Unit-One-A-Brief-History教学讲解课件

UnitOneABriefHistoryofEnglishPaulRoberts《英语简史》UnitOneABriefHistoryofETextoutline1.para.1-4(introductionandstructure)2.para.5-8(OldEnglish)3.para.9-14(MiddleEnglish)4.para.15-19(ModernEnglish)5.conclusion(para.20)Textoutline1.para.1-4(introPart1:IntroductionAbriefhistoryofUKandEnglishlanguagePart1:IntroductionAbriefhianotionof…NounderstandingoftheEnglishlanguage(动名词结构做主语)canbeverysatisfactorywithoutanotionofthehistoryofthelanguage(介词短语作状语)-ifwedonotknowthehistoryofthelanguagenotion:anideaorbeliefaboutsth.anotionof…NounderstandingoWordsandexpressionsButweshallhavetomakedowithjustanotion.勉强对付，凑合使用Shall:will(用在第一人称)WordsandexpressionsButweshtohitthehighspots

thehighlights先挑重要的、明显的或好的事做i.e.:Iwon'tdiscuss

the

entirereport.I'lljust

hit

the

high

spots.我不从头到尾谈这个报告了,挑重要的来说说tohitthehighspots

thehighWordsandexpressions…JuteswerealongtimesecuringthemselvesinEnglandSecure:tomakesafe很长一段时间他们为自卫而战Wordsandexpressions…JutesweWordsandexpression…orbereducedtoslaveryReduceto（被动语态):tobringorforcesomeoneto(esp,aweakerorlessfavorablestate)使某人陷于较弱或不利的状况i.e.shewasreducedtobeggingforaliving她被迫沦落至乞讨为生。沦为奴隶Wordsandexpression…orberedWordsandexpressions…werefirmlyestablishedTocausetobefirmlysettledoracceptedinaparticularstateorposition使立足，确立，使被接受Sheestablishedherselfasthemostpowerfulministerinthenewgovernment.她在新政府中使自己成为最有势力的部长Nowthathehasestablishedhimselfintheteam,heisplayingwithmuchmoreconfidence.现在他已确立了在这支球队里的地位。所以打球更加有信心Wordsandexpressions…werefirThethreeperiodsOldEnglish:7thcentury-1100(AngloSaxonperiod)MiddleEnglish:1100to1450(NormanConquest)ModernEnglish1500-thepresentday(Renaissance)ThethreeperiodsOldEnglish:Part2:OldEnglishOldEnglish:7thcentury-1100(AngloSaxonperiodorMedievalperiod)Part2:OldEnglishOldEnglishcomeintohistoryWhenEnglandcameintohistory…WhenEnglandbeganitshistory….comeintohistoryWhenEnglandNorthumbriaAmedievalkingdomofAngles653-954NorthernEnglandandSoutheasternScotlandNorthumbriaAmedievalkingdomexercisecontrolover对……实施控制，控制TheStateshallexercisemacro-regulationsandcontroloverthetotalpayroll.国家对工资总量实行宏观调控。exercisecontroloverNorthumbriaNorthumbriaWessex:WestSaxonsAngloSaxonkingdom6thcentury-10thcenturySouth-westEnglandWessex:WestSaxonsAngloSaxonAlfredtheGreat（849-899)

阿尔弗雷德大帝871to899KingofAnglo-SaxonsDefendedhiskingdomagainstVikingattacksEncouragededucationAlfredtheGreat（849-899)

阿尔弗雷TheVikingAgeNorthernEuropeandScandinaviaThelate8thcenturyto11thcenturyTradeandwarfareTheVikingAgeNorthernEuropeachampionof~(ofsth)apersonwhofightsfor,orspeaksinsupportof,agroupofpeopleorabelief斗争者；捍卫者；声援者；拥护者

Shewasachampionofthepoorallherlife.她终身都是穷苦人的卫士。learning:knowledgeachampionof~(ofsth)apeOldEnglish:7thcentury-1100(AngloSaxonperiodorMedievalperiod)WordlevelInfluenceofLatin(RomanEmpire)throughtranslationandinterchangeandwordborrowingsfromNorse

