全英文本科毕业论文浅谈英语与美语的语法的异

全英文本科毕业论文浅谈英语与美语的语法的异CohabitationwiththeScandinaviansresultedinasignificantgrammaticalsimplificationandlexicalenrichmentoftheAnglo-FrisiancoreofEnglish;thelaterNormanoccupationledtothegraftingontothatGermaniccoreofamoreelaboratelayerofwordsfromtheRomancelanguages.ThisNormaninfluenceenteredEnglishlargelythroughthecourtsandgovernment.Thus,Englishdevelopedintoaborrowinglanguageofgreatflexibility,resultinginanenormousandvariedvocabulary.Itmainlydividedintofourperiods.〔1〕Proto-English〔the5thcenturyAD〕[2]ThelanguagesofGermanictribesgaverisetotheEnglishlanguage(theAngles,Saxons,Frisians,JutesandperhapseventheFranks),whotradedandfoughtwiththeLatin-speakingRomanEmpireinthecenturies-longprocessoftheGermanicpeoples'expansionintoWesternEurope.ManyLatinwordsforcommonobjectsenteredthevocabularyoftheseGermanicpeoplesbeforeanyoftheirtribesreachedBritain;examplesincludecamp,cheese,cook,fork,inch,kettle,kitchen,linen,mile,mill,mint(coin),noon,pillow,pin,pound,punt(boat),streetandwall.TheRomansalsogavetheEnglishlanguagewordswhichtheyhadthemselvesborrowedfromotherlanguages:anchor,butter,chest,devil,dish,sackandwine.〔2〕OldEnglish〔AD4501100〕[2]Theinvaders'GermaniclanguagereplacedtheindigenousBrythoniclanguages.〔formoneofthetwobranchesoftheInsularCelticlanguagefamily,theotherbeingGoidelic〕TheoriginalCelticlanguagesremainedinpartsofScotland,WalesandCornwall.ThedialectsspokenbytheAnglo-SaxonsformedwhatisnowcalledOldEnglish.Later,itwasstronglyinfluencedbytheNorthGermaniclanguageNorse,spokenbytheVikings〔isoneoftheNorse(Scandinavian)explorers,warriors,merchants,andpirateswhoraidedandcolonizedwideareasofEuropefromthelateeighthtotheearlyeleventhcentury.〕whoinvadedandsettledmainlyinthenorth-eastofEngland.ThenewandtheearliersettlersspokelanguagesfromdifferentbranchesoftheGermanicfamily;manyoftheirlexicalrootswerethesameorsimilar,althoughtheirgrammarsweremoredistinct,includingtheprefix,suffixandinflectionpatternsformanywords.TheGermaniclanguageoftheseOldEnglish-speakinginhabitantswasinfluencedbycontactwithNorseinvaders,whichmighthavebeenresponsibleforsomeofthemorphologicalsimplificationofOldEnglish,includingthelossofgrammaticalgenderandexplicitlymarkedcase(withthenotableexceptionofthepronouns).ThemostfamoussurvivingworkfromtheOldEnglishperiodisafragmentoftheepicpoemBeowulfcomposedbyanunknownpoet;itisthoughttohavebeensubstantiallymodified,probablybyChristianclericslongafteritscomposition.〔3〕MiddleEnglish〔AD1066-1470〕[2]Forabout300yearsfollowingtheNormanConquestin1066,theNormankingsandtheirhighnobilityspokeonlyoneofthelanguesd'olcalledAnglo-Norman,whilstEnglishcontinuedtobethelanguageofthecommonpeople.Variouscontemporarysourcessuggestthatwithinfiftyyearsoftheinvasion,mostoftheNormansoutsidetheroyalcourtspokeEnglish,withFrenchremainingtheprestigelanguageofgovernmentandlaw,largelyoutofsocialinertia.Forexample,OrdericVitalis,ahistorianbornin1075andthesonofaNormanknight,saidthathelearnedFrenchonlyasasecondlanguage.AtendencyforFrench-derivedwordstohavemoreformalconnotationshascontinuedtothepresentday;mostmodernEnglishspeakerswouldconsideracordialreception(fromFrench)tobemoreformalthanaheartywelcome(Germanic).Anotherexampleistheveryunusualconstructionofthewordsforanimalsbeingseparatedfromthewordsfortheirfoodproductse.g.beefandpork(fromtheFrenchbufandporc)beingtheproductsoftheGermanicallynamedanimals'cow'and'pig'.