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篇章阅读巅峰讲座四级考试中篇章阅读一共两篇,大纲规定每篇长度在300到350词之间,但近几次考试中篇章阅读的长度却大都在350词以上。每篇篇章阅读后设5道多项选择题,两篇共10题。篇章阅读主要测试考生在不同层面上的阅读理解能力,包括理解主旨大意和重要细节的能力、综合分析能力、推理判断能力以及根据上下文推测词义的能力等。Lecture1第一讲10大敏感设题题眼一、篇首、篇尾、段首、段尾处文章的主题句经常出现在首段,段落的主题句经常出现在段首。另外,首段的末句或第二段的首句也是文章主题句的高发点。文章的尾段或段落的结尾一般会是概括或总结性的陈述,经常会得出某种结论或提出某项建议。因此,文章的篇首、篇尾、段首、段尾处经常被作为篇章阅读题设题的重要题眼,而且大多是考查对文章或段落主旨的理解。【例1】(091266)【原文】Ofcourse,fundraisingisnttheonlyskilloutsidersoffer.Theglobalizationofeducationmeansmoreuniversitieswillbeseekingheadswithinternationalexperienceofsomekindtopromoteinternationalprogramsandattractaglobalstudentbody.Foreignerscanofferafreshperspectiveonestablishedpractices.【题目】66.Inwhatwaydotopleveladministratorsfromabroadcontributetouniversitydevelopment?[A]Theycanenhancetheuniversitysimage.[B]Theywillbringwiththemmoreinternationalfaculty.[C]Theywillviewalotofthingsfromanewperspective.[D]Theycansetupnewacademicdisciplines.【解析】选[C]。本题是在篇尾处设题。文章最后一段主要介绍了来自国外的高级管理人员的作用,即他们可以帮助筹集资金(fundraising),能够帮助促进国际项目(internationalprograms),吸引全球学生以及对惯例(establishedpractices)提供新的观点,[C]属于其中之一,故为答案。二、转折处作者常常会借用转折连词或副词来引出某项重要的事实或观点,转折词之后的内容往往表达的是作者真实的写作目的、观点或态度,因此出题人经常会围绕转折词前后的内容来设题。常见的表示转折关系的连词或副词有however,but,yet,nevertheless,while,though,although,atthesametime等。另外,indeed,infact,virtually,practically也常常用来表示前后语义的转折。【例2】(10661)【原文】Whensubmerged,theyrealsoabletoemitsignalsfromdepthsof20,000ft.ExpertsbelievetheboxesfromAirFranceFlight447,whichcrashednearBrazilonJune1,2009,areinwaternearlythatdeep,butstatisticssaytheyrestilllikelytoturn【题目】61.WhatdoweknowabouttheblackboxesfromAirFranceFlight447?[A]Thereisstillagoodchanceoftheirbeingrecovered.[B]Thereisanurgentneedforthemtoberestrucup.Intheapproximately20deepseacrashesoverthepast30years,onlyoneplanesblackboxeswereneverrecovered.tured.[C]Theyhavestoppedsendinghomingsignals.[D]TheyweredestroyedsomewherenearBrazil.【解析】选[A]。本题是在转折处命题。文中提到,专家相信法航447号的黑匣子是在水下2,000英尺的深度,接着通过but转折指出,但是统计数据显示它们仍然可能出现,接着提到了具体的统计数据:在过去的30年中的大约20次深海空难中,只有一架飞机的黑匣子没有被恢复,由此可推测,法航447号的黑匣子仍然很有可能被恢复,故答案为[A]。三、对比、比较处篇章阅读中的对比常常表现为新老观点的对比、错误与正确观念的对比、新事物与旧事物的对比等;比较则常常表现为两种或多种事物的优点、缺点、用途、功能、原理等特点的比较。常见的表示对比或比较关系的词或短语有while,whereas,than,comparedwith,incontrastto等。解题时要留意这些词或短语,并注意出现比较级、最高级的地方,另外要注意搞清对比或比较对象。【例3】(10666)【原文】Thepaperprovidessupportfornewerformsofpsychotherapy(心理治疗)thaturgepeopletoaccepttheirnegativethoughtsandfeelingsratherthanfightthem.Inthefighting,wenotonlyoftenfailbutcanmakethingsworse.Meditation(静思)techniques,incontrast,canteachpeopletoputtheirshortcomingsintoalarger,morerealisticperspective.Callitthepowerofnegativethinking.【题目】66.Whatdowelearnfromthelastparagraph?[A]Theeffectsofpositivethinkingvaryfrompersontoperson.[B]Meditationmayprovetobeagoodformofpsychotherapy.[C]Differentpeopletendtohavedifferentwaysofthinking.[D]Peoplecanavoidmakingmistakesthroughmeditation.【解析】选[B]。本题是在对比处和结尾处设题。