Air-Pollution-and-Climat教学讲解课件

AirPollutionandClimateChange

大气污染与气候变化

Chapter4AirPollutionandClimateChan1KeyConceptsAirPollutionClimateChangeKeyConceptsAirPollution2AirPollutionStructureandcompositionoftheatmosphereTypesandsourcesofoutdoorairpollutionTypes,formation,andeffectsofsmog(烟雾)Sourcesandeffectsofaciddeposition(酸沉降)EffectsofairpollutionPreventionandcontrolofairpollutionAirPollutionStructureandcom3Glossary

atmosphere(大气)Wholemassofairsurroundingtheearth.

smog(烟雾)Originallyacombinationofsmokeandfogbutnowusedtodescribeothermixturesofpollutantsintheatmosphere.Seeindustrialsmog,photochemicalsmog.

Glossaryatmosphere(大气)4Glossary

industrialsmog

(工业烟雾)Typeofairpollutionconsistingmostlyofamixtureofsulfurdioxide(二氧化硫),suspendeddroplets(悬浮液滴)ofsulfuricacid(硫酸)formedfromsomeofthesulfurdioxide,andavarietyofsuspendedsolidparticles.Comparephotochemicalsmog.photochemicalsmog

(光化学烟雾)Complexmixtureofairpollutantsproducedintheloweratmospherebythereactionofhydrocarbons

(碳氢化合物)andnitrogen

oxides(氮氧化物)undertheinfluenceofsunlight.Especiallyharmfulcomponentsincludeozone,peroxyacylnitrates(PANs),andvariousaldehydes(醛

).Compareindustrialsmog.Glossaryindustrialsmog(工业烟雾5Glossary

aciddeposition

(酸沉降)Thefallingofacidsandacid-forming

Compounds(酸形成的化合物)fromtheatmospheretotheearth'ssurface.Aciddepositioniscommonlyknownasacidrain,atermthatrefersonlytowetdepositionofdroplets(水滴)ofacidsandacid-formingcompounds.Glossaryaciddeposition(酸沉降)6TheAtmosphere(大气)Troposphere(对流层)Stratosphere(平流层)78%N,21%OOzonelayer(臭氧层)Greenhouseeffect

海拔中间层中层顶热层平流层对流层TheAtmosphere(大气)Troposphere(7Glossary

troposphere(对流层)Innermostlayeroftheatmosphere.Itcontainsabout75%ofthemassofearth'sairandextendsabout17kilometers(11miles)abovesealevel.Comparestratosphere.

stratosphere(平流层)Secondlayeroftheatmosphere,extendingabout17-48kilometers(11-30miles)abovetheearth‘ssurface.Itcontainssmallamountsofgaseousozone(O3),whichfiltersoutabout95%oftheincomingharmfulultraviolet(UV)(紫外线)radiationemittedbythesun.Comparetroposphere.

Glossarytroposphere(对流层)8OutdoorAirPollutionPrimarypollutantsSecondarypollutants碳氢化合物悬浮颗粒OutdoorAirPollutionPrimaryp9Glossary

primarypollutant(主要污染物)Chemicalthathasbeenaddeddirectlytotheairbynaturaleventsorhumanactivitiesandoccursinaharmfulconcentration.Comparesecondarypollutant.

secondarypollutant

(次要污染物)Harmfulchemicalformedintheatmospherewhenaprimaryairpollutantreactswithnormalaircomponentsorotherairpollutants.Compareprimarypollutant.

Glossaryprimarypollutant(主要10PhotochemicalSmog(光化学烟雾)Brown-airsmogPhotochemical

reactionPhotochemical

oxidants(光化学氧化剂)醛类紫外线辐射碳氢化合物PhotochemicalSmog(光化学烟雾)Brown11IndustrialSmogGray-airsmogIndustrialsmogSulfuricacid(硫酸)Sulfurdioxide(二氧化硫)Particulates(颗粒)水泥粉尘碾尘粉煤灰杀虫剂粉尘超细颗粒花粉普通颜料炭黑IndustrialSmogGray-airsmogIn12TemperatureInversions(温度反向)SubsidenceinversionRadiationinversion反向层TemperatureInversions(温度反向)Su13Glossary