〔4〕ModernEnglish〔1500uptothepresent〕[2]ModernEnglishcanbedividedintotwoparts:earlymodernenglish(1500-1800)andlatemodernEnglish.ModernEnglishisoftendatedfromtheGreatVowelShift,whichtookplacemainlyduringthe15thcentury.EnglishwasfurthertransformedbythespreadofastandardizedLondon-baseddialectingovernmentandadministrationandbythestandardizingeffectofprinting.BythetimeofWilliamShakespeare(mid-late16thcentury),thelanguagehadbecomeclearlyrecognizableasModernEnglish.Englishhascontinuouslyadoptedforeignwords,especiallyfromLatinandGreek,sincetheRenaissance.(Inthe17thcentury,Latinwordswereoftenusedwiththeoriginalinflections,buttheseeventuallydisappeared).AstherearemanywordsfromdifferentlanguagesandEnglishspellingisvariable,theriskofmispronunciationishigh,butremnantsoftheolderformsremaininafewregionaldialects,mostnotablyintheWestCountry.In1755,SamuelJohnsonpublishedthefirstsignificantEnglishdictionary,hisDictionaryoftheEnglishLanguage.2.2ThehistoryofAmericanEnglishDuringthe17thcentury,ormorepreciselyonMay14,1607,thefirstEnglishsettlerslandedinVirginia.Thiswasagroupof104LondonentrepreneursandtheyestablishedthefirstEnglishcolonyinJamestown.Lateron,in1620,thePilgrimFathers,settlersfromEngland,landedinMassachusetts,andalsobroughttheEnglishlanguageovertheAtlanticOceantoAmericaandanothervarietyofEnglishwasborn,AmericanEnglish.ThisvarietyisthelargestofalltheEnglishvarieties,sinceasmanyas70%ofthenativeEnglishspeakersliveintheUS.AmericanEnglishhaspreservedanumberofwordsandfeaturesfromtheEnglishspokeninEnglandatthetimeofthesettlement,whichhavenowbeenchangedinBritishEnglish.ThehistoryofAmericanEnglishcanbedividedintothecolonial(1607-1776),thenational(1776-1898),andtheinternational(1898-present)periods.DuringnearlyfourhundredyearsofuseinNorthAmerica,theEnglishlanguagechangedinsmallwaysinpronunciationandgrammarbutextensivelyinvocabularyandintheattitudeofitsspeakers.EnglishsettlementsalongtheAtlanticCoastduringtheseventeenthcenturyprovidedthefoundationforEnglishasapermanentlanguageintheNewWorld.ButtheEnglishoftheAmericancolonieswasboundtobecomedistinctfromthatofthemotherland.Whenpeopledonottalkwithoneanother,theybegintotalkdifferently.TheAtlanticOceanservedasaneffectivebarriertooralcommunicationbetweenthecolonistsandthosewhostayedinEngland,ensuringthattheirspeechwouldevolveindifferentdirections.[3]Americansalsocamecheek-to-jowlwithAmerindiansofseverallinguisticstocks,aswellasFrenchandDutchspeakers.Theyhadtotalkinnewwaystocommunicatewiththeirnewneighbors.Moreover,thesettlershadcomefromvariousdistrictsandsocialgroupsofEngland,sotherewasahomogenizingeffect:thoseinagivencolonycametotalkmorelikeoneanotherandlesslikeanyparticularcommunityinEngland.AlltheseinfluencescombinedtomakeAmericanEnglishadistinctvarietyofthelanguage.IntheUnitedStates,therearealsoregionaldifferences,andtheseareultimatelydescendantsofamixtureofaccentsspokenintheBritishIslesatthetimeofthesettlementofAmerica.DialectboundariesintheUStendtorunfromeasttowest.ThefirstimmigrantssettledalongtheAtlanticcoastandtheyspreadfromeasttowestacrossthecontinentandtooksomedialectforms,forexamplewordsandpronunciationfeatures,withthem.ThedialectareasinNorthAmericaaremuchlargerthantheyareinEngland,mainlybecauseEnglishhasbeenspokeninEnglandforabout1,500years,butinAmericaforonlyapproximately300years.BecauseofAmericasrecentsettlement,therehasnotbeenenoughtimeforlinguisticchangesandthisiswhytherearenotsomanydialectdifferencesinthislargecountry.3.GrammardifferencesbetweenBritishEnglishandAmericanEnglishEnglishgrammaristhesetofruleswithintheEnglishlanguageitself.AnEnglishgrammar(onekindofgrammarsystem)isaspecificstudyoranalysisoftheserules.Inlinguistics,grammarreferstothelogicalandstructuralrulesthatgovernthecompositionofsentences,phrases,andwordsinanygivennaturallanguage.Thetermrefersalsotothestudyofsuchrules,andthisfieldincludeslexicologyandsyntax,oftencomplementedbyphonetics,phonology,semantics,andpragmatics.ImainlymakeanalysisonthelexicalandsyntacticaldifferencesbetweenBritishEnglishandAmericanEnglish.3.1LexicalDifferencesLexicologyisthatpartoflinguisticswhichstudieswords,theirnatureandmeaning,wordselements,relationsbetweenwords(semanticalrelations),wordsgroupsandthewholelexicon.Lexicaldifferencesmeanrelatingtothewordsdifferencesofalanguage.3.1.1ThedifferentuseofcollectivenounsintheirsingleorpluralformsCollectivenounssuchasteam,faculty,family,governmentoftentakepluralverbagreementandpluralpronounsubstitutioninBritainEnglish,buttheynearlyalwaystakesingularagreementandsingularpronounsubstitutioninAmericanEnglish.ThereisatendencyinBritainEnglish,tostresstheindividualityofthemembers,whichisreflectedinpluralverbagreementandpronounsubstitution,whereasAmericanEnglishStronglytendstostresstheunitaryfunctionofthegroup,whichisreflectedinsingularverbandpronounforms.[4]6Someexamples:Yourteamisdoingwellthisyear,isntit?(AmE)Yourteamaredoingwellthisyear,arentthey?(BrE)3.1.2DifferencesinVerbInsyntax,averbisaword(partofspeech)thatusuallydenotesanaction(bring,read),anoccurrence(decompose,glitter),orastateofbeing(exist,stand).Dependingonthelanguage,averbmayvaryinformaccordingtomanyfactors,possiblyincludingitstense,aspect,moodandvoice.Itmayalsoagreewiththeperson,gender,and/ornumberofsomeofitsarguments(subject,object).DifferencesintheInflectionalEndingsofVerbsThepasttenseandpastparticipleoftheverbsaredifferentinBrEandAmE.Thepasttenseandpastparticipleoftheverbslearn,spoil,spell,burn,dream,smell,spill,leap,andothers,canbeeitherirregular(learnt,spoilt,etc.)orregular(learned,spoiled,etc.).InBrE,theirregularandregularformsarecurrent;insomecases(smelt,leapt)thereisastrongtendencytowardstheirregularforms(especiallybyspeakersusingReceivedPronunciation);inothercases(dreamed,leaned,learned)theregularformsaresomewhatmorecommon.InAmE,theirregularformsareneverorrarelyused(exceptforburntandleapt).Nonetheless,aswithotherusagesconsiderednowadaystobetypicallyBritish,thetendingsareoftenfoundinolderAmericantexts.However,usagemayvarywhenthepastparticiplesareactuallyadjectives,asinburnttoast.(Notethatthetwo-syllableformlearned['l:nid]usuallywrittensimplyaslearnt,isstillusedasanadjectivetomeaneducated,ortorefertoacademicinstitutions,inbothBrEandAmE.)Finally,thepasttenseandpastparticipleofdwellandkneelaremorecommonlydweltandkneltonbothsidesoftheAtlantic,althoughdwelledandkneeledarewidelyusedintheUS(butnotintheUK).InBritishEnglish,thepasttenseofgetisgot,whileAmericanEnglishusuallyuseitspastparticiplegotten.Forexample,A.Johnhasgotmuchbetterduringthelastweek.