文章最后一段提到,新型的心理治疗劝说人们接受他们的负面思想和情绪而不是与它们抗争(accepttheirnegativethoughtsandfeelingsratherthanfightthem),因为在抗争中,我们不仅经常会失败而且可能会使情况变得更糟糕,接着通过对比指出(incontrast),相反,静思(meditation)却能够教会人们从更大、更现实的角度去审视自己的缺点,由此可推知,静思可能被证明是一种有效的心理治疗方法,故答案为[B]。四、并列、列举、举例处并列、列举处是指用First(ly)….Second(ly)….Third(ly)….Finally…;Notonly…butalso;Inaddition;Furthermore;Moreover;Aboveall;Ontheonehand…,ontheotherhand…等表示顺承或并列关系的词语列举出的一系列并列的事实情况。为了使自己的观点更有说服力、更加明确,作者还经常会使用举例的方法来进行论证,常由as,suchas,forexample,forinstance,take…asanexample等引出。【例4】(051239)【原文】Butevenwhenpresentedwithexamplesofgenuinecontrition(痛悔),childrenstillneedhelptobecomeawareofthecomplexitiesofsayingsorry.Athreeyearoldmightneedhelpinunderstandingthatotherchildrenfeelpainjustashedoes,andthathittingaplaymateovertheheadwithaheavytoyrequiresanapology.Asixyearoldmightneedremindingthatspoilingotherchildrensexpectationscanrequireanapology.A12yearoldmightneedtobeshownthatraidingthebiscuittinwithoutaskingpermissionisacceptable,butthatborrowingaparentsclotheswithoutpermissionisnot.【题目】39.Welearnfromthelastparagraphthatinteachingchildrentosaysorry.[A]thecomplexitiesinvolvedshouldbeignored[B]theiragesshouldbetakenintoaccount[C]parentsneedtosetthemagoodexample[D]parentsshouldbepatientandtolerant【解析】选[B]。本题是在列举处命题。作者以三个不同年龄段的孩子为例,说明在帮各个年龄段的孩子理解道歉的必要性时侧重点要有所不同。由此可知,作者是在强调教孩子学会道歉时要考虑到孩子的年龄,故答案为[B]。五、指代处为了简洁明了地表达事物及其逻辑关系,作者常会利用各种代词、名词来指代前面提到过的人、物或事。当指代词前后的句子结构比较复杂,指代词与其代替的人、物或事相隔较远,或指代词周围出现多个事物时,这种指代关系往往不易一下区分清楚,因而常常受到出题人的青睐。【例5】(01130)【原文】TherealitythathasblockedmypathtobecomethetypicalsuccessfulstudentisthatengineeringandtheliberalartssimplydontmixaseasilyasIassumedinhighschool.Individuallytheyshapeapersoninverydifferentways;togethertheythreatentoconfuse.Thestruggletoreconcilethetwofieldsofstudyisdifficult.【题目】30.Theword“they”in“…togethertheythreatentoconfuse”refersto.[A]practicalityandrationality [B]engineeringandtheliberalarts[C]realityandnobleideals[D]flexibilityandavaluesystem【解析】选[B]。本题是在指示代词处命题。联系上一句可知,本句中的两个they均是代指engineeringandtheliberalarts(工程学和文科),故答案为[B]。六、观点态度处文章中作者对于某人或某事物的观点或态度以及文章中涉及到的其他人或组织机构的观点或态度也常受出题人的青睐。解题时要留意文章中出现doubt,appreciate,hate,against等表达观点态度的词语的地方,以及一些带有感情色彩的特殊句式(祈使句、感叹句、反问句等)。【例6】(11664)【原文】RogerPielkeJr.,apoliticalscientistattheUniversityofColorado,Boulder,whostudiesdisastertrends,saidtheForumsreportwas“amethodologicalembarrassment”becausetherewasnowaytodistinguishdeathsoreconomiclossesrelatedtohuman-drivenglobalwarmingamidthemuchlargerlossesresultingfromthegrowthinpopulationsandeconomicdevelopmentinvulnerable(易受伤害的)regions.【题目】64.WhatdoesDr.PielkesayabouttheForumsreport?[A]Itsstatisticslookembarrassing.[B]Itisinvalidintermsofmethodology.[C]Itdeservesourclosestattention.[D]Itsconclusionispurposelyexaggerated.【解析】选[B]。本题是在观点态度处设题。本句提到,Pielke认为该论坛报告是“一个方法论的尴尬”,后面紧接着对此进行解释:因为在脆弱地区,在由人口增长和经济发展所造成的较大损失中,没有办法区分出由人力驱使的全球变暖造成的死亡和经济损失。由此可见,Pielke认为就方法论而言,该论坛的报告是无效的,故答案为[B]。七、因果关系处一般来说,考查因果关系的题有两种形式:给出原因推结果或是给出结果找原因。【例7】(101266)【原文】Earlymodelsoftenfailedtowithstandcrashes,however,soin1965thedevicewascompletelyredesignedandmovedtotherearoftheplane—thearealeastsubjecttoimpact—fromitsoriginalpositioninthelandingwells(起落架舱).