temperatureinversion

Layerofdense,coolairtrappedunderalayeroflessdense,warmair.Thispreventsupward-flowingaircurrentsfromdeveloping.Inaprolongedinversion,airpollutioninthetrappedlayermaybuilduptoharmfullevels.Seeradiationtemperatureinversion,subsidencetemperatureinversion.Glossarytemperatureinversion14Glossary

radiationtemperatureinversionTemperatureinversionthattypicallyoccursatnightinwhichalayerofwarmairliesatopalayerofcoolerairnearerthegroundastheairnearthegroundcoolsfasterthantheairaboveit.Asthesunrisesandwarmstheearth’ssurface,theinversionnormallydisappearsbynoonanddisperses(分散)thepollutantsbuiltupduringthenight.Seetemperatureinversion.Comparesubsidencetemperatureinversion.Glossaryradiationtemperature15Glossary

subsidencetemperatureinversionInversionofnormalairtemperaturelayerswhenalargemassofwarmairmovesintoaregionatahighaltitudeandfloatsoveramassofcolderairneartheground.Thiskeepstheairoveracitystagnant(停滞)andpreventsverticalmixinganddispersion(分散

)ofairpollutants.Seetemperatureinversion.Compareradiationtemperatureinversion.

Glossarysubsidencetemperatur16RegionalOutdoorAirPollutionfromAcidDeposition(酸沉降)AciddepositionWetdepositionDrydepositionRegionalOutdoorAirPollution17AcidDepositionandHumansRespiratorydiseases(呼吸系统疾病)ToxicmetalleachingDecreasedvisibilityDamagetostructures,especiallycontaininglimestone(石灰石)Decreasedproductivityandprofitability(盈利能力)offisheries,forests,andfarmsAcidDepositionandHumansResp18AcidDepositionandAquatic

Systems

(水生系统)FishdeclinesUndesirablespeciesAluminumtoxicity(毒性)AcidshockAcidDepositionandAquaticSy19AcidDeposition,Plants,andSoilNutrientleaching(养分流失)HeavymetalreleaseWeakenstreesAcidDeposition,Plants,andS20IndoorAirPollution/SickBuildingSyndrome(综合征)氯仿三氯乙烷氮氧化物石棉四氯乙烯甲醛苯乙烯一氧化碳二氯甲烷α苯并芘氡-222二氯苯IndoorAirPollution/SickBuil21Radon(氡)Radon-2224picocurielevelOccursincertainareasbasedongeologyAssociatedwithuranium(铀)andorganicmaterialinrock炉板坯Radon(氡)Radon-2224picocuriel22EffectsofAirPollutiononLivingOrganismsandMaterialsDamagetomucousmembranes(粘膜)Respiratory

diseases(呼吸系统疾病)DamagetoplantleavesandrootsReductioninprimaryproductivityDeteriorationofmaterials(腐蚀材料)EffectsofAirPollutiononLi23Solutions:PreventingandReducingAirPollutionCleanAirActNationalAmbient(环境)AirQualityStandards(NAAQS)PrimaryandsecondarystandardsOutputcontrolvs.inputcontrolSolutions:PreventingandRed24EmissionReduction含硫量低的煤(燃烧)(静电除尘)电极EmissionReduction含硫量低的煤(燃烧)(静25ReducingIndoor

AirPollutionReducingIn26ClimateChangeHowdoestheEarth’sclimatefluctuateWhatfactorsaffectclimateWhatarethepossibleeffectsofglobalwarmingWhatcanhumansdoaboutpotentialclimatechangeHowarehumanactivitiesaffectingtheozonelayerWhatcanhumansdoaboutchangesintheozonelayerClimateChangeWhatfactorsaff27Glossary

climatePhysicalpropertiesofthetroposphereofanareabasedonanalysisofitsweatherrecordsoveralongperiod(atleast30years).Thetwomainfactorsdetermininganareasclimatearetemperature,withitsseasonalvariations,andtheamountanddistributionofprecipitation.Compareweather.Glossaryclimate28Glossary

globalwarmingWarmingoftheearth'satmospherebecauseofincreasesintheconcentrationsofoneormoregreenhousegasesprimarilyasaresultofhumanactivities.Seegreenhouseeffect,greenhousegases.

ozonelayer(臭氧层)Layerofgaseousozone(O3)inthestratospherethatprotectslifeonearthbyfilteringoutmostharmfulultravioletradiationfromthesun.