(VikingAge)OldEnglish:7thcentury-1100norse挪威语norse挪威语ComparisonbetweenOldEnglishandModernEnglish1.OldEnglishwasmorehighlyinflected.2.MostoftheOldEnglishwordsarenativeEnglish.(only14percentModernEnglishwordsarenativeEnglish)ComparisonbetweenOldEnglishOldEnglish:Inflection/inflexionGrammar

an

inflection

isachangeintheformofawordthatshowsitsgrammaticalfunction,forexampleachangethatmakesanounpluralormakesaverbintothepasttense词形的曲折变化OldEnglish:Inflection/inflexinflection

tense(时态):work-worked

grammaticalmood(语气):modality情态动词grammaticalvoice(语态)：主动态与被动态

aspect(语法中动词的体):isthewaythataverbgroupshowswhetheranactivityiscontinuing,isrepeated,oriscompleted.Forexample,in'Theywerelaughing',theverbisintheprogressiveaspectandshowsthattheactionwascontinuingperson(人称)：work-worksnumber:apple-applesinflection

tense(时态):work-worCaseending变格词尾；词格尾缀Nominativecase主格Genitivecase所有格Dativecase与格（名词作为动词的间接宾语或某些介词的宾语的形式）Accusativecase宾格（具格）Caseending变格词尾；词格尾缀Thenominativecase主格marksthesubjectofaverb.Whentheverbisactive,thenominativeisthepersonorthingdoingtheaction(agent);whentheverbispassive,thenominativeisthepersonorthingreceivingtheaction.Theboy

atepizza.Thepizza

hasbeeneaten.Thenominativecase主格marksthGenitivecase/possessivecase/secondcase所有格

the

grammaticalcase

thatmarksa

noun

asmodifyinganothernoun.ItoftenmarksanounasbeingthepossessorofanothernounJanet’s

heightGenitivecase/possessivecase/Dativecase与格

a

grammaticalcase

generallyusedtoindicatethe

noun

towhichsomethingisgiven,asin"Georgegave

Jamie

adrink".Dativecase与格

a

grammaticalcAccusativecase宾格

the

grammaticalcase

usedtomarkthe

directobject

ofatransitiveverb.i.e.:Wehavetodohomeworkeveryday.Accusativecase宾格

the

grammatInstrumentalcasea

grammaticalcase

usedtoindicatethatanounisthe

instrument

ormeansbyorwithwhichthe

subject

achievesoraccomplishesanaction.

Instrumentalcasea

grammaticalCaseendingsfornounsCommoncase普通格Possessivecase所有格CaseendingsfornounsCommoncPart3:MiddleEnglish:1100to1450(NormanConquest)

NormanConquestBorrowingsfromFrenchPart3:MiddleEnglish:1100tpolitesociety上流社会Frenchbecamethelanguageofthecourt,thelanguageofthenobility,thelanguageofthepolitesociety.visitorsofhighstation:vistorsofhighpositionpolitesociety上流社会WordsandexpressionsLehautmonde:highsociety上流社会WordsandexpressionsLehautmWordsandexpressionsTopepperone’sconversationwithFrenchexpressions…well-bred,elegant,aucourantTocausetoappearrepeatedlyin使连续出现Thereportedwaspepperedwithmistakes这篇报告接连出现许多错误。Well-bred:well-cultivated有教养的，受过良好教育的WordsandexpressionsTopepperWordsandexpressionsaucourant(adj.):beinguptoparticularstandardorlevelespeciallyinbeinguptodateinknowledge,abreastof熟悉现状的，跟上时代潮流的，通晓最新发展的Thebookstaysaucourantbyconstantrevision.这部书由于经常修订，所以一直跟得上时代。

TheAmericanswanttobe

au

courant,toknowwhatfictionhascriticalprestigeinEurope.