【题目】59.Whywastheblackboxredesignedin1965?[A]Newmaterialsbecameavailablebythattime.[B]Toomuchspacewasneededforitsinstallation.[C]Theearlymodelsoftengotdamagedinthecrash.[D]Theearlymodelsdidntprovidetheneededdata.【解析】选[C]。本题是在因果处命题。文中提到,早期的黑匣子经常抗不住撞击(failedtowithstandcrashes),因此在1965年,黑匣子被重新设计(redesigned),故答案为[C]。gotdamagedinthecrash对应failedtowithstandcrashes。八、引言处作者为论证自己的观点,常会引用其他人或组织机构的论断或发现等,出题人常会将此处设为题眼。【例8】(081259)【原文】“Alotofmenthinktheyreinvincible(不可战胜的),”Gullottasays.“Theyonlycomeinwhenafrienddropsdeadonthegolfcourseandtheythink,‘Geez,ifitcouldhappentohim,…”【题目】59.Whichofthefollowingbestcompletesthesentence‘Geez,ifitcouldhappentohim,…?[A]Itcouldhappentome,too.[B]Ishouldavoidplayinggolf.[C]Ishouldconsidermyselflucky.[D]Itwouldbeabigmisfortune.【解析】选[A]。本题是在引言处命题。文中Gullotta话中的They…comein…中的they指代前面所说的“认为自己是不可战胜的男性”;comein指的是“走进医生的办公室”,即看病。由该句可知,那些认为自己是不可战胜的男性会去看医生,是因为在他们看到朋友死在了高尔夫球场上时感到了害怕。根据常识可推断,他们害怕是因为他们担心同样的事情会发生在他们身上,所以能够最好完成‘Geez,ifitcouldhappentohim,…的应是[A]Itcouldhappentome,too。九、特殊句式处篇章阅读经常考查的特殊句式包括强调句、倒装句、虚拟语气句,以及包含从句及not…but…,preferdoingtodoing等特殊结构的句子,这些句式中经常暗含作者想要表达的某种观点态度或想要陈述的事实细节。【例9】(08666)【原文】Butprivacydoesmatter—atleastsometimes.Itslikehealth:Whenyouhaveityoudontnoticeit.Onlywhenitsgonedoyouwishyouddonemoretoprotectit.【题目】66.Accordingtothepassage,privacyislikehealthinthat.[A]peoplewillmakeeveryefforttokeepit[B]itsimportanceisrarelyunderstood[C]itissomethingthatcaneasilybelost[D]peopledontcherishituntiltheyloseit【解析】选[D]。本题是在冒号处、倒装句处命题。文中提到privacy就如同健康,冒号后对其进行了进一步的解释:当你拥有它的时候你并不在意,只有当你失去它的时候你才后悔没有好好保护它。Onlywhen…倒装结构使前后两句在意思上的关系更加清楚,衔接更加紧密,起到承上启下的作用。十、特殊标点处特殊标点符号主要包括:破折号(主要表解释或补充说明);括号(主要表解释);冒号(主要表解释或列举);引号(主要表引用或引号内内容有特殊含义);分号(主要表并列或进一步解释说明)等等。出题人经常会针对这些特殊标点的前后内容设题,考查考生对特殊标点含义及其前后内容的理解程度。【例10】(091259)【原文】Justasshewillhavehercritics,shewillalsohavemillionsoffanswhousuallyhavelittleinterestintheFirstLady.ManyAfricanAmericanblogshavewrittenaboutwhattheydliketoseeMichellebringtotheWhiteHouse—【题目】59.WhatdomanyAfricanAmericanswriteaboutintheirblogs?[A]WhetherMichellecanliveuptothehighexpectationsofherfans.[B]HowMichelleshouldbehaveasapublicfigure.[C]HowproudtheyaretohaveablackwomanintheWhiteHouse.mainlyshowingtheworldthatablackwomancansupporthermanandraiseastrongblackfamily.[D]WhatMichelleshoulddoaswifeandmotherintheWhiteHouse.【解析】选[D]。本题是在破折号处命题。文中提到,许多非裔美国人在他们的博客中写到他们希望Michelle给美国白宫带来什么。破折号后的内容对what进行了进一步说明,即大多数人希望Michelle能向全世界展示:一个黑人女性是可以支持丈夫、照顾整个家庭的。[D]的表述符合原文,故为答案。即讲即练Exercise1Manyhistoriansofthetwentiethcenturylookbackatthefifteenthcenturyandsay,“Machiavelliwasthefirstpoliticalscientistinhistory.”Theysaythathelookedatpoliticsforthefirsttimewiththefactualeyeofascientist.Hewasonlyinterestedinthefacts.Hethoughtthatpoliticsandmoralitydidntgotogetherveryoften,buthestudiedideasofrightandwrong,alongwithpolitics;governmentleaders,hewrote,couldusetheseideastogetandkeeppower.InMachiavellisopinion,thenatureofhumanbeingsisusuallyevil,soagoodpersonmustalwaysfail.Hethoughtitwasimportantforapoliticalleadertoknowhowtobebad.Infact,Machiavellisawleadersofgovernmentaspeopleaboveordinaryhumanbeings;sohebelieved,theyarealsoaboveordinarymorality.Goodandevil,hesaid,areonlyideasthatweakpeopleusetoexcuseweakness;powerfulpeopleusetheseideastokeepotherpeopleweak.Theycanleadbecausetheywantpowerandbecausetheyfightforit.Also,theseleadersarenotusuallyafraidtoleavemoralitybehind,sotheydonthaveideasofrightorwrongtostopthem.Theythinkonlyofpower.Itisnice,Machiavellisaid,ifpoliticalleaderscanalsobegoodpeople,buttheymustknowhowtobebadwhenthetimecomes.Machiavellisaidthatitisnaturaltofightforpowerandthattherearetwomethodspeopleuse:lawandphysicalforce.Thefirstmethodisthewayofhumanbeings.Theydothistogetandkeeppower.Peopleareevil,inMachiavellisopinion,sowarandfightingarealwaysintheworld;theyareanaturalpartofit.Politicalleadersknowthewayofnature,ofpeople,andanimals,andtheyusetheirknowledgetogetwhattheywant.[310words]1.Accordingtothepassage,apoliticalscientistisapersonwho.[A]studiespoliticsandscienceatthesametime[B]concernsaboutscienceasapolitician[C]knowspoliticsaswellasscience[D]studiespoliticsinascientificway2.WhichofthefollowingcanbestexpressMachiavellisidea?[A]Thereisnothingabsolutelyrightorwrongintheworld.[B]Politicalleaderssticktomoralitytostopthemselvesfromdoingsomethingwrong.[C]Weakpeopleusetheideasofrightandwrongtokeepinwardpeace.[D]Comparedwithpower,ideasofrightandwrongarenothingtopoliticalleaders.3.ItisnotdifficulttolearnfromthepassagethatMachiavellibelieves.[A]politicalleadersarespecialhumanbeingsandhavedifferentmorality[B]humanbeingsareusuallybadandarecertaintofail[C]powerfulpeopleuseideasofrightandwrongtocontrolthemselves[D]politicalleadersshouldkeepmoralityinmind4.WhatdoesMachiavellithinkofpoliticalleaders?[A]Theywouldneverbegoodpeople.[B]Theyareafraidtodesertmorality.[C]Theyonlythinkofpowerandignoremorality.[D]Theydistinguishthemselvesfortheirevilnature.5.Whatisthepassagemainlytalkingabout?[A]Thebehaviorofpoliticians.[B]Thesimilaritybetweenhumanbeingsandanimals.[C]Thedifferencebetweenpoliticalleadersandcommonpeople.[D]Thescientificviewofpolitics.Exercise2BythetimetheMontgomeryImprovementAssociationchosethe26yearoldMartinLutherKingJr.asitsleader,thehoursoldbusboycottbytheblackcitizensofMontgomery,Alabama,wasalreadyanoverwhelmingsuccess.Kingwouldlaterwritethathisunanticipatedcalltoleadership“happenedsoquicklythatIdidnothavetimetothinkinthrough.”“ItisprobablethatifIhad,Iwouldhavedeclinedthenomination.”Althoughpressreportsatthetimefocusedonhisinspiringoratory,Kingwasactuallyareluctantleaderofamovementinitiatedbyothers.(TheboycottbeganonDec.51955.)Hissubsequentwritingsandprivatecorrespondencerevealamanwhoseinnerdoubtssharplycontrastwithhispublicpersona.Intheearlydaysofhisinvolvement,Kingwastroubledbytelephonethreats,discordwithintheblackcommunityandMontgomerys“gettough”policy,towhichKingattributedhisjailingonaminortrafficviolation.Onenight,asheconsideredwaysto“moveoutofthepicturewithoutappearingacoward,”hebegantoprayaloudand,atthatmoment,“experiencedthepresenceoftheGodasIhadneverexperiencedHimbefore.”Hewouldlateradmitthatwhentheboycottbegan,hewasnotyetfirmlycommittedtoGandhianprinciples.Althoughhehadbeenexposedtothoseteachingsincollege,hehadremainedskeptical.