语言学认知语言学课件

LanguageandCognitionCognitiveLinguisticsLanguageandCognitionCognitiv1WhatIsCognitiveLinguistics?Cognitivelinguisticsisanewlyestablishedapproachtothestudyoflanguagethatemergedinthe1970s.Itisbasedonhumanexperiencesoftheworldandthewaytheyperceiveandconceptualizetheworld.WhatIsCognitiveLinguistics?2MainPointsinCognitiveLinguisticsConstrualandConstrualOperationsCategorizationImageSchemasMetaphorMetonymyBlendingTheory

MainPointsinCognitiveLingu3ConstrualandConstrualOperations

Construalistheabilitytoconceiveandportraythesamesituationinalternatewaysthroughspecificity,differentmentalscanning,directionality,vantagepoint,figure-groundsegregation,etc.Attention/SalienceJudgment/ComparisonPerspective/SituatednessConstrualandConstrualOperat4ConstrualandConstrualOperations:Attention/SalienceTheoperationinsaliencehavetodowithourdirectionofattentiontowardssth.thatissalienttous.Incognition,wedirectourattentiontotheactivationofconceptualstructures.Weusecertainlinguisticexpressionstoprovokecertainpatternsofactivation.ConstrualandConstrualOperat5ConstrualandConstrualOperations:Judgment/ComparisonTheconstrualoperationsofjudgment/comparisonhavetodowithjudgingsth.bycomparingittosth.else.Thefigure-groundalignmentapplytospace,withthegroundastheprepositionalobjectandtheprepositionexpressingthespatialrelationalconfiguration.Staticanddynamicfigure/groundTrajectorforamovingfigureLandmarkforthegroundofamovingfigureConstrualandConstrualOperat6CategorizationCategorizationistheprocessofclassifyingourexperiencesintodifferentcategoriesbasedoncommonalitiesanddifferences.Therearethreelevelsincategories.BasiclevelSuper-ordinatelevelSubordinatelevelCategorizationCategorizationi7MetaphorMetaphorinvolvesthecomparisonoftwoconceptsinthatoneisconstructedintermsofanother.Itisoftendescribedintermsofatargetdomainandasourcedomain.LakoffandJohnclassifyconceptualmetaphorsintothreecategoriesMetaphor8ThreeCategoriesofMetaphorOntologicalmetaphorsStructuralmetaphorsOrientationalmetaphorsThreeCategoriesofMetaphor9ThreeCategoriesofMetaphorOntologicalmetaphorsOntologicalmetaphorsmeansthathumanexperienceswithphysicalobjectsprovidethebasisforwaysofviewingevents,activities,emotions,ideas,etc.asentitiesandsubstances.ThreeCategoriesofMetaphor10ThreeCategoriesofMetaphorStructuralmetaphorsStructuralmetaphorsallowustogobeyondorientationandreferringandgiveusthepossibilitytostructureoneconceptaccordingtoanother.ThreeCategoriesofMetaphor11ThreeCategoriesofMetaphorOrientationalmetaphorsOrientationalmetaphorsgiveaconceptaspatialorientationThreeCategoriesofMetaphorOr12MetonymyMetonymyisdefinedasacognitiveprocessinwhichthevehicleprovidesmentalaccesstothetargetwithinthesamedomainTwoConceptualConfigurationsWholeICManditspart(s)PartsofanICMMetonymy13Metonymy

—WholeICManditspart(s)Thing-and-PartICMScaleICMConstitutionICMEventICMCategory-and-MemberICMCategory-and-PropertyICMReductionICMMetonymy

—WholeICMandits14Metonymy—PartsofanICMActionICMPerceptionICMCausationICMProductionICMControlICMPossessionICMContainmentICMLocationICMSignandReferenceICMsModificationICMMetonymy—PartsofanICMActi15WhatIsCognitiveLinguistics?BlendingTheoryFauconnierandTurnerproposeanddiscussblendingorintegrationtheory,acognitiveoperationwherebyelementsoftwoormore“mentalspaces”areintegratedviaprojectionintonew,blendedspacewhichhasitsuniquestructure.ConditionsareneededwhentwoinputspacesI1andI2areblended:Cross-SpaceMappingGenericSpaceBlendEmergentStructureWhatIsCognitiveLinguistics?16WhatIsCognitiveLinguistics?ImageSchemasImageschemaisarecurring,dynamicpatternofourperceptualinteractionsandmotorprogramsthatgivescoherenceandstructuretoourexperience.WhatIsCognitiveLinguistics?17WhatIsCognitiveLinguistics?ImageSchemasAcenter-peripheryschemaAcontainmentschemaAcycleschemaAforceschemaAlinkschemaApart-wholeschemaApathschemaAscaleschemaAverticalityschemaWhatIsCognitiveLinguistics?18类属空间