美国人想了解现状，想知道欧洲时下声望最高的小说是什么。Wordsandexpressionsaucouranwordsandexpressionshavesth.atone'scommand:command掌握，支配wordsandexpressionshavesth.Clip/v_show/id_XNDQyMTk2ODIw.htmlClip/v_showPart4:ModernEnglish1500-thepresentday(Renaissance)

EarlyModern:1500-1700,WilliamShakespeare,KingJamesVersionoftheBibleLateModern:1700-present,EnglishDictionarybySamuelJohnson,OxfordEnglishDictionaryPart4:ModernEnglish1500-theWilliamShakespeare1564-1616

Widelyregardedasthegreatest

writer

oftheEnglishlanguage,[1]

andtheworld'spre-eminentdramatistWilliamShakespeare1564-1616

WKingJamesVersionoftheBiblehe

AuthorizedVersion,commonlyknownasthe

KingJamesVersion,KingJamesBible,

an

English

translation

oftheChristianBible

bythe

ChurchofEngland

begunin1604andcompletedin1611.thethirdofficialtranslationintoEnglishJamesVIofScotlandandI

ofEnglandKingJamesVersionoftheBiblDropoutofuseStoppedbeingusedDropoutofuseStoppedbeinguThedevelopmentofdictionaryTofixandestablishthelanguageThedevelopmentofdictionaryTSamuelJohnson(1709-1784)ADictionaryoftheEnglishLanguage,(1755)sometimespublishedas

Johnson'sDictionary,isamongthemostinfluential

dictionaries

inthehistoryofthe

Englishlanguage.SamuelJohnson(1709-1784)ADicOxfordEnglishDictionary

publishedbythe

OxfordUniversityPress,istheself-styledpremier

dictionary

ofthe

Englishlanguage1855-1928OxfordEnglishDictionary

publTranslationWehavealso,ofcourse,numerouscommercialdictionarieswhichareasgoodasthepublicwantsthemtobeifnot,indeed,ratherbetter.此外，还编撰了许多商务词典，即使不能算尽善尽美，至少也满足了人们的实际需求。TranslationWehavealso,ofcoWordsandexpressionsAsEnglishcametoreplaceLatinasthelanguageofscholarship…parseandanalyzeit,asonecould(parseandanalyze)Latin.parse:对（句子）作语法分析

Ingrammar,ifyou

parse

asentence,youexamineeachwordandclauseinordertoworkoutwhatgrammaticaltypeeachoneis.

WordsandexpressionsAsEnglisWordsandexpressionsSuperimpose:

Iffeaturesorcharacteristicsfromonesituation

aresuperimposedonto

oron

another,theyaretransferredontoorusedinthesecondsituation,thoughtheymaynotfit.

使同样适用于;将…强加于Patternsofpublicadministrationandgovernmentare

superimposedontraditionalsocieties.公共管理和执政模式移用于传统社会。WordsandexpressionsSuperimpoWordsandexpressionsObscure:

Ifonething

obscures

another,itpreventsitfrombeingseenorheardproperly.

遮掩；遮蔽；使模糊不清Trees

obscuredhisvision;hecouldn'tseemuchoftheSquare'ssouthernhalf...树木遮挡了他的视线，南半广场的一大部分他都无法看清。Onewalloftheparliamentbuildingisnowalmostcompletely

obscuredbyahugebanner.议会大楼的一面墙现在几乎被一条巨型横幅完全盖住了。WordsandexpressionsObscure:

英汉互译TranslationbetweenEnglishandChinese在英汉互译时，都需要摆脱原文结构的束缚，译出符合对方表达习惯的语言。英汉互译TranslationbetweenEnglisTherebe结构一年有四季。Therearefourseasonsinayear.Therebe结构一年有四季。1.无主句的翻译英语是主语显著的语言，它所突出的是主语。为使句子在形式上保持结构完整，绝大部分句子不能没有主语。汉语是主题显著(topicprominent)的语言，其所突出的是主题而不是主语。汉语无主句或主语省略句译成英语时应根据上下文增加主语或变换句式。1.无主句的翻译英语是主语显著的语言，它所突出的是主语。为使translation朝闻道，夕死可矣。Apersonwhohasattainedenlightenmenthasnoregretinlife.translation朝闻道，夕死可矣。无主句翻译处理方法增加主语译成被动句译成祈使句用无生物词语作主语译成非谓语结构无主句翻译处理方法增加主语增加主语黑漆漆，不知是日是夜。Pitchdark,Idon’tknowwhetheritisdayornight.采取积极措施，促进全社会固定资产投资较快增长。Wewilladoptvigorousmeasurestopromoterapidexpansionoftotalfixedassetinvestment.增加主语黑漆漆，不知是日是夜。译成被动句大多数中学里都教英语Englishistaughtinmostmiddleschools.译成被动句大多数中学里都教英语译成祈使句好好学习，天天向上。Studyhardandmakeprogresseveryday.按照”三个代表“要求加强和改进党的建设。StrengthenandimprovethePartybuildinginaccordancewiththerequirementsofthe“ThreeRepresent’s”译成祈使句好好学习，天天向上。用无生物词语作主语真没想到他是个不诚实的人Ithasneveroccurredtomethatheisadishonestman.在罗马发生过许多重大的历史事件。Romewitnessedgreathistoricevents.用无生物词语作主语真没想到他是个不诚实的人译成非谓语结构坚持扩大内需的战略方针，努力保持国民经济的较快发展Continuingtoboostdomesticdemandandmaintainingrapiddevelopmentofthenationaleconomy.译成非谓语结构坚持扩大内需的战略方针，努力保持国民经济的较快2.形合hypotaxis与意合parataxia显性连接标记与隐性连接2.形合hypotaxis与意合parataxia显性连接标Translation不克服自满情绪，就无法学到东西。Wecanneverlearnanythinguntilweridourselvesofcomplacency.Translation不克服自满情绪，就无法学到东西。translation他不来，我不走。Iwillstayuntilhecomes.Ifwintercomes,canspringbefarbehind.冬天已经来临，春天还会远吗？Hehadtostayathomeyesterdaybecausehewasill.他病了，昨天不得不呆在家里。Einstein’stheoryofrelativityissoabstrusethatfewpeoplecanappreciateit.爱因斯坦的相对论非常深奥，没多少人懂。translation他不来，我不走。3.汉语逆线性扩展(inverselinear)手提电脑丢了。买的手提电脑丢了。上周六买的电脑丢了小王上周六买的电脑丢了。（句首开放open-beginning,句尾收缩closedending/contractingending）3.汉语逆线性扩展(inverselinear)3.英语顺线性扩展（linear)Thisistheboy.ThisistheboythatkilledtheCarfield.ThisistheboythatkilledtheCarfieldthatlayinthehouse.ThisistheboythatkilledtheCarfieldthatlayinthehousethatTombuilt.(句首封闭closedbeginning,句尾开放openbeginning)3.英语顺线性扩展（linear)ThisisthebConclusion汉语句子在结构上受句尾收缩的制约（不能有后置修饰语，附加语），因而以适当短为宜，太长形成拖沓混乱。英语结构上句尾开放（可以有很长的后置修饰语，附加语），因而可以很长）英语多复合长句，汉语多简单短句Conclusion汉语句子在结构上受句尾收缩的制约（不能translationItisatruthuniversallyacknowledged,thatasinglemaninpossessionofagoodfortune,mustbeinwantofawife.凡是财产丰厚的单身男子势必想娶个太太，这是一条举世公认的真理。translationItisatruthuniveTranslationThreepassions,simplebutoverwhelminglystrong,havegovernedmylife:thelongingforlove,thesearchforknowledge,andunbearablepityforthesufferingofmankind.对爱的渴望，对知识的探求，对人类苦难的深切同情，这是支配我生活的三种简单而无比强烈的情感。TranslationThreepassions,siTranslationfromChineseintoEnglish1.种瓜得瓜，种豆得豆。Asyousow,sowillyoureap.2.施恩勿记，受恩勿忘。Weshouldneverrememberthebenefitswehaveofferednorforgetthefavoursreceived.TranslationfromChineseintotranslation4.中国将努力促进国内粮食增产，在正常情况下，粮食自给率不低于95%。Chinaendeavorstoincreaseitsgrainproductionsothatitsself-sufficiencyrateofgrainundernormalconditionwillbeabove95percent.translation4.中国将努力促进国内粮食增产，在正常TranslationfromChineseintoEnglish鲁迅是在文艺战线上，代表全民族的大多数，向着敌人冲锋陷阵的、最正确、最勇敢、最忠实、最热忱的空前的民族英雄。Representingthegreatmajorityofthenationontheculturalfront,LuXunbreachedandstormedtheenemycitadel;hewasthebravestandmostcorrect,thefirmest,themostloyalandthemostardentnationalhero,aherowithoutparallelinourhistory.TranslationfromChineseintoTranslationfromEnglishintoChinese6.Likeaship'ssailsthewingsbillowoutastheinsectflies,alteringshapetotakeadvantageofthewindandsteertheanimalthroughtheair.昆虫飞行时，翅翼像帆船一样随风张起，并不断改变形状，就这样，昆虫利用风力在空中飞行。TranslationfromEnglishintoTranslation7.Theauthorfindsoutthatgoodintentionsalonearenotenoughwhenhisattempttobekindtotheoldmanmakesbothofthemfeelingworsethanbefore.作者想对老人表示一番好意，结果却使两人都很难堪；他认识到光有善良的意愿是不够的。Translation7.TheauthorfindTranslation8.Hehadbeenleftaloneforscarcelytwominutes,andwhenwecamebackwefoundhiminhisarmchair,peacefullygonetosleep--butforever.他一个人留在房里不过两分钟，我们返回时，发现他已在安乐椅上平静地、永远地睡着了。Translation8.HehadbeenleftTranslationfromEnglishintoChinese9.Oursocietyplacessomuchemphasison"makingit"thatweassumethatanyfailureisbad.Whatwedon'talwaysrecognizeisthatwhatlookslikefailuremay,inthelongrun,provebeneficial.我们的社会很注重成功，认为任何失败都是不好的；其实，我们忽略了一点，那就是，失败从长远看也许是有益的。TranslationfromEnglishintoTranslation10.Translationhasalwaysplayedanindispensiblerole