“Ithoughttheonlywaywecouldsolveourproblemofsegregationwasanarmedrevolt,”herecalled.“IfeltthattheChristianethicoflovewasconfinedtoindividualrelationships.”OnlyafterhishomewasbombedinlateJanuarydidKingreconsiderhisviewsonviolence.(Atthetime,hewasseekingagunpermitandwasprotectedbyarmedbodyguards.)CompetingwitheachothertoinfluenceKingweretwoardentpacifists:BayardRustin,ablackactivistwiththeWarResistersLeague,andtheRev.GlennE.Smiley,awhitestaffmemberoftheFellowshipofReconciliation.RustinwasshockedtodiscoveraguninKingshouse,whileSmileyinformedfellowpacifiststhatKingshomewas“anarsenal”.[338words]1.InKingsopinion,hisnominationwas.[A]supportedbymostblackcitizensofMontgomery[B]outofhisexpectation[C]inappropriateandhasty[D]afortunetotheblackcitizensofMontgomery2.AtfirstitwasagainstKingswilltoleadthemovementbecause.[A]hewasnttheinitiatorofthemovement[B]hethoughtitwasnoneofhisbusiness[C]hewasunconfidentaboutbeingaqualifiedleader[D]hewasinexperiencedinleadingamovementlikethat3.Kingbelievedthattosolvetheirproblemofsegregation,.[A]hehadtoresorttoviolence[B]heneededareconciliationtoshowtheChristianethicoflove[C]hehadtodeliveraseriesofspeechestopersuadethepeople[D]hehadtoresorttointernationalassistance4.WhywouldKingchangehisviewpointtowardviolence?[A]Becausetwoardentpacifistshadbeenworkinghardtopersuadehim.[B]Becausehewastoooldtobeviolent.[C]Becausehehimselfbecamevictimofviolence.[D]Becausehewasundergreatpressurefromthepublic.5.Thewords“anarsenal”attheendofthepassagereferto.[A]aplacewherebombingtestsareconducted[B]aplacewhereweaponsarekept[C]aplacewherepeoplegettogether[D]aplacewherepeoplearetrainedtouseweapons【答案与解析】Exercise1【文章大意】本文的主要内容是关于马基雅维里对政治的看法。文章描写了马基雅维里以科学家的眼光,从事实的角度来看待政治。在他看来,人的本性是丑恶的,因此善良的人总是会失败。作为政治领导人,就要懂得如何成为“坏人”。他们会把道德观点置于脑后,没有是非观念,因为在他们心中只有权力,他们要为权力而战,因此战争无处不在。1.【解析】选[D]。篇首处、引言处命题。文章第一段第一句指出,许多historians都认为Machiavelliwasthefirstpoliticalscientistinhistory,紧接着第二句对此进行了解释,即Machiavelli是第一个lookedatpoliticsforthefirsttimewiththefactualeyeofascientist(从科学的角度来看待政治的人)。由此可知,politicalscientist是以scientificway(科学的方法)来studiespolitics(研究政治)的,故答案为[D]。2.【解析】选[D]。对比处命题。文章第二段倒数第二、三句指出,政治领导人并不害怕leavemoralitybehind(失去道德),所以ideasofrightorwrong(是非观点)并不会阻碍他们,他们所考虑的只是power,由此可知,比起power来,ideasofrightandwrong对政治领导人来说不值一提,故答案为[D]。3.【解析】选[A]。因果关系处命题。文章第二段第三句指出,Machiavelli认为leadersofgovernment是aboveordinaryhumanbeings(优于普通人)的,因此他认为leadersofgovernment的道德观念也是aboveordinarymorality。由此可推断,在Machiavelli眼里,政治领导人是specialhumanbeings,并且拥有不同于常人的morality,故答案为[A]。4.【解析】选[C]。观点态度处命题。文章第二段倒数第二句指出,政治领导人thinkonlyofpower;且由倒数第三句theseleadersarenotusuallyafraidtoleavemoralitybehind…可知,政治领导人根本不在乎morality,故答案为[C]。