Glossaryglobalwarming29PastClimateChangePastglobal

temperaturesRecenttrendsin

globaltemperaturesPastClimateChangePastglobal30TheNaturalGreenhouseEffectGreenhouseeffectGreenhousegases

TheNaturalGreenhouseEffectG31Glossary

greenhouseeffectNaturaleffectthatreleasesheatintheatmosphere(troposphere)neartheearth'ssurface.Watervapor,carbondioxide,ozone,andseveralothergasesintheloweratmosphere(troposphere)absorbsomeoftheinfraredradiation(heat)radiatedbytheearth'ssurface.Thiscausestheirmoleculestovibrateandtransformtheabsorbedenergyintolonger-wavelengthinfraredradiation(heat)inthetroposphere.Iftheatmosphericconcentrationsofthesegreenhousegasesriseandtheyarenotremovedbyothernaturalprocesses,theaveragetemperatureoftheloweratmospherewillincreasegradually.Compareglobalwarming

Glossarygreenhouseeffect32Glossary

greenhousegasesGasesintheearth'sloweratmosphere(troposphere)thatcausethegreenhouseeffect.Examplesarecarbondioxide,chlorofluorocarbons,ozone,methane,watervapor,andnitrousoxide.infrare：红外线moleculeCombinationoftwoormoreatomsofthesamechhemicalelement(suchasO2)ordifferentchemicalelements(suchasH2O)heldtogetherbychemicalbonds.Compareatom,ion.Glossarygreenhousegases33ClimateChangeandHumanActivitiesIncreaseduseoffossilfuels化石燃料Deforestation砍伐森林GlobalwarmingMeltingicecaps（冰川）andglaciers（冰河）Coralreef（珊瑚礁）bleachingClimateChangeandHumanActiv34ProjectingFutureChangesinEarth’sClimateClimatemodels

ApparentinfluenceofhumanactivitiesCouldbenaturalchangesaerosol:悬浮微粒solar:日光ProjectingFutureChangesinE35FactorsAffectingChangesinEarth’sAverageTemperatureChangesinsolaroutputChangesinEarth’salbedo(反照率)Moderating（适度的）effectofoceansCloudsandwatervapor（水汽）AirpollutionFactorsAffectingChangesinE36SomePossibleEffectsofa

WarmerWorldbiodiversity：生物剂量学typhoon：台风tornado：龙卷风estuary：河口beacherosion：海滩侵蚀tropical：热带的respiratorydisease：呼吸系统疾病SomePossibleEffectsofa

Wa37Solutions:DealingwiththeThreatofClimateChangeOptionsDonothingDomoreresearchActnowtoreducerisksNo-regretsstrategySolutions:DealingwiththeT38RemovingCO2FromtheAtmosphereoilrig:

石油钻塔coalpowerplant:燃煤电厂switchgrass:柳枝稷deepoceandisposal:深海处理oilreservior:储油库TreeplantationCoalpowerplantTankerdeliversCO2fromplanttorigOilrigCropfieldSwitchgrassfieldSpentoilreservoirisusedforCO2depositCO2ispumpeddowntoreservoirthroughabandonedoilfieldAbandonedoilfieldCO2ispumpeddownfromrigforDeepoceandisposal=CO2deposit=CO2pumpingRemovingCO2FromtheAtmosphe39ReducingGreenhouseGasEmissions

