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Myers’PSYCHOLOGY

Chapter16PsychologicalDisorders

Myers’PSYCHOLOGY

1PsychologicalDisordersPsychologicalDisordera“harmfuldysfunction”inwhichbehaviorisjudgedtobe:atypical--notenoughinitselfdisturbing--varieswithtimeandculturemaladaptive--harmfulunjustifiable--sometimesthere’sagoodreasonPsychologicalDisordersPsychol2HistoricalPerspectivePerceivedCausesmovementsofsunormoonlunacy--fullmoonevilspiritsAncientTreatmentsexorcism,cagedlikeanimals,beaten,burned,castrated,mutilated,bloodreplacedwithanimal’sbloodHistoricalPerspectivePerceive3PsychologicalDisordersMedicalModelconceptthatdiseaseshavephysicalcausescanbediagnosed,treated,andinmostcases,curedassumesthatthese“mental”illnessescanbediagnosedonthebasisoftheirsymptomsandcuredthroughtherapy,whichmayincludetreatmentinapsychiatrichospitalPsychologicalDisordersMedical4PsychologicalDisordersBio-Psycho-SocialPerspectiveassumesthatbiological,sociocultural,andpsychologicalfactorscombineandinteracttoproducepsychologicaldisordersPsychologicalDisordersBio-Psy5PsychologicalDisordersPsychologicalDisorders6PsychologicalDisorders--EtiologyDSM-IVAmericanPsychiatricAssociation’sDiagnosticandStatisticalManualofMentalDisorders(FourthEdition)awidelyusedsystemforclassifyingpsychologicaldisorderspresentlydistributedasDSM-IV-TR(textrevision)PsychologicalDisorders--Etiol7PsychologicalDisorders-EtiologyNeuroticDisorder(termseldomusednow)usuallydistressingbutthatallowsonetothinkrationallyandfunctionsociallyPsychoticDisorderpersonlosescontactwithrealityexperiencesirrationalideasanddistortedperceptionsPsychologicalDisorders-Etiol8AnxietyDisordersAnxietyDisorders

distressing,persistentanxietyormaladaptivebehaviorsthatreduceanxietyGeneralizedAnxietyDisorderpersonistense,apprehensive,andinastateofautonomicnervoussystemarousalAnxietyDisordersAnxietyDisor9AnxietyDisordersPanicDisordermarkedbyaminutes-longepisodeofintensedreadinwhichapersonexperiencesterrorandaccompanyingchestpain,choking,orotherfrighteningsensationAnxietyDisordersPanicDisorde10AnxietyDisordersPhobiapersistent,irrationalfearofaspecificobjectorsituationObsessive-CompulsiveDisorderunwantedrepetitivethoughts(obsessions)and/oractions(compulsions)AnxietyDisordersPhobia11AnxietyDisordersCommonanduncommonfearsAnxietyDisordersCommonandun12AnxietyDisordersAnxietyDisorders13AnxietyDisordersPETScanofbrainofpersonwithObsessive/CompulsivedisorderHighmetabolicactivity(red)infrontallobeareasinvolvedwithdirectingattentionAnxietyDisordersPETScanofb14MoodDisordersMoodDisorders