(BrE)B.Johnhasgottenmuchbetterduringthelastweek.(AmE)AccordingtothecustomthatBritishEnglishusuallyusesgotwhileAmericanEnglishgotten,wecanquicklytellthenationalityofthespeaker.TheformerisBritishandthelaterisAmerican.WhenAmericansusegot,theymeanown,possessanddominate,suchasthefollowingtwoexamples:Theyvegotnopride.IvegotplentyofmaterialifIcanjusthandleit.DifferentuseofpresentperfecttensesTraditionally,BrEusesthepresentperfecttensetotalkaboutaneventintherecentpast(expressanactionthathasoccurredintherecentpastthathasaneffectonthepresentmoment)andwiththewordsalready,just,andyet.Forexample:BritishEnglish:[5]I'vejusthadlunchI'vealreadyseenthatfilmHaveyoufinishedyourhomeworkyet?AmericanEnglish:[5]IjusthadlunchorI'vejusthadlunch.I'vealreadyseenthatfilmORIalreadysawthatfilm.Haveyourfinishedyourhomeworkyet?Ordidyoufinishyourhomeworkyet?InAmericanusage,thesemeaningscanbeexpressedwiththepresentperfect(toexpressafact)orthesimplepast(toimplyanexpectation).ThisAmericanstylehasbecomewidespreadonlyinthepast20to30years;theBritishstyleisstillincommonuseaswell.InBritishEnglishthepresentperfectisusedto.I'vejustarrivedhome./Ijustarrivedhome.I'vealreadyeaten./Ialreadyate.[6]Recently,theAmericanuseofjustwithsimplepasthasmadeinroadsintoBrE,mostvisiblyinadvertisingslogansandheadlinessuchasCablebroadbandjustgotfaster.Similarly,AmEoccasionallyreplacesthepluperfectwiththepreterite.Also,USspokenusagesometimes,especiallywiththecontractedforms,substitutestheconditionalforthepluperfect(IfIwouldhavecookedthepiewecouldhavehaditforlunch),butthistendstobeavoidedinwriting.[6]DifferentuseoftransitiveandintransitiveverbsThefollowingverbsshowdifferencesintransitivitybetweenBrEandAmE.[6]agree:transitiveorintransitiveinBrE,usuallyintransitiveinAmE(agreeacontract/agreetooronacontract).However,informalAmElegalwritingoneoftenseesconstructionslikeasmaybeagreedbetweentheparties(ratherthanasmaybeagreeduponbetweentheparties).appeal(asadecision):usuallyintransitiveinBrE(usedwithagainst)andtransitiveinAmE(appealagainstthedecisiontotheCourt/appealthedecisiontotheCourt).cater(toprovidefoodandservice):intransitiveinBrE,transitiveinAmE(tocaterforabanquet/tocaterabanquet).claim:sometimesintransitiveinBrE(usedwithfor),strictlytransitiveinAmE.protest:inthesenseofoppose,intransitiveinBrE,transitiveinAmE(Theworkersprotestedagainstthedecision/Theworkersprotestedthedecision).TheintransitiveprotestagainstinAmEmeans,toholdorparticipateinademonstrationagainst.Theoldersenseproclaimisalwaystransitive(protestone'sinnocence).write:inBrE,theindirectobjectofthisverbusuallyrequirestheprepositionto,forexample,I'llwritetomyMPorI'llwritetoher(althoughitisnotrequiredinsomesituations,forexamplewhenanindirectobjectpronouncomesbeforeadirectobjectnoun,forexample,I'llwriteheraletter).InAmE,writecanbeusedmonotransitively(I'llwritemycongressman;I'llwritehim).Differentuseofhave.BritishEnglishusuallyusesHaveyouanychildren?orHaveyougotanychildren?whileAmericanscommonlyexpressthesamemeaningwithDoyouhaveanychildren?Letusseesomeotherexamples.Howmanybrothersdoyouhave?