inthelonghistoryofhumandevelopment.Itservesastheforerunnerincommunication,amalgamation,andcollisionofmultiplecultures,aswellasthenationalrevivaloftheChinesepeople.在人类历史发展的长河中，在世界多元文化的交流、融汇与碰撞中，在中华民族伟大复兴的进程中，翻译始终都起着不可或缺的先导作用。Translation10.TranslationhasUnitOneABriefHistoryofEnglishPaulRoberts《英语简史》UnitOneABriefHistoryofETextoutline1.para.1-4(introductionandstructure)2.para.5-8(OldEnglish)3.para.9-14(MiddleEnglish)4.para.15-19(ModernEnglish)5.conclusion(para.20)Textoutline1.para.1-4(introPart1:IntroductionAbriefhistoryofUKandEnglishlanguagePart1:IntroductionAbriefhianotionof…NounderstandingoftheEnglishlanguage(动名词结构做主语)canbeverysatisfactorywithoutanotionofthehistoryofthelanguage(介词短语作状语)-ifwedonotknowthehistoryofthelanguagenotion:anideaorbeliefaboutsth.anotionof…NounderstandingoWordsandexpressionsButweshallhavetomakedowithjustanotion.勉强对付，凑合使用Shall:will(用在第一人称)WordsandexpressionsButweshtohitthehighspots

thehighlights先挑重要的、明显的或好的事做i.e.:Iwon'tdiscuss

the

entirereport.I'lljust

hit

the

high

spots.我不从头到尾谈这个报告了,挑重要的来说说tohitthehighspots

thehighWordsandexpressions…JuteswerealongtimesecuringthemselvesinEnglandSecure:tomakesafe很长一段时间他们为自卫而战Wordsandexpressions…JutesweWordsandexpression…orbereducedtoslaveryReduceto（被动语态):tobringorforcesomeoneto(esp,aweakerorlessfavorablestate)使某人陷于较弱或不利的状况i.e.shewasreducedtobeggingforaliving她被迫沦落至乞讨为生。沦为奴隶Wordsandexpression…orberedWordsandexpressions…werefirmlyestablishedTocausetobefirmlysettledoracceptedinaparticularstateorposition使立足，确立，使被接受Sheestablishedherselfasthemostpowerfulministerinthenewgovernment.她在新政府中使自己成为最有势力的部长Nowthathehasestablishedhimselfintheteam,heisplayingwithmuchmoreconfidence.现在他已确立了在这支球队里的地位。所以打球更加有信心Wordsandexpressions…werefirThethreeperiodsOldEnglish:7thcentury-1100(AngloSaxonperiod)MiddleEnglish:1100to1450(NormanConquest)ModernEnglish1500-thepresentday(Renaissance)ThethreeperiodsOldEnglish:Part2:OldEnglishOldEnglish:7thcentury-1100(AngloSaxonperiodorMedievalperiod)Part2:OldEnglishOldEnglishcomeintohistoryWhenEnglandcameintohistory…WhenEnglandbeganitshistory….comeintohistoryWhenEnglandNorthumbriaAmedievalkingdomofAngles653-954NorthernEnglandandSoutheasternScotlandNorthumbriaAmedievalkingdomexercisecontrolover对……实施控制，控制TheStateshallexercisemacro-regulationsandcontroloverthetotalpayroll.国家对工资总量实行宏观调控。exercisecontroloverNorthumbriaNorthumbriaWessex:WestSaxonsAngloSaxonkingdom6thcentury-10thcenturySouth-westEnglandWessex:WestSaxonsAngloSaxonAlfredtheGreat（849-899)