characterizedbyemotionalextremesMajorDepressiveDisorder

amooddisorderinwhichaperson,fornoapparentreason,experiencestwoormoreweeksofdepressedmoods,feelingsofworthlessness,anddiminishedinterestorpleasureinmostactivitiesMoodDisordersMoodDisorders15MoodDisordersManicEpisodeamooddisordermarkedbyahyperactive,wildlyoptimisticstateBipolarDisorderamooddisorderinwhichthepersonalternatesbetweenthehopelessnessandlethargyofdepressionandtheoverexcitedstateofmaniaformerlycalledmanic-depressivedisorderMoodDisordersManicEpisode16MoodDisorders-DepressionMoodDisorders-Depression17MoodDisorders-DepressionCanadiandepressionratesMoodDisorders-DepressionCana18MoodDisorders-SuicideMoodDisorders-Suicide19MoodDisorders-BipolarPETscansshowthatbrainenergyconsumptionrisesandfallswithemotionalswitchesDepressedstateManicstateDepressedstateMoodDisorders-BipolarPETscan20MoodDisorders-DepressionAlteringanyonecomponentofthechemistry-cognition-moodcircuitcanaltertheothersMoodDisorders-DepressionAlter21MoodDisorders-DepressionTheviciouscycleofdepressioncanbebrokenatanypointMoodDisorders-DepressionThev22DissociativeDisordersDissociativeDisordersconsciousawarenessbecomesseparated(dissociated)frompreviousmemories,thoughts,andfeelingsDissociativeIdentityDisorderraredissociativedisorderinwhichapersonexhibitstwoormoredistinctandalternatingpersonalitiesformerlycalledmultiplepersonalitydisorderDissociativeDisordersDissocia23SchizophreniaSchizophrenialiteraltranslation“splitmind”agroupofseveredisorderscharacterizedby:disorganizedanddelusionalthinkingdisturbedperceptionsinappropriateemotionsandactionsSchizophreniaSchizophrenia24SchizophreniaDelusionsfalsebeliefs,oftenofpersecutionorgrandeur,thatmayaccompanypsychoticdisordersHallucinationssensoryexperienceswithoutsensorystimulationSchizophreniaDelusions25SchizophreniaSchizophrenia26SchizophreniaSchizophrenia27SchizophreniaSchizophrenia28SchizophreniaSchizophrenia29PersonalityDisordersPersonalityDisordersdisorderscharacterizedbyinflexibleandenduringbehaviorpatternsthatimpairsocialfunctioningusuallywithoutanxiety,depression,ordelusionsPersonalityDisordersPersonali30PersonalityDisordersAntisocialPersonalityDisorderdisorderinwhichtheperson(usuallyman)exhibitsalackofconscienceforwrongdoing,eventowardfriendsandfamilymembersmaybeaggressiveandruthlessoracleverconartistPersonalityDisordersAntisocia31MoodDisorders-DepressionBoyswhowerelaterconvictedofacrimeshowedrelativelylowarousalMoodDisorders-DepressionBoys32PersonalityDisordersPETscansillustratereducedactivationinamurderer’sfrontalcortexNormalMurdererPersonalityDisordersPETscans33PersonalityDisordersPersonalityDisorders34RatesofPsychologicalDisordersRatesofPsychologicalDisorde35Myers’PSYCHOLOGY

Chapter16PsychologicalDisorders

Myers’PSYCHOLOGY

36PsychologicalDisordersPsychologicalDisordera“harmfuldysfunction”inwhichbehaviorisjudgedtobe:atypical--notenoughinitselfdisturbing--varieswithtimeandculturemaladaptive--harmfulunjustifiable--sometimesthere’sagoodreasonPsychologicalDisordersPsychol37HistoricalPerspectivePerceivedCausesmovementsofsunormoonlunacy--fullmoonevilspiritsAncientTreatmentsexorcism,cagedlikeanimals,beaten,burned,castrated,mutilated,bloodreplacedwithanimal’sbloodHistoricalPerspectivePerceive38PsychologicalDisordersMedicalModelconceptthatdiseaseshavephysicalcausescanbediagnosed,treated,andinmostcases,curedassumesthatthese“mental”illnessescanbediagnosedonthebasisoftheirsymptomsandcuredthroughtherapy,whichmayincludetreatmentinapsychiatrichospitalPsychologicalDisordersMedical39PsychologicalDisordersBio-Psycho-SocialPerspectiveassumesthatbiological,sociocultural,andpsychologicalfactorscombineandinteracttoproducepsychologicaldisordersPsychologicalDisordersBio-Psy40PsychologicalDisordersPsychologicalDisorders41PsychologicalDisorders--EtiologyDSM-IVAmericanPsychiatricAssociation’sDiagnosticandStatisticalManualofMentalDisorders(FourthEdition)awidelyusedsystemforclassifyingpsychologicaldisorderspresentlydistributedasDSM-IV-TR(textrevision)PsychologicalDisorders--Etiol42PsychologicalDisorders-EtiologyNeuroticDisorder(termseldomusednow)usuallydistressingbutthatallowsonetothinkrationallyandfunctionsociallyPsychoticDisorderpersonlosescontactwithrealityexperiencesirrationalideasanddistortedperceptionsPsychologicalDisorders-Etiol43AnxietyDisordersAnxietyDisorders