第二段提到,政治领导人canalsobegoodpeople,但他们不怕leavemoralitybehind,因为人的本性isusuallyevil,而并非只是政治领导人的本性坏,故[D]错误。5.【解析】选[D]。篇首处命题。综观全文,文章主要以Machiavelli的factualeyeofascientist(科学眼光)介绍政治,虽然中间提到政治领导人和普通人的区别,但这只是为了从scientificview来介绍politics,由此可知答案为[D]。【文章译文】[1]很多20世纪的历史学家在回顾15世纪时常说:“马基雅维里是史上第一位政治学家。”[5]他们说他是最先以科学家的视角审视政治的人。他只对事实感兴趣。他认为政治与道德并不经常相互关联,但在研究政治的同时也研究观点的正误。他写道,政府领袖可以利用这些观点获得权力并保持权力。在马基雅维里看来,人类的本性通常是邪恶的,所以好人必定总是失败。他认为政治领导人知道如何成为坏人非常重要。[3]事实上马基雅维里将政府领袖看作凌驾于常人之上的群体,所以他相信,这些人凌驾于平常的道德之上。他说,善与恶只是弱势群体用来为他们的弱小辩解的一种概念;而强势群体利用这种概念来使弱势群体继续保持弱势。他们可以领导别人是因为他们渴望得到权力并为之打拼。[2][4]同样,这些领袖通常不担心道德缺失问题,所以他们不会因为想到什么是对什么是错而改变行事方式。他们只考虑权力。马基雅维里说,如果政治领袖可以做好人,那也不错,但他们必须知道如何在该做坏人的时候做坏人。马基雅维里说,为权力打拼是很正常的事情,有两种方法可以加以运用:法律和武力。前一种是大众的方法。他们通过这种方法获得权力并保持权力。在马基雅维里看来,人是邪恶的,所以世上总是战争不断,因为战争是人类本性的一部分。政治领袖知道人类以及动物的本性,并利用他们的知识来获取所需之物。Exercise2【文章大意】本文主要讲述了小马丁·路德·金在担任蒙哥马利发展协会的领导人之后对于处理相关事宜颇为烦恼,并表示他认为解决问题的唯一方法是诉诸武力,而当他的家被炸之后,他对暴力的看法有所改变。1.【解析】选[B]。篇首处命题。文章第一段第二句指出,King认为他被指派为Montgomery领导人happenedsoquickly(发生得太快),以至于他didnothavetimetothinkitthrough(没有时间仔细考虑这件事),即King认为对他的nomination(任命)出乎他的意料,故答案为[B]。选项[C]中hasty(仓促)符合文意,但King并没表示这次任命inappropriate(不合适),故排除[C]。选项[A]、[D]文中未提及。2.【解析】选[A]。转折处命题。文章第二段第一句指出,尽管新闻报道着眼于King鼓舞人心的演讲,但King对于担任领导人reluctant(不情愿),因为这项活动initiatedbyother(是别人发起的),即他不是活动的发起人,故答案为[A]。3.【解析】选[A]。引言处命题。文章第三段第三句指出,King认为solveourproblemofsegregation的theonlyway是anarmedrevolt(武装起义)。由此可判断,他认为想解决问题,就要诉诸armedforces(武力),故答案为[A]。4.【解析】选[C]。倒装句处命题。文章第四段第一句使用了倒装结构,表明直到King的家被bombed(炸)后,他才reconsiderhisviewonviolence(重新审视对暴力的看法),由此可知,由于他自己也成了暴力的victim(牺牲品),所以他才会改变对暴力的看法,故答案为[C]。5.【解析】选[B]。篇尾处、对比处命题。文章第四段倒数第二句提到,两个热情的和平主义者Rustin与Smiley竞相试图影响King。倒数第一句提到Rustin震惊地发现King的家里有一把枪,随后使用了while连接的并列句,表对比,指出Smiley告知他的和平主义同仁,King的家是anarsenal。根据前后的对比关系判断,Smiley指出的问题与Rustin的发现相比应该有过之而无不及,也就是说,Smiley想说King的家里还有其他武器,即他的家里存放着大量武器,故答案为[B]。【文章译文】26岁的小马丁·路德·金被任命为蒙哥马利发展协会领导人时,亚拉巴马州蒙哥马利黑人公民进行的持续数小时的抵制乘坐公共汽车的行动已经取得了全面胜利。[1]金随后写道,这个预料之外的领导人任命“发生地太过突然,一直我没有时间仔细考虑。”“如果我有时间考虑,我大概会拒绝这次任命。”[2]尽管新闻报道当时着眼于金鼓舞人心的演讲,但实际上金对于担任这个由别人发起的活动的领导人很不情愿。(抵制活动开始于1955年12月5日。)他后来的书面文字和私人信件体现出,他内心的疑虑与他在公开场合的伪装极其不符。在上任初期,金陷入了电话威胁和与黑人团体以及蒙哥马利的“强硬”政策发生冲突的麻烦当中,金将这件事视为在一次小规模的交通暴力中被拘留的原因。一天晚上,当他在思考如何“摆脱现状而又不会显得像个胆小鬼”时,他开始大声祈祷,而且在那一刻,“感受到了上帝的存在,就好像我以前从没感受到过一样。”他之后承认,抵制活动开始时,他还没有坚定地遵从甘地原则(译者注:即“非暴力不合作”)。尽管他曾在大学里接受过关于这方面的教育,但他还是对此持怀疑态度。[3]他回忆道:“我认为解决隔离问题的唯一办法就是武装起义,我觉得基督教伦理观中的爱仅仅局限于一些特定的个体之间。”[4]直到一月末自己家被炸,金才重新审视自己对暴力的看法。(当时他正在试图得到持枪许可证,并且有两个武装的保镖保护他。)[5]有两个热情的和平主义者争相试图对金造成影响,他们是反战联盟的黑人活动家贝阿德·拉斯廷以及和解团体的白人成员格兰E·斯麦利牧师。拉斯廷倍感震惊地发现金家里有一把枪,而斯麦利则告诉他的和平主义同仁:金的家是个“军火库”。Lecture2第二讲5招巧做主旨大意题主旨大意题主要测试考生对文章主题的理解和把握能力,以及对文章大意的归纳概括能力。这类题目常就文章的主题、大意、标题或写作目的进行提问,因此主旨大意题还可细分为主题型主旨大意题、标题型主旨大意题和目的型主旨大意题。常见的题干表现形式如下:Thepassageismainlyabout.Thepassagemainlydiscusses.Thepassagecenterson.Themainideaofthepassageis.Thebesttitleforthepassagewouldbe.Whichofthefollowingtitlesbestsummarizesthemainideaofthepassage?Whatstheauthorspurposeinwritingthisarticle?Theauthorsmainpurposeinwritingthepassageisto.解答主旨大意题,常用的解题招术如下:第一招:优先考虑概括性较强的选项能够表现文章的主旨大意的选项一般都具有较强的概括性,经常含有像way,approach,concept,chance,opportunity,general,necessity,importance等抽象名词和概括性词语,因此在选择时应优先考虑这类选项。