(温室气体排放量)RioEarthSummit(里约地球首脑会议)(1992)KyotoTreaty(京都条约)(1997)SomeUSCO2ReductionsReducingGreenhouseGasEmissi40OzoneDepletion（臭氧层空洞）intheStratosphere（同温层）ImportanceofOzoneTerrestrial（陆地）lifeReducesunburnPreventstropospheric（对流层）ozoneOzoneDepletion（臭氧层空洞）inthe41OzoneDepletingChemicalsChlorofluorocarbons(CFCs)HalonsMethylbromide（溴化甲烷）Carbontetrachloride（CCl4）Methylchloroform(三氯乙烷)Hydrogenchloride（HCl）SourcesofCFCs（氟氯化碳）OzoneDepletingChemicalsChlor42Glossary

Chlorofluorocarbons(CFCs)Organiccompoundsmadeupofatomsofcarbon,chlorine,andfluorine.AnexampleisFreon-12(CCl2F2),usedasarefrigerantinrefrigeratorsandairconditionersandinmakingplasticssuchasStyrofoam.GaseousCFCscandepletetheozonelayerwhentheyslowlyriseintothestratosphereandtheirchlorineatomsreactwithozonemolecules.GlossaryChlorofluorocarbons(43SeasonalThinningatthePolesOzonethinning(hole)Polarvortex（极地涡旋）SeasonalThinningatthePoles44ReasonsforConcernIncreasedincidenceandseverityofsunburnIncreaseineyecataracts（白内障）IncreasedincidenceofskincancerImmunesystemsuppression（免疫系统抑制）Increaseinaciddeposition（酸雨）LowercropyieldsanddeclineinproductivityReasonsforConcernIncreasedi45Solutions:ProtectingtheOzoneLayerCFCsubstitutesTechnofixes（技术改进）MontrealProtocol（蒙特利尔议定书）Solutions:ProtectingtheOzo46AirPollutionandClimateChange

大气污染与气候变化

Chapter4AirPollutionandClimateChan47KeyConceptsAirPollutionClimateChangeKeyConceptsAirPollution48AirPollutionStructureandcompositionoftheatmosphereTypesandsourcesofoutdoorairpollutionTypes,formation,andeffectsofsmog(烟雾)Sourcesandeffectsofaciddeposition(酸沉降)EffectsofairpollutionPreventionandcontrolofairpollutionAirPollutionStructureandcom49Glossary

atmosphere(大气)Wholemassofairsurroundingtheearth.

smog(烟雾)Originallyacombinationofsmokeandfogbutnowusedtodescribeothermixturesofpollutantsintheatmosphere.Seeindustrialsmog,photochemicalsmog.

Glossaryatmosphere(大气)50Glossary

industrialsmog

(工业烟雾)Typeofairpollutionconsistingmostlyofamixtureofsulfurdioxide(二氧化硫),suspendeddroplets(悬浮液滴)ofsulfuricacid(硫酸)formedfromsomeofthesulfurdioxide,andavarietyofsuspendedsolidparticles.Comparephotochemicalsmog.photochemicalsmog

(光化学烟雾)Complexmixtureofairpollutantsproducedintheloweratmospherebythereactionofhydrocarbons

(碳氢化合物)andnitrogen

oxides(氮氧化物)undertheinfluenceofsunlight.Especiallyharmfulcomponentsincludeozone,peroxyacylnitrates(PANs),andvariousaldehydes(醛

).Compareindustrialsmog.Glossaryindustrialsmog(工业烟雾51Glossary

aciddeposition

(酸沉降)Thefallingofacidsandacid-forming

Compounds(酸形成的化合物)fromtheatmospheretotheearth'ssurface.Aciddepositioniscommonlyknownasacidrain,atermthatrefersonlytowetdepositionofdroplets(水滴)ofacidsandacid-formingcompounds.Glossaryaciddeposition(酸沉降)52TheAtmosphere(大气)Troposphere(对流层)Stratosphere(平流层)78%N,21%OOzonelayer(臭氧层)Greenhouseeffect

海拔中间层中层顶热层平流层对流层TheAtmosphere(大气)Troposphere(53Glossary

troposphere(对流层)Innermostlayeroftheatmosphere.Itcontainsabout75%ofthemassofearth'sairandextendsabout17kilometers(11miles)abovesealevel.Comparestratosphere.

stratosphere(平流层)Secondlayeroftheatmosphere,extendingabout17-48kilometers(11-30miles)abovetheearth‘ssurface.Itcontainssmallamountsofgaseousozone(O3),whichfiltersoutabout95%oftheincomingharmfulultraviolet(UV)(紫外线)radiationemittedbythesun.Comparetroposphere.

