北师大版高中英语知识概要与语法总结(必修1-8)

高中课本知识分布必修一共有三个单元各单元知识点第一单元：一般现在时，现在进行时，begoingto第二单元：一般过去时，过去进行时，现在完成时第三单元：被动语态，情态动词20444个必修二共有三个单元各单元知识点第四单元：一般将来时 will和begoingto的区别，真实条件句和虚拟条件句，让步状语从句第五单元：原因、结果、目的状语从句第六单元：表示时间、地点、动作的介词，定语从句，冠词22923个必修三共有三个单元各单元知识点第七单元：关系副词，介词+which引导的定语从句，形容词的比较级第八单元：限制性和非限制性定语从句，静态动词和动态动词第九单元：现在完成进行时态，现在完成时态和现在完成进行时态26240个必修四共有三个单元各单元知识点第十单元：不定代词和动词不定式第十一单元：被动语态，动名词作主语，宾语，表语，定语第十二单元：跟动名词或不定式作宾语的动词，现在分词作副词，作表语，定语，宾语补足语全书单词数量为：330个 词组数量为：24个高一共计单词1025，词组131必修五共有三个单元各单元知识点第十三单元：过去分词在句中可作形容词或副词用，修饰名词，在句中作定语，宾语补足语或表语第十四单元：情态动词表示推测第十五单元：虚拟语气31325个选修六共有三个单元各单元知识点第十六单元：过去完成时第十七单元：过去完成进行时 1第十八单元：过去完成进行时224531个选修七共有三个单元各单元知识点第十九单元：名词性从句第二十单元：将来完成时和将来进行时第二十一单元：混合虚拟条件句和情态动词34013个选修八共有三个单元各单元知识点第二十二单元：被动态和表示报道的表达第二十三单元：强调句和各种完成时的形态（将来完成时，现在完成时，过去完成时，现在完成进行时，现在分词的完成时及情态动词加完成时的用法）第二十四单元：劝说的表达37561个高二共计单词1273，词组130个高中共计单词 2298，词组北师大版高中英语语法总结（必修一 — 选修八）必修一presentsimpleandpresentcontinuous1presentsimple:反复进行的，经常性的动作（惯例习惯）Eg,Hewatchessoapoperas.及状态IliveinBudapest.一般现在时常和下列时间状语连用： always,usually,from,timetotime,twiceaweek,rarely,seldom,onceamonth,never.2,现在进行时：说话时正在进行的动作（现在，此刻一定时间段内经常进行的动作和现在进行时连用的时间状语有 just,now,atthemoment,atpresent.二、future：arrangementsandintentions将来的安排和打算1、begoingto表示打算要做的事情。2、现在进行时表示已经确定或安排好事情。Eg,I‘mgettingmarriedinJune.3、一般现在是表示不可改变的官方活动或时间表Thesummertermbeginsonthehof 三、pastsimpleandpastcontinues1,psatsimple：一般过去时，表示过去完成的动作或过去的情境和习惯。Eg:Sheclimbthestairsandwenttoherroom.用一般过去时要在规则动词词尾加-ed，或用不规则动词的过去式，一般过去式的疑问句和否定句用did和didn‘t加动词原形。2、pastcontinuous过去进行时：过去某段时间正在进行的动作形成某些事件发生的情境动作。Eg,Itwasrainingduringthewholematch.当过去进行时和一般过去时出现在同一个句子中时，过去进行时描述故事发生的背景，儿一般过去时则报道该事件。Eg，Wedrivingalongacountrylanewhen,suddenlyacardrovepastForm:过去进行时的结构是：主语 +was/were+动词-ing形式。Eg，Thedriverwassittingbehindthewheel.四、presentperfectandpastsimple的事情对现在依然有明显的影响发生在过去的动作但是不知道动作发生的时间或对动作发生的确切时间不感兴趣。现在完成时经常和下列时间状语连用：Before,ever,never,already,and,yet.already用于肯定句，yet用于疑问句和否定句。VenusandSerenahaveplayedeachotherbefore重.(要的事他们过去进行了比赛，但是何时比赛并不重要—现在完成时)VenusandSerenahaveplayedeachotherinJune1999.()五、Thepassive被动语态在下列情况下使用被动语态：1、不知道耶不需要知道谁做的这件事。2、动作的执行者―显而易见‖3、动作本身比动作执行者更重要或不想指出谁做的这件事。4、在书面语特别是在科技报告、报刊文章中被动语态比主动语态更正式。Form：Tense时态 form形式 +past一般现在时 am/is/are +pastparticiple过去分词现在进行时 am/is/arebeing +pp现在完成时 have/hasbeen +pp一般过去时 was/were +pp过去进行时 was/werebeing +pp六、haveto/nothaveto,can/can‘t,oughtto/oughtnottouses用法：havetoYouhavetopassyourtestbeforeyoucanDon‘thavetoWedon‘thavetowearuniformsatourschool.Can用来表示允许或请求许可或者表示某事可能发生。YoucanbuyCDsatthemarket.Can‘t表示禁止或不可能：Youcan‘tgoouttonight.Oughtto表示应该做某事。Yououghttovisityourgrandparentsthisweekend.Oughtnotto表示不应该做某事 Yououghtnottowalkaloneatnight.Form形式can/can‘t,haveto/nothavetooughtto/oughtnotto现在完成时，一般现在时，一般过去时很多语言都有现在完成时态，因此常将它和一般现在时混淆，在英语中，用现在完成时描述发生在过去但对现在又影响的事件。如果涉及到过去某时间，则要用一般过去时。如果过去事件的确切时间或日期不重要，也可以用现在完成时。必修二一、will和begoingto表示推测揣想1Will+firstconditional真实条件句表示依据其他将来事件将来有可能发生的事件。Iftherainstops,thematchwillbegin.句型是：ifclauseif+presentsimple也可能用其他句型，特别是使用情态动词时：Ifyouhavetime,wecangoforawalkthisevening.建议或命令某人做某事，提出建议或请求：Ifyoufeelsleepy,gotobed.句型是IfclauseIf+presentsimple三.secondconditional虚拟条件句