第二招:切忌选择内容片面的选项针对主旨大意题的干扰选项经常是文章中某一部分内容,选项本身与原文相符,但只是文章所陈述主题的一部分,而不能概括整篇文章的主旨,因此在解答主旨大意题时,要从文章的整体考虑,切忌只根据文章的某一个段落而误选内容片面、单一的选项。第三招:重点阅读首尾段和各段首尾文章的第一段往往解释文章的主题,文章的最后一段往往也会对主题进行总结或呼应。各段的开头和结尾一般也都会揭示出段落的主题。因此阅读完首尾段及各段首尾基本也就可以概括出文章的主旨大意了。第四招:寻找文章或段落的主题句一般而言,主题句在句法结构上有以下特点:所表达的意思具有概括性;句子结构简单明了;文章或段落中的其他句子都是对主题句的进一步解释、说明、论证或扩展。全文的主题句一般是在首段开头或第二段开头;段落的主题句一般是在段落的开头。如果全文没有主题句,文章的主旨也往往可以根据各段的主题句归纳概括出来。第五招:注意出现频率较高的词语文章中重复频率较高的词语很可能就是蕴含文章中心思想的关键词,这类关键词可能是同一个词语多次出现,也可能是同一类词语贯穿全文。即讲即练Exercise1Ifananimalismovedfromitshomeinthetropicstocoldclimate,itwilldieifitisnotkeptwarm.Andanimalsaccustomedtocoldclimateswilldieiftheyaremovedtothetropics.Manyplants,too,willdieiftheyareremovedfromtheplacewheretheynormallygrowandaretransplantedintoanunfamiliarsoil.Almosteveryspeciesisadaptedtolifeinaparticularplacebyitsorgansandtheirfunctionsandbyitspermanenthabits.Thespecializedadaptationhasgreatadvantages.Foritenablesmanyorganismstosurviveunderdifficultconditions.Italsohasdisadvantages,foritmeansthatthelivingthingsarenotscatteredovertheearthatrandom;mostspecieshavedefinitehabitsforlivingplaces.Ecologyisthestudyofhoworganismsliveintheirenvironment.Thismeansfindingouthowanorganismsurvivesandreproducesincertainsurroundings.Byenvironmentwemeannotonlythesoilandtheclimatebutthelivingthingsofthesamespeciesandotherspecies,plantoranimal.Mostlivingthingsareslavestotheirenvironment.Somecanaltercertainfeaturesoftheirenvironmenttosuitthemselves;abeaver(海狸),forexample,canmakepondsbybuildingdams;manybirdsandinsectscanbuildelaborateneststoprovideshelterfortheiryoung.Buttheseskillsarerestrictedandhighlyspecialized.Mostorganismsmustadapttheirbodiestofitinwiththeirsurroundings,andsincetheycanadaptonlyforparticularsurroundings,theyarefoundonlyinplaceswheretheycanlivesuccessfullywiththeleasteffort.Plantsfindthesefavorableplacesbytrialanderrors.Thewindcarriestheirseedsandspores(芽胞)greatdistances.Iftheseedslandinafavorableenvironmenttheygrowandreproduce.Iftheyaredepositedinanunfavorableenvironmenttheydie.Animals,ontheotherhand,searchuntiltheyfindafavorableenvironment.[321words]1.Whatdothefirstthreesentencesofthepassagewanttoprove?[A]Livingthingsadaptabilityisnotsogood.[B]Thespecializedadaptationhasitsowndrawbacks.[C]Appropriatetemperatureisessentialforlivingthingssurvival.[D]Livingthingsshouldbeconfinedtocertainregioninordertokeepalive.2.Whatdoestheauthormeanby“adaptation”(Line4,Para.1)?[A]Thepermanenthabitsofmostlivingthings.[B]Thecontrolofmostspeciesoflivingthingsbylocalconditions.[C]Theabilityoflivingthingstosurviveinaparticularplaceunderdifficultconditions.[D]Theabilityoflivingthingstogetfamiliarwiththeirsurroundings.3.Animalsaredifferentfromplantsinthat.[A]theirorgansarehighlyspecializedtotheirsurroundings[B]theycanlookforafavorableenvironmentforsurvivalontheirowninitiative[C]theyusuallyhavetheirownlocallivingconditions[D]theycanmoreorlessaltertheirsurroundings4.Whichofthefollowingisimpliedbutnotstatedinthepassage?