(AmE)Howmanybrothershaveyou?(BrE)Youdonthavemuchroomhere.(AmE)Youhavent(got)muchroomhere.(BrE)3.1.3DifferentuseoffunctionwordsFunctionwords(orgrammaticalwords)arewordsthathavelittlelexicalmeaningorhaveambiguousmeaning,butinsteadservetoexpressgrammaticalrelationshipswithotherwordswithinasentence,orspecifytheattitudeormoodofthespeaker.Wordsthatarenotfunctionwordsarecalledcontentwords(orlexicalwords):theseincludenouns,verbs,adjectives,andmostadverbs,althoughsomeadverbsarefunctionwords(e.g.,thenandwhy).Dictionariesdefinethespecificmeaningsofcontentwords,butcanonlydescribethegeneralusagesoffunctionwords.Bycontrast,grammarsdescribetheuseoffunctionwordsindetail,buttreatlexicalwordsingeneraltermsonly.NowIwillcomparethedifferentuseoffunctionwordsinBrEandAEindetailasfollows.DifferentuseofprepositionandadverbDifferencesbetweenBritishandAmericanEnglishinprepositionsareshowninthefollowingtwoaspects:(1)differentuseofprepositionsintheconstructionofphrases;(2)whenusingphrases,onewilluseaprepositionwhiletheotherwillomitit.(1)Letusfirstreviewthedifferentuseofprepositions.Yourdaughtersnamestandsfirstinthelist.(BrE)Yourdaughtersnamestandsfirstonthelist.(AmE)Thesedressesareinasale.(BrE)Thesedressesareonsale.(AmE)Hewillcomehereataquartertothree.(BrE,AmE)Hewillcomehereataquarterbefore/of/tillthree.(AmE)Shelivesjustroundthecorner(BrE).[7]4Shelivesjustaroundthecorner(AmE).Similarly,fivepastninecanbeexpressedinAmericanEnglishbyfiveafternineorninefive.InfrontofweekendandChristmas,BritishEnglishusesatorover,whileAmericanEnglishadoptsoveroron.Attheweekend/Christmas(BrE)Overtheweekend/Christmas(BrE,AmE)Ontheweekend/Christmas(AmE)(2)Omittingpreposition[8]2InBritishEnglish,beforeday,weekorcertainday,prepositiononshallbeused,whileitisnotsoinAmericanEnglish.ThenewtermbeginsonSeptember1.(BrE)ThenewtermbeginsSeptember1.(AmE)IllseeyouonMonday.(BrE)IllseeyouMonday.(AmE)InAmericanEnglish,whenhomeisusedasanadverb,theprepositionatisnotneeded.But,inBritishEnglish,atisrequiredbeforehome.Hence,athomeisusedinBritishEnglish.Ishehome?(AmE)Isheathome?(BrE)DifferentuseofauxiliaryverbInlinguistics,anauxiliaryisaverbfunctioningtogivefurthersemanticorsyntacticinformationaboutthemainorfullverbfollowingit.Therearethreetypes:Modalauxiliaries，haveandgo.Nomatterinthefrequencyorthetendencyofauxiliaryverb,AmEdiffersfromBrE.Theirdifferencesarestatedasfollows:.(1)shallShallinBrE,iswidelyusedinthefistpersontoraisequestions,answerquestions,ortoexpressfuture,whileinAmEitisonlyusedinthelawfileorinformalstylepaper.Informalstylepaper,peopleusuallyusewillorshould.Suchas:Br.E:1)Ishalltellyoulater.Am.E:1)Iwilltellyoulater.2)ShallIdrinkthisnow?2)ShouldIdrinkthisnow?(2)would[9]2WouldhastwospecialusagesinAmE,firstlyitcanshowtheusualactioninthepast.suchas:WhenIwassmall,Iwouldgothereeveryday.HoweverinBrE,thepasttenseorusedtocanexpressthepastuaualaction,thereforeinBrEtheabovesentenceshouldbechangedinto:WhenIwassmall,Iwentthereeveryday.OrWhenIwaswmall,Iusedtogothereeveryday.Secondly,wouldinAmEcanexpresshypothesisinsomeinformallanguage,quitelikeakindofsubjunctivemood,howeverinBrEnot.Trytocompare:Am.E:1)IwishIwouldhavedoneit.2)IfIwouldhaveseenone,Iwouldhaveboughtitforyou.Br.E(italsothesamewithAmE):1)IwishIhaddoneit.2)IfIhadseenone,Iwouldhaveboughtitforyou.InBr.E,wouldandwillcanexpresssuppose,whileinAm.Etheauxiliaryverbshouldandmustexpresssupposition.Trytocompare:Br.E:1)Thatwillbethepostmanatthedoor.2)ThatwouldbezhongshanRoadoverthere.Am.E:1)Thatmustbe(shouldbe)themailmanatthedoor.2)Thatshouldbe(mustbe)ZhongshanRoodoverthere.