阿尔弗雷德大帝871to899KingofAnglo-SaxonsDefendedhiskingdomagainstVikingattacksEncouragededucationAlfredtheGreat（849-899)

阿尔弗雷TheVikingAgeNorthernEuropeandScandinaviaThelate8thcenturyto11thcenturyTradeandwarfareTheVikingAgeNorthernEuropeachampionof~(ofsth)apersonwhofightsfor,orspeaksinsupportof,agroupofpeopleorabelief斗争者；捍卫者；声援者；拥护者

Shewasachampionofthepoorallherlife.她终身都是穷苦人的卫士。learning:knowledgeachampionof~(ofsth)apeOldEnglish:7thcentury-1100(AngloSaxonperiodorMedievalperiod)WordlevelInfluenceofLatin(RomanEmpire)throughtranslationandinterchangeandwordborrowingsfromNorse

(VikingAge)OldEnglish:7thcentury-1100norse挪威语norse挪威语ComparisonbetweenOldEnglishandModernEnglish1.OldEnglishwasmorehighlyinflected.2.MostoftheOldEnglishwordsarenativeEnglish.(only14percentModernEnglishwordsarenativeEnglish)ComparisonbetweenOldEnglishOldEnglish:Inflection/inflexionGrammar

an

inflection

isachangeintheformofawordthatshowsitsgrammaticalfunction,forexampleachangethatmakesanounpluralormakesaverbintothepasttense词形的曲折变化OldEnglish:Inflection/inflexinflection

tense(时态):work-worked

grammaticalmood(语气):modality情态动词grammaticalvoice(语态)：主动态与被动态

aspect(语法中动词的体):isthewaythataverbgroupshowswhetheranactivityiscontinuing,isrepeated,oriscompleted.Forexample,in'Theywerelaughing',theverbisintheprogressiveaspectandshowsthattheactionwascontinuingperson(人称)：work-worksnumber:apple-applesinflection

tense(时态):work-worCaseending变格词尾；词格尾缀Nominativecase主格Genitivecase所有格Dativecase与格（名词作为动词的间接宾语或某些介词的宾语的形式）Accusativecase宾格（具格）Caseending变格词尾；词格尾缀Thenominativecase主格marksthesubjectofaverb.Whentheverbisactive,thenominativeisthepersonorthingdoingtheaction(agent);whentheverbispassive,thenominativeisthepersonorthingreceivingtheaction.Theboy

atepizza.Thepizza

hasbeeneaten.Thenominativecase主格marksthGenitivecase/possessivecase/secondcase所有格

the

grammaticalcase

thatmarksa

noun

asmodifyinganothernoun.ItoftenmarksanounasbeingthepossessorofanothernounJanet’s

heightGenitivecase/possessivecase/Dativecase与格

a

grammaticalcase

generallyusedtoindicatethe

noun

towhichsomethingisgiven,asin"Georgegave

Jamie

adrink".Dativecase与格

a

grammaticalcAccusativecase宾格

the

grammaticalcase

usedtomarkthe

directobject

ofatransitiveverb.i.e.:Wehavetodohomeworkeveryday.Accusativecase宾格

the

grammatInstrumentalcasea

grammaticalcase

usedtoindicatethatanounisthe

instrument

ormeansbyorwithwhichthe

subject

achievesoraccomplishesanaction.

