病变）；

hypertension,ulcer（溃疡）,asthma（哮喘）,skindisorder,mig