mainclausewill/wo ‘t+infinitive/withouttonmainclauseimperative(祈使句)A虚拟条件句（1）表示想象的将来不可能发生的事IfIbecomeanMP,I‘dfightforanimalsrights.2)现在不可能存在的状态IfIlivedclosertoschool,Iwouldn‘thavetogetupsoearly.句型是Ifclause mainclauseIf+pastsimple would/could/might+infinitive/withoutto虚拟语气用法详解英语中的语气分为陈述语气、祈使语气、虚拟语气三类。在表示虚假的、与事实相反的或难以实现的情况时用虚拟语气，表示主观愿望或某种强烈情感时，也用虚拟语气。即当一个人说话时欲强调其所说的话是基于自己的主观想法，愿望，假想，猜测，怀疑或建议，而不是根据客观实际，就用虚拟语气一、条件句中的虚拟语气条件句中虚拟语气的形式从句中提出一种与客观现实不相符或根本不可能存在的条件，主句会产生的一种不可能获得的结果。条件句中的虚拟语气根据不同的时间有三种不同的形式。时间 从句谓语形式 主句谓语形式动词过去式(be用were)wereto+动词原形现在 动词过去式(be用were)过去 had+动词过去分词

词原形would/should/might/could词原形would/should/might/couldhave+动词过去分词条件中的虚拟语气的举例将来时的条件句中的虚拟语气。如：IfheshouldgotoQingHuaUniversity,hewouldmakefulluseofhistime.的话，他就会充分利用他的时间了。Ifheweretocomehere,hewouldtellusaboutit.如果他要来的话，他会通知我们一声。现在时的条件句中的虚拟语气。如：Ifhewerefree,hewouldhelpus.要是他有空的话，它会帮助我们的。Ifhestudiedatthisschool,hewouldknowyouwell.如果他在这所学校学习的话，它会对你很熟悉。过去时的条件句中的虚拟语气。如：IfIhadseenthefilm,Iwouldhavetoldyouaboutit. 我如果看过这场电影，我会把电影内容告诉你了。IfIhadgotthereearlier,IwouldhavemetMr.Li.如果我早点到那儿，我就会会到了李先生。运用条件句中的虚拟语气时，须注意的几个问题当从句的主语为第三人称单数时，谓语动词若是系动词 be时，可用was代替were。但在倒装虚拟结构及ifIwereyou,asitwere中，只能用were。如：WereItenyearsyounger,Iwouldstudyabroad.要是我还年轻十岁的话，我会去国外学习。IfIwereyou,Iwouldtrymybesttograspthechance. 要是我是你的话，我要尽力抓住这次会。动作与过去事实相反，而主句的动作与现在或现在正在发生的事实不符。如：IfIhadworkedhardatschool,Iwouldbeanengineer,too.在也会使工程师了Iftheyhadinformedus,wewouldnotcomeherenow.会来这里了。②从句的动作与现在事实相反，而主句的动作与过去事实不符。如：Ifhewerefreetoday,wewouldhavesenthimtoBeijing.他去北京了。Ifheknewher,hewouldhavegreetedher.要是他认识她的话，他肯定会去问候她了。③从句的动作与过去发生的情况相反，而主句的动作与现在正在发生的情况相反。如：Ifithadnotbeenrainingtoomuch,thecropswouldbegrowingmuchbetter.如果天不下太多的雨的话，庄家会长得更好。Ifhehadbeenworkinghard,hewouldbeworkingintheofficenow.他现在已进了办公室了。were,should,had时，ifwere,should,had置于句首。如：Shouldheagreetogothere,wewouldsendhimthere要.Wereshehere,shewouldagreewithus如.果她在这儿的话，她会同意我们的。Hadhelearntaboutcomputers,wewouldhavehiredhimtoworkhere.的话，我们会已经聘用他来这里工作了。Iwouldhavecometoseeyou,butIwastoobusy.我本该来看你了，然而我太忙了。Butforhishelp,wewouldbeworkingnow.要不是他的帮助，我们还会在工作呢。Withoutyourinstruction,Iwouldnothavemadesuchgreatprogress.要是没有你的指导，我不会取得如此大的进步。有时，虚拟条件句中，主、从句可以省略其中的一个，来表示说话人的一种强烈的感情。①省略从句Hewouldhavefinishedit.他本该完成了。Youcouldhavepassedthisexam.你应该会通过这次考试了。②省略主句IfIwereathomenow.要是我现在在家里该多好啊。IfonlyIhadgotit.他状语从句的虚拟语气目的状语从句中的虚拟语气forfearthat,incase,lestshould+动词原形。并且should不能省略Sheexaminedthedooragainforfearthatathiefshouldcomein她.贼的进入。Hestartedoutearlierlestheshouldbelate.他很早就出发了以防迟到。sothat,inorderthatcan/may/couldmight/will/would/should()：Hegoesclosertothespeakersothathecanhearhimclearer.楚。Hereadthelettercarefullyinorderthatheshouldnotmissaword.掉一个单词。让步状语从句中的虚拟语气evenif,eventhoughif引导的条件从句结构相同。如：Evenifhewereherehimself,heshouldnotknowwhattodo.即是他亲自来也不知该怎么办。NobodycouldsavehimeventhoughHuaTuoshouldcomehere及.时华佗再世也就不了他。whateverwhichever，whenever，whoever,wherever，however,nomatterwh-word引导的让步状语从句中，从句虚拟语气结构为：①may+动词原形(指现在或将来)。如：Wewillfinishitontimenomatterwhat/whatevermayhappen.时完成。Wewillfindhimwherever/nomatterwherehemaybe.无论他在哪里，我们都要找到他。Iwillwaitforhimnomatterhowlatehemaycome.不管他来的多么晚，我都会等他。②may+完成式(指过去)，主句结构不限。如：Youmustntbeproudwhatever/nomatterwhatgreatprogressyoumayhavemade不.管你取得了多么大的进步，你也不能骄傲。Wemustrespecthimnomatterwhat/whatevermistakeshemayhavemade.误，我们必须尊敬他。在though,although等引导的让步状语从句中，从句虚拟语气结构为 should动词原形，主句结构不限。如：Although/Thoughheshouldoftenbelate,heisagoodstudent尽.管他经常迟到，他还是个好学生。Although/Thoughheshouldbesecretary,hemustobeytherules尽.管他是书记，他也必须遵守规定。方式状语从句中的虚拟语气asif,asthough引导的方式状语从句常用虚拟语气。虚拟语气的结构为表示所发生的时间 虚拟语气结构发生在主句动作之前与主句动作同时发生发生在主句动作之后例如：

