以及咖啡因课件

酒,煙,以及咖啡因:

未被公認的成癮性8Alcohol飲酒的概況70%的美國人會規律地喝含有酒精性飲料10%的人為飲酒過量者

飲酒與大專生84%的大專生會購買含有酒精性的飲料1/3的大專生為飲酒過量者每年有12millionundergrads喝掉4billion的罐裝啤酒每人大致花上$446購買含有酒精性的飲料表8.1AlcoholCollegeStudent’sPatternsofAlcoholUse,200119percent戒酒者

Whymightcollegestudentsbevulnerabletoalcoholabuse?AlcoholTrendsinConsumptionAlcoholuseisdecliningPercapitaconsumptionin1977was2.64gallonsofpurealcoholPercapitalconsumptionin1998was2.19gallonsofpurealcoholReasonsmayincludeattentiontoweightandhealth

What,ifany,trendsinconsumptionhaveyounoticed?Alcohol酒的化學成分(使人酒醉的成分)乙基酒精(ethylalcohol)或乙醇(ethanol)其製造過程稱為發酵(fermentationprocess)-Producesbeerorwine蒸餾(distillation)–而後蒸氣凝且與水結合而製成最後的產物強度標準(proof)–測量飲料中酒精的百分比Alcohol吸收與新成代謝大約20%喝入的酒是經由胃內襯擴散進入血液中幾近80%的液體是經由上1/3的小腸吸收身體吸收酒的速度受許多因素影響:喝入酒之酒精濃度喝入的酒量胃中食物的量幽門經巒(Pylorospasm)飲酒者的情緒Alcohol飲酒的毒害酒精中毒死亡Twowaysthishappens1)中樞神經系統及呼吸受到抑制或2)吸入嘔吐物或流入肺部PhysiologicalandBehavioralEffectsofAlcohol立即的影響降低在突觸接合的神經傳導以及衝動的頻率脫水水分從腦脊隨液流失酒精會刺激腸胃系統宿醉(Hangovers)酒精同類物(Congeners)–比乙醇代謝僈且更毒酒精與藥物的交互作用(p-8-9)Whataresomesymptomsexperiencedbysomeonewithahangover?PhysiologicalandBehavioralEffectsofAlcohol酒精與懷孕影響中樞神經(腦部)精神障礙胎兒酒精症候群FetalAlcoholSyndrome(FAS)每1000名新生兒就有一至二位PhysiologicalandBehavioralEffectsofAlcoholAlcoholandPregnancy(continued)FASbehaviorsinclude:Difficultyinstructuringtime學習障礙Impairedlearning記憶不好Poormemory不正常的行為ImpulsivebehaviorsTroubledbehaviors胎兒酒精影響FetalAlcoholEffects

(lesssevere)PhysiologicalandBehavioralEffectsofAlcohol飲酒與開車40%的交通事故與酒精有關大專學生喝酒且開車酒精濃度的標準0.08,some0.10AtBAC0.10,tentimesmorelikelytobeinanaccidentAlcoholAbuseandAlcoholismIdentifyingaProblemDrinkerAbuseinterfereswith:WorkLifeFamilyAddictiondefinedby:TolerancePsychologicaldependenceWithdrawal酒精中毒的原因Causes生理及家庭因素第一類酗酒者第二類酗酒者社會及文化的因素AlcoholAbuseandAlcoholism社會成本交通事故健康保險Healthinsurance犯罪成本Criminaljustice治療的花費Treatmentcosts失去生產力Lostproductivity飲酒方面的相關花費大約$184.6億AlcoholAbuseandAlcoholism女人與酒精中毒更多女性喝酒女性酗酒者幾乎和男性一樣多危險因素有:家族歷史同儕的壓力沮喪壓力復原Recovery家庭的角色介入Expressloveandconcern

治療計劃私立治療機構家庭治療、個體治療及團體治療其他類型的治療復發RecoveryTreatmentPrograms(continued)CommunitymentalhealthfacilitiesSupportgroups(AAorWomenforSobriety)

復發Relapse在治療頭三個月復發的機率是60%ManysaytheyarerecoveringtheirwholelifeAnnualDeathsAttributabletoSmokingin

theUnitedStatesFigure8.1OurSmokingSocietyFinancialCoststoSociety$150billioninannualhealthrelatedeconomiclosses$75.5billioninmedicalexpenditures

CollegeStudentsAreSmokingMoreEstimated60%havetriedtobaccoproducts

Doestobaccoappeartobeabigproblemonyourcampus?

Whateffortsaremadetodecreasesmoking?Table8.4TobaccoandItsEffects尼古丁對生理的影響刺激中樞神經刺激腎上腺素增加腎上腺素的生產增加心跳率增加循環系統(呼吸系統)的速度血管挾窄TobaccoandItsEffects香菸對健康的危害癌症Cancers肺癌(85-90%)associatedwithsmoking胰臟癌唇癌舌癌唾腺癌食道癌TobaccoandItsEffectsHealthHazardsofSmoking(continued)心臟血管疾病CardiovascularDiseaseSmokershave70%higherdeathrate中風Smokersare2timesmorelikelytosuffer吸煙對肺臟的影響Figure8.1HealthHazardsofSmoking呼吸系統障礙ChronicbronchitisEmphysema

性生活Malesare2timesmorelikelytosufferimpotence

其他對健康的影響GumdiseaseMorelikelytoneedmedicationsMetabolismofdrugsisaffectedEnvironmentalTobaccoSmoke(ETS)RisksfromETSMainstreamSidestream–morecarcinogensETSisresponsiblefordeathsSidestreamsmokecausesmoredeathsayearthananyotherenvironmentalpollutantChildrenexposed

Haveyouseenanyanti-smokingpublicserviceannouncementsyouthoughtwerepowerful?EnvironmentalTobaccoSmoke(ETS)香菸及政策(p-8-33)警告吸煙有害40yearsago46週請求陪賞有關治療吸煙者的健康照顧費用有些州有菸稅嚴格管控香煙販賣Quitting阻斷尼古丁成癮性1/3attempttoquitayear90%failManyprogramsexisttohelpwithquittingNicotinewithdrawalisexperienced

尼古丁取代物QuittingOtherMeansofBreakingtheHabitAversiontherapyOperantstrategiesSelf-control

戒煙的好處AccordingtotheAmericanCancerSocietymanytissueswillrepairthemselves(p8-35)當吸煙者戒煙Figure8.3CaffeineFacts從黃鹼(xanthines)的化學族群中所獲得的藥物輕微的刺激中樞神經系統加快心跳增加耗氧量增加尿流量刺激清醒度Caffeine影響非本意的肌肉收縮增加心肌收縮暈眩反胃消化不良Table8.5CaffeineCaffeineAddictionDrinkmorewh