[A]Animalsarenotcompletelyrestrictedorconfinedtotheirsurroundings.[B]Plantsarecompletelyconfinedtotheirsurroundings.[C]Surroundingssometimescaneasilybealteredbyanimals.[D]Thespecializedadaptationisveryimportantforanimals,plantsaswellashumanbeings.5.Whatisthemainideaofthepassage?[A]Livingthingsandtheirsurroundings.[B]Differenthabitsofanimalsandplants.[C]Plantsandanimals:slavesoftheirsurroundings.[D]Animalsabilitytoadaptthemselvestotheirsurroundings.Exercise2Theconceptofobtainingfreshwaterfromicebergsthatarepulledtopopulatedareasanddryregionsoftheworldwasoncetreatedasajokemoreappropriatetocartoonsthanreallife.Butnowitisbeingconsideredquiteseriouslybymanynations,especiallysincescientistshavewarnedthathumanracewilloutgrowitsfreshwatersupplyfasterthanitrunsoutoffood.Glaciersareapossiblesourceoffreshwaterthathasbeenoverlookeduntilrecently.ThreequartersoftheEarthsfreshwatersupplyisstilltiedupinglacialice,areservoirofuntappedfreshwatersoimmensethatitcouldsustainalltheriversoftheworldfor1,000years.Floatingontheoceansare7,659trillionmetrictonsoficeencasedin10,000icebergsthatbreakawayfromthepolaricecaps,morethanninetypercentofthemfromAntarctica.Hugeglaciersthatstretchovertheshallowcontinentalshelfgivebirthtoicebergsthroughouttheyear.Icebergsarenotlikeseaice,whichisformedwhentheseaitselffreezes;rather,theyareformedentirelyonland,breakingoffwhenglaciersspreadoverthesea.Astheydriftawayfromthepolarregion,icebergssometimesmovemysteriouslyinadirectionoppositetothewind,pulledbysubsurfacecurrents.Becausetheymeltmoreslowlythansmallerpiecesofice,icebergshavebeenknowntodriftasfarnorthas35degreessouthoftheequatorintheAtlanticOcean.Tocorralthemandsteerthemtopartsoftheworldwheretheyareneededwouldnotbetoodifficult.Thedifficultyarisesinothertechnicalmatters,suchasthepreventionofrapidmeltinginwarmerclimatesandthefunneling(通过漏斗流过)offreshwatertoshoreingreatvolume.Buteveniftheicebergslosthalfoftheirvolumeinhauling,thewatertheycouldprovidewouldbefarcheaperthanthatproducedbydesalination,orremovingsaltfromwater.[331words]1.Whatisthepassagemainlyabout?[A]Themovementofglaciers.[B]Icebergsasasourceoffreshwater.[C]Futurewatershortages.[D]Thefutureoftheworldsrivers.2.Whichofthefollowingideaswilltheauthorprobablyagreewith?[A]Pullingicebergstodryareaiseconomicallypossible.[B]Desalinationofwateristhebestwaytoobtaindrinkingwater.[C]Usingwaterfromicebergsisashorttermsolutiontowatershortages.[D]Icebergscouldnotbehauledveryfarbeforetheywouldmelt.3.Theword“corral”(Line5,Para.3)isclosestinmeaningto.[A]protectbyforminggroups[B]captureandkeepholdof[C]gather[D]control4.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethat.[A]therewillnoshortageoffoodinthefuture[B]gettingfreshwaterfromicebergswasonceconsideredabsurd[C]icebergscanbeusedextremelyefficiently[D]therearetenthousandpolaricecapsintheworld5.Accordingtothepassage,icebergssometimesmoveinadirect
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