had+过去分词过去时(be用were)would/could/might/should+原形动词Theybegantotalkwarmlyasiftheyhadknowneachotherforlong.就好像他们已相互认识很久了。Hecoughedtwiceasifsomeoneshouldcome.他咳嗽两声就好像有人要来了。原因状语从句中的虚拟语气amazed,angry,annoyed,astonished,disappointed,frightened,happy,pleased,proud,surprised,upset等后面的状语从句中常用虚拟语气。其虚拟语气的结构为：①should+原形动词(指现在或将来)。如：Hewasangrythatyoushouldcallhimbyname.他很生气，你竟然对他直呼其名。Iwasastonishedthatheshouldnotanswersuchaneasyquestion我.单的问题。②should+完成式,指过去。如：I‘mverysorrythatyoushouldhavefailedtheexam.我很遗憾，你这次考试竟然失败了。IwasverysurprisedthatFathershouldhaveknownwhatIdidyesterday.我昨天所作的事情。三、宾语从句中的虚拟语气advise,ask,demand,desire,decide,insist(order,propose,request,suggest()表示请求、要求、命令或建议等意义的动词所接的宾语从句一般用虚拟语气，起虚拟语气的结构为：(should)+原形动词。如：Theteacheradvisedthatweshouldmakegooduseofeveryminutehere.老师劝我们要好好地利用在这儿的每一分钟。ThePartyaskedthatweshouldservethepeoplewithourheartandsoul.意地为人民服务。但是，当insist的意思为：坚决认为，坚持说；suggest的意思为：表明，暗含，暗示等时，宾语从句一般不用虚拟语气。如：Tominsistedthathehadn ‘tstolenthe汤watch姆坚持.说他没有偷那块手表。Hissmilesuggestedthathehadsucceededinthisexam他.的微笑表明他在考试中成功了。believe,expect,suspect,think,imagine等动词的否定句或疑问句中的宾语从句常用虚拟气。其虚拟语气的结构为： should+原形动词。如：Canyoubelievethatheshouldkillatiger?你能相信他竟杀死了一只老虎？Canyouimaginethatheshouldtakethefirstplaceinthelongjumpcontest?跳远比赛中竟获得了第一名？英语中，wish语气。其虚拟语气的结构为表示所发生的时间发生在主句动作之前与主句动作同时发生发生在主句动作之后例如：

虚拟语气结构(1)had+过去分词；(2)would/could/might/shouldhave 过去分词过去时(be用were)would/could/might/should+原形动词IwishIlearntEnglishwell.我希望我已学好了英语。IwishIhadbeentherewiththemlastweek.我希望上周跟他们一起在那儿。Hewisheswecouldgoandplaygameswithhim.他希望我们能去跟他做游戏。wouldrather,hadrather,wouldsooner等之后的宾语从句常表示与客观事实不相符的一种愿望，故使用虚拟语气。起虚拟语气的结构为表示所发生的时间 虚拟语气结构过去 had+过去分词；现在 过去时(be用were)将来 过去时(be用were)例如：I‘dratheryouhadseenthefilmyesterday.我倒想你昨天看过了这场电影。I‘dratheryouwereherenow我.倒想你现在在这儿。Wedratheryouwentheretomorrow我.四、主语从句中的虚拟语气在表达惊异、惋惜、遗憾、理应如此等意义的主语从句中常使用虚拟语气，其虚拟语其的结构为：should+动词原形，主句中的谓语动词形式不限。句型：Itisadmirable/dreadful/extraordinary/odd/remarkable/sad/advisable/annoying/disappointing/surprising/upsetting/frightening/better/best/curious/desirable/important/strange/peculiar/proper/necessary/naturalItisapity/ashame/nowonder

⋯.that ⋯

⋯that⋯Itissuggested/requested/desired/proposed/

⋯.that ⋯Itworriesmethat 如：Itisimportantthatweshoulddowellinourlessonsfirst.我们先把功课学好很重要。Itisstrangethatheshouldnotcome.很奇怪，他竟没有来。Itisapitythatweshouldnotmeetlastnight.Itworriesmethatweshouldbeblamedforthat.我们竟要受责备真让人烦恼。五、表语从句及同位语从句中虚拟语气advice,desire,decision,idea,instruction,order,proposal,recommendation,request,requirement,suggestion,wish充当句子的主语而后面接表语从句或它们后面接同位语时，表语从表面上看几屗及同位语从句都须用虚拟语气。其虚拟语气的结构为：(should)+动词原形。如：Wefollowedhisadvicethatweshouldaskourteacherforhelp.()。Hetoldushisideathatheshouldgotouniversity.