Glossarytroposphere(对流层)54OutdoorAirPollutionPrimarypollutantsSecondarypollutants碳氢化合物悬浮颗粒OutdoorAirPollutionPrimaryp55Glossary

primarypollutant(主要污染物)Chemicalthathasbeenaddeddirectlytotheairbynaturaleventsorhumanactivitiesandoccursinaharmfulconcentration.Comparesecondarypollutant.

secondarypollutant

(次要污染物)Harmfulchemicalformedintheatmospherewhenaprimaryairpollutantreactswithnormalaircomponentsorotherairpollutants.Compareprimarypollutant.

Glossaryprimarypollutant(主要56PhotochemicalSmog(光化学烟雾)Brown-airsmogPhotochemical

reactionPhotochemical

oxidants(光化学氧化剂)醛类紫外线辐射碳氢化合物PhotochemicalSmog(光化学烟雾)Brown57IndustrialSmogGray-airsmogIndustrialsmogSulfuricacid(硫酸)Sulfurdioxide(二氧化硫)Particulates(颗粒)水泥粉尘碾尘粉煤灰杀虫剂粉尘超细颗粒花粉普通颜料炭黑IndustrialSmogGray-airsmogIn58TemperatureInversions(温度反向)SubsidenceinversionRadiationinversion反向层TemperatureInversions(温度反向)Su59Glossary

temperatureinversion

Layerofdense,coolairtrappedunderalayeroflessdense,warmair.Thispreventsupward-flowingaircurrentsfromdeveloping.Inaprolongedinversion,airpollutioninthetrappedlayermaybuilduptoharmfullevels.Seeradiationtemperatureinversion,subsidencetemperatureinversion.Glossarytemperatureinversion60Glossary

radiationtemperatureinversionTemperatureinversionthattypicallyoccursatnightinwhichalayerofwarmairliesatopalayerofcoolerairnearerthegroundastheairnearthegroundcoolsfasterthantheairaboveit.Asthesunrisesandwarmstheearth’ssurface,theinversionnormallydisappearsbynoonanddisperses(分散)thepollutantsbuiltupduringthenight.Seetemperatureinversion.Comparesubsidencetemperatureinversion.Glossaryradiationtemperature61Glossary

subsidencetemperatureinversionInversionofnormalairtemperaturelayerswhenalargemassofwarmairmovesintoaregionatahighaltitudeandfloatsoveramassofcolderairneartheground.Thiskeepstheairoveracitystagnant(停滞)andpreventsverticalmixinganddispersion(分散

)ofairpollutants.Seetemperatureinversion.Compareradiationtemperatureinversion.

Glossarysubsidencetemperatur62RegionalOutdoorAirPollutionfromAcidDeposition(酸沉降)AciddepositionWetdepositionDrydepositionRegionalOutdoorAirPollution63AcidDepositionandHumansRespiratorydiseases(呼吸系统疾病)ToxicmetalleachingDecreasedvisibilityDamagetostructures,especiallycontaininglimestone(石灰石)Decreasedproductivityandprofitability(盈利能力)offisheries,forests,andfarmsAcidDepositionandHumansResp64AcidDepositionandAquatic

Systems

(水生系统)FishdeclinesUndesirablespeciesAluminumtoxicity(毒性)AcidshockAcidDepositionandAquaticSy65AcidDeposition,Plants,andSoilNutrientleaching(养分流失)HeavymetalreleaseWeakenstreesAcidDeposition,Plants,andS66IndoorAirPollution/SickBuildingSyndrome(综合征)氯仿三氯乙烷氮氧化物石棉四氯乙烯甲醛苯乙烯一氧化碳二氯甲烷α苯并芘氡-222二氯苯IndoorAirPollution/SickBuil67Radon(氡)Radon-2224picocurielevelOccursincertainareasbasedongeologyAssociatedwithuranium(铀)andorganicmaterialinrock炉板坯Radon(氡)Radon-2224picocuriel68EffectsofAirPollutiononLivingOrganismsandMaterialsDamagetomucousmembranes(粘膜)Respiratory