输入空间1输入空间2

合成空间施事经历者锋利的刀具工作场所程序（目标、方式）角色:外科医生(外科医生身份)角色:病人(病人身份)手术刀手术室目标:康复方式:手术角色:屠夫角色:商品(动物)屠刀屠宰场目标:切肉方式:屠宰外科医生身份病人身份切肉手术刀手术室目标：康复方式：屠宰不称职类属空间施事角色:外科医生角色:屠夫外科医生身份目标：康复19LanguageandCognitionCognitiveLinguisticsLanguageandCognitionCognitiv20WhatIsCognitiveLinguistics?Cognitivelinguisticsisanewlyestablishedapproachtothestudyoflanguagethatemergedinthe1970s.Itisbasedonhumanexperiencesoftheworldandthewaytheyperceiveandconceptualizetheworld.WhatIsCognitiveLinguistics?21MainPointsinCognitiveLinguisticsConstrualandConstrualOperationsCategorizationImageSchemasMetaphorMetonymyBlendingTheory

MainPointsinCognitiveLingu22ConstrualandConstrualOperations

Construalistheabilitytoconceiveandportraythesamesituationinalternatewaysthroughspecificity,differentmentalscanning,directionality,vantagepoint,figure-groundsegregation,etc.Attention/SalienceJudgment/ComparisonPerspective/SituatednessConstrualandConstrualOperat23ConstrualandConstrualOperations:Attention/SalienceTheoperationinsaliencehavetodowithourdirectionofattentiontowardssth.thatissalienttous.Incognition,wedirectourattentiontotheactivationofconceptualstructures.Weusecertainlinguisticexpressionstoprovokecertainpatternsofactivation.ConstrualandConstrualOperat24ConstrualandConstrualOperations:Judgment/ComparisonTheconstrualoperationsofjudgment/comparisonhavetodowithjudgingsth.bycomparingittosth.else.Thefigure-groundalignmentapplytospace,withthegroundastheprepositionalobjectandtheprepositionexpressingthespatialrelationalconfiguration.Staticanddynamicfigure/groundTrajectorforamovingfigureLandmarkforthegroundofamovingfigureConstrualandConstrualOperat25CategorizationCategorizationistheprocessofclassifyingourexperiencesintodifferentcategoriesbasedoncommonalitiesanddifferences.Therearethreelevelsincategories.BasiclevelSuper-ordinatelevelSubordinatelevelCategorizationCategorizationi26MetaphorMetaphorinvolvesthecomparisonoftwoconceptsinthatoneisconstructedintermsofanother.Itisoftendescribedintermsofatargetdomainandasourcedomain.LakoffandJohnclassifyconceptualmetaphorsintothreecategoriesMetaphor27ThreeCategoriesofMetaphorOntologicalmetaphorsStructuralmetaphorsOrientationalmetaphorsThreeCategoriesofMetaphor28ThreeCategoriesofMetaphorOntologicalmetaphorsOntologicalmetaphorsmeansthathumanexperienceswithphysicalobjectsprovidethebasisforwaysofviewingevents,activities,emotions,ideas,etc.asentitiesandsubstances.ThreeCategoriesofMetaphor29ThreeCategoriesofMetaphorStructuralmetaphorsStructuralmetaphorsallowustogobeyondorientationandreferringandgiveusthepossibilitytostructureoneconceptaccordingtoanother.ThreeCategoriesofMetaphor30ThreeCategoriesofMetaphorOrientationalmetaphorsOrientationalmetaphorsgiveaconceptaspatialorientationThreeCategoriesofMetaphorOr31MetonymyMetonymyisdefinedasacognitiveprocessinwhichthevehicleprovidesmentalaccesstothetargetwithinthesamedomainTwoConceptualConfigurationsWholeICManditspart(s)PartsofanICMMetonymy32Metonymy

—WholeICManditspart(s)Thing-and-PartICMScaleICMConstitutionICMEventICMCategory-and-MemberICMCategory-and-PropertyICMReductionICMMetonymy

—WholeICMandits33Metonymy—PartsofanICMActionICMPerceptionICMCausationICMProductionICMControlICMPossessionICMContainmentICMLocationICMSignandReferenceICMsModificationICMMetonymy—PartsofanICMActi34WhatIsCognitiveLinguistics?BlendingTheoryFauconnierandTurnerproposeanddiscussblendingorintegrationtheory,acognitiveoperationwherebyelementsoftwoormore“mentalspaces”areintegratedviaprojectionintonew,blendedspacewhichhasitsuniquestructure.ConditionsareneededwhentwoinputspacesI1andI2areblended:Cross-SpaceMappingGen