Instrumentalcasea

grammaticalCaseendingsfornounsCommoncase普通格Possessivecase所有格CaseendingsfornounsCommoncPart3:MiddleEnglish:1100to1450(NormanConquest)

NormanConquestBorrowingsfromFrenchPart3:MiddleEnglish:1100tpolitesociety上流社会Frenchbecamethelanguageofthecourt,thelanguageofthenobility,thelanguageofthepolitesociety.visitorsofhighstation:vistorsofhighpositionpolitesociety上流社会WordsandexpressionsLehautmonde:highsociety上流社会WordsandexpressionsLehautmWordsandexpressionsTopepperone’sconversationwithFrenchexpressions…well-bred,elegant,aucourantTocausetoappearrepeatedlyin使连续出现Thereportedwaspepperedwithmistakes这篇报告接连出现许多错误。Well-bred:well-cultivated有教养的，受过良好教育的WordsandexpressionsTopepperWordsandexpressionsaucourant(adj.):beinguptoparticularstandardorlevelespeciallyinbeinguptodateinknowledge,abreastof熟悉现状的，跟上时代潮流的，通晓最新发展的Thebookstaysaucourantbyconstantrevision.这部书由于经常修订，所以一直跟得上时代。

TheAmericanswanttobe

au

courant,toknowwhatfictionhascriticalprestigeinEurope.

美国人想了解现状，想知道欧洲时下声望最高的小说是什么。Wordsandexpressionsaucouranwordsandexpressionshavesth.atone'scommand:command掌握，支配wordsandexpressionshavesth.Clip/v_show/id_XNDQyMTk2ODIw.htmlClip/v_showPart4:ModernEnglish1500-thepresentday(Renaissance)

EarlyModern:1500-1700,WilliamShakespeare,KingJamesVersionoftheBibleLateModern:1700-present,EnglishDictionarybySamuelJohnson,OxfordEnglishDictionaryPart4:ModernEnglish1500-theWilliamShakespeare1564-1616

Widelyregardedasthegreatest

writer

oftheEnglishlanguage,[1]

andtheworld'spre-eminentdramatistWilliamShakespeare1564-1616

WKingJamesVersionoftheBiblehe

AuthorizedVersion,commonlyknownasthe

KingJamesVersion,KingJamesBible,

an

English

translation

oftheChristianBible

bythe

ChurchofEngland

begunin1604andcompletedin1611.thethirdofficialtranslationintoEnglishJamesVIofScotlandandI

ofEnglandKingJamesVersionoftheBiblDropoutofuseStoppedbeingusedDropoutofuseStoppedbeinguThedevelopmentofdictionaryTofixandestablishthelanguageThedevelopmentofdictionaryTSamuelJohnson(1709-1784)ADictionaryoftheEnglishLanguage,(1755)sometimespublishedas

Johnson'sDictionary,isamongthemostinfluential

dictionaries

inthehistoryofthe

Englishlanguage.SamuelJohnson(1709-1784)ADicOxfordEnglishDictionary

publishedbythe

OxfordUniversityPress,istheself-styledpremier

dictionary

ofthe

Englishlanguage1855-1928OxfordEnglishDictionary

publTranslationWehavealso,ofcourse,numerouscommercialdictionarieswhichareasgoodasthepublicwantsthemtobeifnot,indeed,ratherbetter.此外，还编撰了许多商务词典，即使不能算尽善尽美，至少也满足了人们的实际需求。TranslationWehavealso,ofcoWordsandexpressionsAsEnglishcametoreplaceLatinasthelanguageofscholarship…parseandanalyzeit,asonecould(parseandanalyze)Latin.parse:对（句子）作语法分析

Ingrammar,ifyou

parse

asentence,youexamineeachwordandclauseinordertoworkoutwhatgrammaticaltypeeachoneis.

WordsandexpressionsAsEnglisWordsandexpressionsSuperimpose:

Iffeaturesorcharacteristicsfromonesituation

aresuperimposedonto

oron

another,theyaretransferredontoorusedinthesecondsituation,thoughtheymaynotfit.