diseases(呼吸系统疾病)DamagetoplantleavesandrootsReductioninprimaryproductivityDeteriorationofmaterials(腐蚀材料)EffectsofAirPollutiononLi69Solutions:PreventingandReducingAirPollutionCleanAirActNationalAmbient(环境)AirQualityStandards(NAAQS)PrimaryandsecondarystandardsOutputcontrolvs.inputcontrolSolutions:PreventingandRed70EmissionReduction含硫量低的煤(燃烧)(静电除尘)电极EmissionReduction含硫量低的煤(燃烧)(静71ReducingIndoor

AirPollutionReducingIn72ClimateChangeHowdoestheEarth’sclimatefluctuateWhatfactorsaffectclimateWhatarethepossibleeffectsofglobalwarmingWhatcanhumansdoaboutpotentialclimatechangeHowarehumanactivitiesaffectingtheozonelayerWhatcanhumansdoaboutchangesintheozonelayerClimateChangeWhatfactorsaff73Glossary

climatePhysicalpropertiesofthetroposphereofanareabasedonanalysisofitsweatherrecordsoveralongperiod(atleast30years).Thetwomainfactorsdetermininganareasclimatearetemperature,withitsseasonalvariations,andtheamountanddistributionofprecipitation.Compareweather.Glossaryclimate74Glossary

globalwarmingWarmingoftheearth'satmospherebecauseofincreasesintheconcentrationsofoneormoregreenhousegasesprimarilyasaresultofhumanactivities.Seegreenhouseeffect,greenhousegases.

ozonelayer(臭氧层)Layerofgaseousozone(O3)inthestratospherethatprotectslifeonearthbyfilteringoutmostharmfulultravioletradiationfromthesun.

Glossaryglobalwarming75PastClimateChangePastglobal

temperaturesRecenttrendsin

globaltemperaturesPastClimateChangePastglobal76TheNaturalGreenhouseEffectGreenhouseeffectGreenhousegases

TheNaturalGreenhouseEffectG77Glossary

greenhouseeffectNaturaleffectthatreleasesheatintheatmosphere(troposphere)neartheearth'ssurface.Watervapor,carbondioxide,ozone,andseveralothergasesintheloweratmosphere(troposphere)absorbsomeoftheinfraredradiation(heat)radiatedbytheearth'ssurface.Thiscausestheirmoleculestovibrateandtransformtheabsorbedenergyintolonger-wavelengthinfraredradiation(heat)inthetroposphere.Iftheatmosphericconcentrationsofthesegreenhousegasesriseandtheyarenotremovedbyothernaturalprocesses,theaveragetemperatureoftheloweratmospherewillincreasegradually.Compareglobalwarming

Glossarygreenhouseeffect78Glossary

greenhousegasesGasesintheearth'sloweratmosphere(troposphere)thatcausethegreenhouseeffect.Examplesarecarbondioxide,chlorofluorocarbons,ozone,methane,watervapor,andnitrousoxide.infrare：红外线moleculeCombinationoftwoormoreatomsofthesamechhemicalelement(suchasO2)ordifferentchemicalelements(suchasH2O)heldtogetherbychemicalbonds.Compareatom,ion.Glossarygreenhousegases79ClimateChangeandHumanActivitiesIncreaseduseoffossilfuels化石燃料Deforestation砍伐森林GlobalwarmingMeltingicecaps（冰川）andglaciers（冰河）Coralreef（珊瑚礁）bleachingClimateChangeandHumanActiv80ProjectingFutureChangesinEarth’sClimateClimatemodels

ApparentinfluenceofhumanactivitiesCouldbenaturalchangesaerosol:悬浮微粒solar:日光ProjectingFutureChangesinE81FactorsAffectingChangesinEarth’sAverageTemperatureChangesinsolaroutputChangesinEarth’salbedo(反照率)Moderating（适度的）effectofoceansCloudsandwatervapor（水汽）AirpollutionFactorsAffectingChangesinE82SomePossibleEffectso