他告诉了我们他的想法：他想上大学。Hissuggestionisthatweshoulddoourworkmorecarefully.些。Theirplanisthattheyshouldbuildanewfactoryintheirhometown.座新工厂。六、定语从句中的虚拟语气英语中，表示：―早该做某事了‖时，定语从句中的谓语动词须用虚拟语气，其虚拟语气的结构为：Itis(high/about)timethat+主语+动词的过去式/should+动词原形。如：ItistimethatIwenttopickupmydaughteratschool.我该去学校接我的女儿了。Itishightimeyoushouldgotowork.七.简单句中的虚拟语气would/could/might/should原形动词。如：Wouldyoumindmyshuttingthedoor?我把门关起来你介意吗？Youshouldalwayslearnthislessonbyheart.Ishouldagreewithyou.我应该同意你的观点。表示―祝愿‖时，常用―may+主语+动词原形+其他‖。如：Mayyouhaveagoodjourney!祝你一路顺风。Mayyouryouthlastforever!祝你青春永驻。表示强烈的―愿望‖、―祝愿‖时，常用动词原形。如：LonglivetheCommunistPartyofChina.Godblessus.上帝保佑。习惯表达中常用的虚拟语气。提出请求或邀请。如：Wouldyouliketohaveatalkwithusthisevening?今天晚上来跟我们聊天好吗？CouldIuseyourbikenow?我可以用一下你的单车吗？陈述自己的观点或看法。如：Ishouldgladtomeetyou.见到你我会很高兴。Iwouldtrymybesttohelpyou.我会尽力帮助你。提出劝告或建议。如：You‘dbetteraskyourfatherfirst你.最好先问一问你的父亲。Youshouldmakeafullinvestigationofitfirst.你应该先全面调查一番。提出问题。如：Doyouthinkhecouldgethereontime?你认为他能按时来吗？Doyouexpecthewouldtellusthetruth?你期望他会告诉我们真相吗？表示对过去情况的责备时，常用虚拟语气。其虚拟语气的结构为：―情态动词+have+Youshouldhavegothereearlier.你应该早就到这里了。Youshouldhavereturnedittohim.你应该把他还给他了。四、suddendecision,timeclausereferringtothefutureadverbialclause.突然决定，表示将来的时间状语；状语从句；让步状语从句。说话瞬间突然做出决定，用will+动词原形表示。when,assoonas,after,before在时表将来。Adverbialclauseofconcession让步状语从句Although和though可以引导让步状语从句Althoughshedoesn‘tenjoyherjob,sheworkshard..五、Adverbialclause（2）cause,resultandpurpose状语从句二原因、结果、目的状语从句as,since,becauseAsIhaven‘tstudied,Iwon‘tpassthisexamsothat可以引导目的状语从句Heisstudyinghardsothathecanbecomeadoctor.so⋯thatsuch+(an)名词+that可引导结果状语从句。Itissocoldthatthelakehasfrozenover.many,much,few,little前用sosuch.Famousfilmstarsearnsomuchmoneynowadaysthattheycanchoosewhotoworkfor.用solovelyaboy可代替suchalovelyboy.六、prepositionsoftime,placeandmovement表示时间，地点和动作的介词Timeafterlunch,atmidnight,atnight,atthemovement,beforeChristmas,duringthein1999,inApril,inthemorning,onSunday,on1stApril.Placeathome/thebank/theseaside/abovethelake/belowtheclouds,behindthetree,betweenthebankandthepark.,inBakestreet,inthebox,inthepicture,onthetable/bus/firstfloor,underthebridge,overthetable.Movement动作:acrossthepark\,alongtheriver,intothebuilding,to/fromWarsaw七、RelativeClause定语从句1定语从句可用来修饰，限定正在谈论的人或物Studentswhogotothisschool没有定语从句就不知道所谈的和人或何物。在定语从句中门要用下列关系代词：Who（有时用that）用来指人，that用来指代动物。Which(that)用来指代物地点等Theparkthatisinthecenterofthetownhasbeautifulbigtrees.Where用来指代位置和地点， whose用来表示所属关系。若关系代词which，thatwho在定语从句中作宾语，而不做主语时，Thegirl(who)youmeetisPeter‘ssister.languageproblem-solving,a,an在下列情况下用a/an1，所谈论的事那个人或物并不重要时2），所谈论的是一类人或物时，3，第一次谈论某人或物时，2，单词首字母为辅音前用 a,而首字母为元音或以元音发音的名词前用3,在下列情况下用 the所谈论的人或物是读者或听者已知晓的且易于辨认的。用或不用冠词的短语英语有许多短语中冠词的使用很难解释清楚，所以需要牢记