使同样适用于;将…强加于Patternsofpublicadministrationandgovernmentare

superimposedontraditionalsocieties.公共管理和执政模式移用于传统社会。WordsandexpressionsSuperimpoWordsandexpressionsObscure:

Ifonething

obscures

another,itpreventsitfrombeingseenorheardproperly.

遮掩；遮蔽；使模糊不清Trees

obscuredhisvision;hecouldn'tseemuchoftheSquare'ssouthernhalf...树木遮挡了他的视线，南半广场的一大部分他都无法看清。Onewalloftheparliamentbuildingisnowalmostcompletely

obscuredbyahugebanner.议会大楼的一面墙现在几乎被一条巨型横幅完全盖住了。WordsandexpressionsObscure:

英汉互译TranslationbetweenEnglishandChinese在英汉互译时，都需要摆脱原文结构的束缚，译出符合对方表达习惯的语言。英汉互译TranslationbetweenEnglisTherebe结构一年有四季。Therearefourseasonsinayear.Therebe结构一年有四季。1.无主句的翻译英语是主语显著的语言，它所突出的是主语。为使句子在形式上保持结构完整，绝大部分句子不能没有主语。汉语是主题显著(topicprominent)的语言，其所突出的是主题而不是主语。汉语无主句或主语省略句译成英语时应根据上下文增加主语或变换句式。1.无主句的翻译英语是主语显著的语言，它所突出的是主语。为使translation朝闻道，夕死可矣。Apersonwhohasattainedenlightenmenthasnoregretinlife.translation朝闻道，夕死可矣。无主句翻译处理方法增加主语译成被动句译成祈使句用无生物词语作主语译成非谓语结构无主句翻译处理方法增加主语增加主语黑漆漆，不知是日是夜。Pitchdark,Idon’tknowwhetheritisdayornight.采取积极措施，促进全社会固定资产投资较快增长。Wewilladoptvigorousmeasurestopromoterapidexpansionoftotalfixedassetinvestment.增加主语黑漆漆，不知是日是夜。译成被动句大多数中学里都教英语Englishistaughtinmostmiddleschools.译成被动句大多数中学里都教英语译成祈使句好好学习，天天向上。Studyhardandmakeprogresseveryday.按照”三个代表“要求加强和改进党的建设。StrengthenandimprovethePartybuildinginaccordancewiththerequirementsofthe“ThreeRepresent’s”译成祈使句好好学习，天天向上。用无生物词语作主语真没想到他是个不诚实的人Ithasneveroccurredtomethatheisadishonestman.在罗马发生过许多重大的历史事件。Romewitnessedgreathistoricevents.用无生物词语作主语真没想到他是个不诚实的人译成非谓语结构坚持扩大内需的战略方针，努力保持国民经济的较快发展Continuingtoboostdomesticdemandandmaintainingrapiddevelopmentofthenationaleconomy.译成非谓语结构坚持扩大内需的战略方针，努力保持国民经济的较快2.形合hypotaxis与意合parataxia显性连接标记与隐性连接2.形合hypotaxis与意合parataxia显性连接标Translation不克服自满情绪，就无法学到东西。Wecanneverlearnanythinguntilweridourselvesofcomplacency.Translation不克服自满情绪，就无法学到东西。translation他不来，我不走。Iwillstayuntilhecomes.Ifwintercomes,canspringbefarbehind.冬天已经来临，春天还会远吗？Hehadtostayathomeyesterdaybecausehewasill.他病了，昨天不得不呆在家里。Einstein’stheoryofrelativityissoabstrusethatfewpeoplecanappreciateit.爱因斯坦的相对论非常深奥，没多少人懂。translation他不来，我不走。3.汉语逆线性扩展(inverselinear)手提电脑丢了。买的手提电脑丢了。上周六买的电脑丢了小王上周六买的电脑丢了。（句首开放open-beginning,句尾收缩closedending/contractingending）3.汉语逆线性扩展(inverselinear)3.英语顺线性扩展（linear)Thisistheboy.ThisistheboythatkilledtheCarfield.ThisistheboythatkilledtheCarfieldthatlayinthehouse.ThisistheboythatkilledtheCarfieldthatlayinthehousethatT