distressing,persistentanxietyormaladaptivebehaviorsthatreduceanxietyGeneralizedAnxietyDisorderpersonistense,apprehensive,andinastateofautonomicnervoussystemarousalAnxietyDisordersAnxietyDisor44AnxietyDisordersPanicDisordermarkedbyaminutes-longepisodeofintensedreadinwhichapersonexperiencesterrorandaccompanyingchestpain,choking,orotherfrighteningsensationAnxietyDisordersPanicDisorde45AnxietyDisordersPhobiapersistent,irrationalfearofaspecificobjectorsituationObsessive-CompulsiveDisorderunwantedrepetitivethoughts(obsessions)and/oractions(compulsions)AnxietyDisordersPhobia46AnxietyDisordersCommonanduncommonfearsAnxietyDisordersCommonandun47AnxietyDisordersAnxietyDisorders48AnxietyDisordersPETScanofbrainofpersonwithObsessive/CompulsivedisorderHighmetabolicactivity(red)infrontallobeareasinvolvedwithdirectingattentionAnxietyDisordersPETScanofb49MoodDisordersMoodDisorders

characterizedbyemotionalextremesMajorDepressiveDisorder

amooddisorderinwhichaperson,fornoapparentreason,experiencestwoormoreweeksofdepressedmoods,feelingsofworthlessness,anddiminishedinterestorpleasureinmostactivitiesMoodDisordersMoodDisorders50MoodDisordersManicEpisodeamooddisordermarkedbyahyperactive,wildlyoptimisticstateBipolarDisorderamooddisorderinwhichthepersonalternatesbetweenthehopelessnessandlethargyofdepressionandtheoverexcitedstateofmaniaformerlycalledmanic-depressivedisorderMoodDisordersManicEpisode51MoodDisorders-DepressionMoodDisorders-Depression52MoodDisorders-DepressionCanadiandepressionratesMoodDisorders-DepressionCana53MoodDisorders-SuicideMoodDisorders-Suicide54MoodDisorders-BipolarPETscansshowthatbrainenergyconsumptionrisesandfallswithemotionalswitchesDepressedstateManicstateDepressedstateMoodDisorders-BipolarPETscan55MoodDisorders-DepressionAlteringanyonecomponentofthechemistry-cognition-moodcircuitcanaltertheothersMoodDisorders-DepressionAlter56MoodDisorders-DepressionTheviciouscycleofdepressioncanbebrokenatanypointMoodDisorders-DepressionThev57DissociativeDisordersDissociativeDisordersconsciousawarenessbecomesseparated(dissociated)frompreviousmemories,thoughts,andfeelingsDissociativeIdentityDisorderraredissociativedisorderinwhichapersonexhibitstwoormoredistinctandalternatingpersonalitiesformerlycalledmultiplepersonalitydisorderDissociativeDisordersDissocia58SchizophreniaSchizophrenialiteraltranslation“splitmind”agroupofseveredisorderscharacterizedby:disorganizedanddelusionalthinkingdisturbedperceptionsinappropriateemotionsandactionsSchizophreniaSchizophrenia59SchizophreniaDelusionsfals

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