可以省略。anNoarticleathome,atschool,gotowork,gotobed,havebreakfast/lunch,inhospital,和the连用的短语：atthestation,tothecinema,playthepiano,inthemorning/evening.和a连用的短语：haveabath/shower,havearest,haveacake,haveadrink.在国家和城镇名称前不用the但在河流，海洋和山脉名称前要用the。必修三一、RelativeClausewithwhere,whenandwhy,where,when,why引导的定语从句关系副词where,when引导的定语从句可提供时间和地点的信息，在reason后可用why引导的定语从句。+which/whom引导的定语从句关系代词可做介词的宾语，通常在 which和whom前加介词即介词+which/whom结构Thisisthebookforwhichheislooking.可以根据定语从句所修饰的名词或代词来选介词，也可以依据从句的相关动词来选用。但在日常英语中，通常是吧介词放在从句句末，省略关系代词which和whomThetrain(which/that)I‘mtravellingonisforShanghai.二、形容词和副词的比较MoreandmoreLess/theleast不如/最不⋯The⋯the⋯越⋯就越⋯ThelessIworried,thebetterIworked.三、修饰形容词比较级Much,alot,slightly,alittle,almost,abit,far,even,still,twice/threetimes⋯morethan/twicemuch/manyas/twicethe+n+of//三倍。四、状态或动作动词英语中动词分为两类：动作动词和状态动词。动作动词描述动作，可用于一般时态和进行时态；状态动词描述状态，一般不用于进行时态。状态动词表达思维活动的动词：admit,believe,know,mean,prefer,realize,remember,think,understand,want,表达情感的动词：adore，care,like,dislike,love,hate,hopeappear,be,belong,contain,have,include,need,seem,possess,feel,hear,look,see,smell,sound,taste,有些状态动词也可以表示动作，在此意义上，Howareyoufeeling?感官动词后用形容词修饰二不用副词。Theroseslookandsmellbeautiful.四、定语从句：definingandnon-defining限制性和非限制性定语从句Ⅰ.概念：定语从句：在主从复合句中用作定语的从句叫定语从句。定语从句一般紧接在先行词(antecedent)后面。先行词：被定语从句修饰的成份。先行词可以为一个词，短语，或整个主句。关系词的作用：引导定语从句，连接主句和从句，相当于一个连词；必在从句中作某个句子成份（可以做主语，宾语，表语，定语，状语）常用的关系代词:that、which、who、whom、whose、as、but(文语,置于否定词之后=that/who⋯not⋯没,"有⋯⋯不⋯⋯",在从句中作主语，宾语)常用的关系副词（在从句中只作状语）whenwhywhereThestudentwhoansweredthequestionwasJohn.Iknowreasonwhyhewassoangry.Theboy(whom)youaretalkingtoismybrother.I'dlikearoomwhosewindowlooksoutoverthesea.定语从句三步：第二看先行词在定语从句中的语法功能（做主语、宾语或状语）；第三选择合适的关系词。Ⅱ.几个关系代词的基本用法：that:(whowhom时，相当于which)(一般不用于非限制性定语从句;不可置于介词后作宾语)如：Aletterthat/whichiswritteninpencilisdifficulttoread.)Doyouknowthegentlemanthat/whospokejustnow?Youcantakeanythingthat)youlike.（宾语）Whatisthequestion(that/which)theyaretalkingabout?Hereistheman(who/whom/that)youwanttosee.She'snolongerthegirlthat)sheusedtobebefore（.表语）Ourhometownisnolongertheone(that)itusedtobe.=Ourhometownisnotthesameasitusedtobe.=Ourhometownisdifferentfromwhatitusedtobe。=Ourhometownisnotwhatitusedtobe.which:指物；在定语从句中作主语，宾语，表语，定语。如：Thebookwhich/thatwasonthedeskwasboughtbymyfather（.主语）Thebook(which/that)Iboughtyesterdayisveryinteresting（.宾语）Thefactoryinwhichhisfatherworksisfarfromhere.Hewasproud,whichhisbrotherneverwas.（表语）Tomspentfouryearsincollege,duringwhichtimehelearnedFrench（.定语）Hemaybelate,inwhichcaseweoughttowaitforhim.who,whom,whose:who:主格,在从句中作主语，在口语或非正式用法中作宾语 ;只可指人whom:宾格，在从句中作宾语;只可指人whose:属格，在从句中作定语，可指人也可指物。Ilikethestudentswho/thatworkhard.（主语）Allwhoheardthestorywereamazed.代(he,they,any,those,all,oneChaplin,forwhomlifehadoncebeenveryhard,wasasuccessasanactor（.宾语）He'samanfromwhomweshouldlearn.=He'saman(whom/who/that)weshouldlearnfrom.Heisthestudentwhomyouthinktobeworthyofyourpraise.Heisthestudentwhoyouthinkisworthpraising.Achildwhoseparentsaredeadiscalledanorphan（.指人I'dlikearoomwhosewindowfacessouth.（指物）=I'dlikearoomofwhichthewindowfacessouth.=I'dlikearoomthewindowofwhichfacessouth.ThereisateapotshapedlikeaChineseduck,outofwhosemouthteaissupposedcome关系代词作介词宾语:关系代词在定语从句中用作介词宾语时 ,介词可放于从句之首 ,也可放于从句之末.但以放于句首较为正式.（介词前置，必须注意不影响动词词组的含义。关系代词who和that用作介词宾语时,介词必须放在句末.）Thisisthebookforwhichyouasked.=Thisisthebook(that/which)youaskedfor.DoyouknowthepersonwithwhomIshookhands？=Doyouknowtheperson(whom/who/that)Ishookhandswith?Thebeginningofagriculturewasabigstepinhumanprogresswithwhichnothingcompareuntilourinformationage.Inthedarkstreet,therewasn'tasinglepersontowhomshecouldturnforIsthisthefactorytowhichyoupaidavisitlastweek?Isthisfactorytheonetowhichyoupaidavisitlastweek?Thisisthegirlwhomtheyarelookingafter.afterlook构成固定词组，不可前置。looklookfor,lookafter,takecareof等)as的用法:(as引导定语从句,在定语从句中作主语、宾语、表语 )①如为限制性的，多用于thesame⋯as;thesame；assuch⋯as⋯;asmany/muchas；so⋯as等结构中。如：※Ihavethesamebookasyou(have)我.有一本和你的一样的书。Herattitudetohimwasquitethesameasithadalwaysbeen.关(系代词as和指示代词same连用,在从句中用作表语,先行词是same.).---Whydidn'tyoumentionthatinfaceofthepolicejustnow?---Ithoughtitwassuchaminordetailaswashardlyworthmentioning.Wewillonlydiscusssuchproblemsashavesomethingtodowithourowninterests.Don'tdosuchthingsasyouarenotsureabout.Thereisnosuchplaceasyoudreamofinallthisworld.比较：Iliveinthesamehousethatheusedtolivein.I'mwearingthesameshirtasyouworeyesterday.比较：Hereissobigastoneasnoonecanlift.（定语从句）Hereissobigastonethatnoonecanliftit（.结果状语从句）②如为非限制性的，多单独引导一个定语从句，这种定语从句可置于句首，句中或句尾，译为"。（know,see,expect,pointout,Asweallknow,smokingisharmfultoone'shealth(as)=Asisknowntoall,smokingisharmfultoone'shealth.（as作主语）=It'sknowntoallthatsmokingisharmfultoone'shealth.=Smokingisharmfultoone'shealthasweallknow（.as语）=Smoking,asweallknow,isharmfultoone'health.Hewasaforeigner,asIknewfromhisaccent.(宾语,先行词是前面整个句子)Ⅲ.关系副词引导的定语从句:When（如：time,day,tear,month,etc.）HecamelastnightwhenIwasout.Wewillputoffthepicnicuntilnextweek,whentheweatherwouldbebetter.""whenwhenwhichthatwhichthat在从句中作主语或宾语。Istillrememberthedaywhen/onwhichmybrotherjoinedthearmy（.作状语Nextmonth,whenyouwillbeinyourhometown,isjustaroundthecorner.Istillrememberthedayswhich/thatwespenttogether.（作宾语）Nextwinterwhich/thatyou'llspendinHarbin,I'msure,willbeexciting.IshallneverforgetthedaywhenShenZhouⅤwaslaunched,whichhasagreateffectonmyThereareoccasionswhenjokingisnotpermissible.Whereplace,factory,room,etc.ThisistheplacewhereIwasborn.Iliveintheroomwhere/inwhichheusedtolive."wherewhichthat引导，which/that在从句中作主语或宾语。比较:※Thisisthefactorywhere/inwhichheworkedlastyear.（作状语）Thetreatmentwillcontinueuntilthepatientreachesthepointwherehecanwalkcorrectlysafely.Ithinkyouhavegottothepointwhereachangeisneeded,oryouwouldfail.Governmentreports,legalpapersandmostbusinesslettersarethemainsituationswhereEnglishisused.He'sgothimselfintoadangeroussituationwherehe'slikelytolosecontroloftheplane.Thesmallmountainvillagewherewespentourholidaylastmonthliesinwhat/theplaceisnowpartofHubei.Thisistheparkwhich/thattheyvisitedlastyear.（作宾语）Nothavingbeentherebefore,hesimplyhadnoideaabouttheplace,whicheveryonesaysworthvisiting.Why指原因，在定语从句中作原因状语。先行词为 reason时，可用forwhich指代；当系词在从句中作主语或宾语时，则用 which或that引导。如：Thereasonwhy/forwhich/(that)hedidn'tattendthemeetingwasthathewasIdon'tbelievethereason(that/which)hegaveme.（作宾语）Haveyouaskedhimthereasonthatmayexplainhissuccess?（作主语Ex.)Hewaslate.That'sbecausehegotuplate..Hegotuplate.That'swhyhewaslate.表(语从句)(thereason)why/forwhichhewaslate.定(语从句)当先行词为way时，定语从句常用that,inwhich,或how引导，that常可以省略。way后的定语从句的引导词不用时较多。但如果关系词在句中作主语或宾语时，则用which或that引导。如:Thisistheway(that)/inwhich Idosuchthings.Pleasedotheexperimentintheway（that/which）Ihaveshownyou.Ⅳ.限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区别：形式上，非限制性定语从句往往用逗号隔开。语法上，非限制性定语从句一般不用that.个句子就不完整或者会改变意思；而非限制性定语从句与先行词关系不是很紧密，对先行词起补充说明或描述的作用。ThisisthebookIlikebest.这就是我最喜欢的那本书。Beijing,whichhasbeenChina'scapitalformorethan800yearsisrichinculturalandhistoricrelics.北京是中国八百年之久的古都，它有着丰富的文化和历史遗产。翻译时，限制性定语从句可译为一句（"的"字结构）；可译为两句。（见上句翻译）比较:Hehasasister,whoisamusician.Hehasasisterwhoisamusician.who,whom,whosewhichwhose;when，where,why,etc.Hestudiedhardatschoolwhenhewasyoung,whichleadstohissuccessinhislaterlife.Tom'sfather,whoarrivedjustnow,isafamousscientist.Theysetupaseparatestateoftheirown,wheretheywouldbefreetokeepNegroesasslaves.Hewasproud,whichhisbrotherneverwas.Ⅴ.几个易混淆的关系代词的比较 :that&which:在定语从句中，which和that在指代事物时，一般可以互换使用，但并非在任何情况下都是这样，这里介绍宜用that,而不宜用which的情况.①先行词为不定代词,all,much,something,everything,anything,nothing,none,theone1.Weshoulddoallthatisusefultothepeople2.There'snothingthatcanbesaidaboutit3.Doyoumeantheonethatwasboughtyesterday?only,any,few,little,no,just,very,oneof1.Theonlythingthatwecoulddowastowait.2.That'stheverywordthatiswronglyused.Thelastplace(that)wevisitedwasthechemicalYoucantakeany(=whichever)seatthatisfree.IhopethelittlethatIcanwillbeofsomehelptothem.比较*Thisisoneofthebestnovelsthatwerepublishedlastyear.*Thisistheonlyoneofthebestnovelsthatwaspublishedlastyear.③先行词是序数词时或被序数词修饰时。1.WhenwetalkaboutWuxi,thefirstthatcomesintomindisTai2.Thisisthethirdfilmthathasbeenshowninourschoolthisterm.④先行词是最高级或被最高级修饰时。Thisisthebestthatcanbedonenow.Themostimportantthingthatshouldbedonerightnowishowtostophimfromgoingon.⑤先行词既有人又有物，用which和who都不适合，这时宜用 that.如：1.Thewriterandhisnovelthatyouhavejusttalkedaboutisreallywellknown.2.Theriderandhisbikethathadrunoveranoldwomanwereheldupbythepolice.⑥被修饰词为数词时.1.YesterdayIcaughttwofishandputtheminabasinofwater.Nowyoucanseethetwoarestillalive.⑦如果有两个从句，其中一个关系代词已用 which,另一个关系代词宜用 that，以避免语言的单调或重复。Edisonbuiltupafactorywhichproducedthingsthathadneverbeenseenbefore.⑧疑问词是who或which，关系代词宜用that，以避免重复。Whichisthebookthatyoulikebest?Whoisthemanthatisstandingatthegate?⑨主句是Therebe结构，修饰其主句的定语从句宜用 that作关系代词.如：1.Thereisstillaseatinthecornerthatisstillfree.⑩被修饰成分为表语时，或者关系代词本身是定语从句的表语时,该关系代词宜用that.That'sagoodbookthatwillhelpyoualot.Myhomevillageisnolongertheplace(that)itusedtobe.定语从句中宜用which而不宜用that的情况:①当关系代词的前面有介词时.1.Azooisaparkinwhichmanykindsofanimalsarekeptforexhibition.2.IsthistheroominwhichMr.Whitelives?②在非限制性定语从句中.Crusoe'sdog,whichwasarenowveryold,becameillanddied.MoreandmorepeoplearebeginningtolearnEnglish,whichisbecomingverypopularincountry.(which)③在一个句子中有两个定语从句，其中一个定语从句的关系代词用了 that,另一个宜用which.Letmeshowyouthenovel，thatIborrowedfromthelibrarywhichwasnewlyopentous.AtthestationIboughtsomemagazinesthatmighthelpmetopassthetimeonthetrainwhichIcouldpassontootherswhenIfinishedthem.④当关系代词后面带有插入语时.1.Here'stheEnglishgrammarwhich,asIhavetoldyou,willhelpimproveyourEnglish.that,whichthatwhichsheislooking⑥先行词是those+复数名词.(B)who&that:who和that指代人时，有些情况宜用 who,而不宜用that①先行词为anyone,anybody,those,all,one,ones,they,he,people时.如：ThepersonIwanttolearnfromistheonewhostudieshardandworkswell.Anyonewho(=Whoever)failedtocometothemeetingyesterdaymustgivehisreason3.Thosewhoarenotfitfortheirworkshouldleaveofficeatonce4.Idon'tliketheones(=those)whotalkbig.5.Personswhoarequarrelsomearedespised.②在Therebe结构中，修饰主语的定语从句宜用关系代词 who指代人.如：Thereisagentlemanwhowantstoseeyou.Thereareseveralstudentsinourclasswhoarestillnotsureabouttheuseofattributiveclauses.③当先行词有较长的后置定语时.如：1.ImetaforeignerintheparkyesterdayafternoonwhocouldspeakChineseverywell.that,who,.如：1.Thestudentthatwaspraisedatyesterday'smeetingisthemonitorwhoisverymodestandveryhard.as&which:as&which引导非限制性定语从句的区别：①位置的不同：which引导的定语从句只置于所限制的 句子后；as位置较灵活，也就是说 as可置于所限的句子前面；插在句子中或放在句子后。如：Hewaslateagain,whichmadehisteacherveryangry.Jack,asyouknow,isanhonestman或Jackisanhonestmanasknow.Asyouknow,Jackisanhonestman.②先行词的不同：as引导非限制性定语从句时，其先行词多为一个句子；which引导非限制性定语从句时，其先行词可以是一个词，一个短语或一个句子。Hewasproud,whichhisbrotherneverwas.（先行词是一个词）Shewasverypatienttowardsthechildren,whichherhusbandseldomHewasproud,whichIdislikeverymuch.（先行词是一个句子）Heisanhonestman,asisknowntoall.Hewasaforeigner,asIknowfromhisaccent.③as一般译为"正如""就像"，"这一点"asweallknow；asyouknow;asisknowntoall;asyousee;aswecansee;ashasbeenexpected;aswehaveimagined.五、现在完成进行时presentperfectcontinuous用法：1.过去开始的反复或正在进行的尚未完成的动作I‘vebeengoingeverywherebybikeforthelasttwomonths.2.最近的过去开始的对现在又影响的动作。He?sbeendoinghisscienceprojectallnight.(that‘swhyhe‘ssosleepy,Form:形式Subject+have/has+been+-ingYou‘vebeenstudyingvery六、Presentperfectandpresentperfectcontinuous我们用现在完成时谈论一个完成的动作，用现在完成进行时谈论未完成的动作。别是解释动作可见的结果时。HehasrunthreetimesHehasbeenrunningforanhour.七、现在完成时和时间状语现在完成时使用下列时间状语： .before,ever,never,seldom,sometimesoften,usually,just,has/have有时放在句末。already用在陈述句中（一般在have之后）yet用在疑问句和否定句中（常放在句末）for,since,allmylifeFor说明动作的时间长度，since说明动作的起点。八、too加形容词，not+形容词+enoughToo+too+not+enough结构。九、形容词的顺序Quality–size/age/shape-color-origin-madeof-type/usage-nounBeautifullongbrownhairMetalhalf-moonglassesOldFrenchcar10、Articles 冠词 a/an1，冠词a/an用在单数可数名词前，泛指某人某事，并把该人该事作为一群2，第一次谈论某事时用冠词 a/an。The，定冠词1Thecarisdirty.2,谈论世上独一无二的事物。3，河流，海洋，山脉和群岛名称前， theNile.4,单数名词表达整个种类时，Thewhaleisthebiggestmammal.5,形容词谈论享有同一特征的群体时，Noarticle1，在表示泛指的复数名词和不可数名词前2，在洲，城镇， 湖泊，单座山脉，单个岛屿和国家名称前 ,,3，机场，车站，街道的名称前

/一种的例子时。4，在复数形式的国名和国名中含有一个普通名词的国家名称前要加

the.必修四some/any/no;alotof/many/much;thereis/are可数名词有单，复数形式，而不可数名词只有单数形式。Some,any,no,alotof是数量词，用在可数或不可数名词前。通常 some用于肯定句，any用于否定句。Much和alittle用于不可数名词前Ineedsomenewshoes.Idon‘thaveanymoney.Wehaven‘tboughtmuchsugar. Thereisalittlemilkleft.Many和afew用于可数复数名词前Therearen‘tmanyquietplacenowadays.Iinvitedafewfriendstomybirthdayparty.Alotof用于可数复数名词和不可数名词前。 Much和many主要用于否定句Notmanypeoplecometoherparty.Hehaven‘tgotmuchhomeworktonight.表示某处有某物时常用 thereis/are结构。二、allnone,bothneither,是限定词，all用于复数名词或不可数名词前表示人或物种的每一个或全部整体。All(of)theplayersarefit. Sheateall(of)herrice.Nounof用于复数名词或the+集合名词前，和noun连用得动词可以使单数或复数，但总是肯定形式。表达两人或两物时，用bothof和neitherof。三、another，other,theother,thesecond.Another,other,theother,second是限定词，another用于单数可数名词前表示―又一个‖或另外一个，其他一种。Other,用于复数名词前，表示另外的，更多的。Thereareotherroutestoschoolbutthisisthenicestone.四、Infinitives不定式不定式todo在句中可做主与，表语，宾语，宾语补足语，定语和状语。Itisusefultoknowhowtodrive.（宾补）Thebestwaytolearnaforeignlanguageistomakefriendswithaforeigner定.(Ineedtoattendthemeeting.宾()在特定动词后，不定