(3)usedtoUsedtoinAmEisnotseenasModalauxiliary,butseenasnotionalword.Totheopposite,inBr.E,usedtoisjustseenasmodalauxiliary,canofferordenyquestions,alsocanbeusedasnotionalwordbutpeopleusedotoofferordenyquestions.Forexample:1)Heusedtogothere.(notionalverb)Didheusetogothere.(notionalverb)2)Usedhetogothere.(auxiliaryverb)Heusednottogothere.(auxiliaryverb)(4)oughtto[9]6OughttoiswidelyusedinBrEtoraiseordenyquestions,butinAmEuseshouldtosubstituteforit,suchas:Br.E:1)Oughtwetoeatlunch?Am.E:1)Shouldweeatlunch?2)Yououghtnot(oughtnt)tohavesaidthat.2)Youshouldnthavesaidthat.InAmE,oughttoandusedtoareallusedasnotionalverbsintheinformalpapersandsuchformsaresaidtobenotstandardforms.Forexample:1)Didyououghttosaythat?2)Youdidntoughttohavesaidthat.(5)DifferentuseoftheindefinitepronounoneInBrEwecanuseonetoindicatetheoneoftheformerwritingagainwhileinAmEweusuallyuseheorhistoinsteadtheoneoftheformerwriting.Forinstance:Onecannotsucceedunlessoneworkshard.(BrE)Onecannotsucceedunlessheworkshard.(AmE)Differencesinarticles[19](1)TheomittingofarticlesMostphrasesofBritishEnglishhavearticles,whilethoseofAmericanEnglishdonothave.ThetheinthestandardexpressionsinBritishEnglishalltheafternoon,allthewinter,alltheweek,thistimeoftheyear,ect.ButthearticlesareusuallyomittedinAmericanEnglish.Forexample:Theswimmingpoolsareopenallsummer.Illbehereallafternoon.Hehasbeengoneallweek.BritishEnglishwillusearticlesinfrontofsickness,riverandetc.,whileAmericanEnglishdoesnot.Forexample,BritishEnglishexpressesintheformofthemeasles,themumps,theflu,theNiagaraFallsandtheBlackCreek,whileAmericanEnglishsaysmeasles,mumps,flu,NiagaraFallsandBlackCreek.However,thereareexceptions.Insomeexpressions,BritishEnglishdoesnotusearticles,whileAmericanEnglishdoes.BrEAmEGointohospitalGointothehospitalInhospitalInthehospitalAtuniversityAttheuniversitySentencesareasfollows:Nextday,therainbegan.(BrE)Thenextday,therainbegan.(AmE)Infuture,Idlikeyoutopaymoreattentiontodetail.(BrE)Inthefuture,Idlikeyoutopaymoreattentiontodetail.(AmE)(2)ThepositionofarticlesBritishEnglishandAmericanEnglisharedifferentfromeachotherintheuseofaoranwithhalf.InBritishEnglish,afollowshalf,forexample,halfadozen,halfanhour,halfamile,andhalfapound.InAmericanEnglish,aisputinfrontofhalf,forexample,ahalfdozen,ahalfhour,ahalfmileandahalfpound.3.2SyntacticaldifferencesSyntaxisthestudyoftheprinciplesandrulesforconstructingsentencesinnaturallanguages.Thesentenceisthehighestrankofgrammaticalunit.Basedononeormorethanoneclause,thesentenceisalsothebasiclinguisticunitofconnecteddiscourse;itcanstandaloneandperformafunctioninsocialcommunication.Thus,asentencecanbedefinedasagrammaticalunitthatcanperformacommunicativefunction.Iwillexplainthesyntacticdifferencesasfollows.3.2.1Differencesincompoundobject[20]TheVerb-todousuallyusedascompoundobjectinBritishEnglish,WhilepastparticipleorpastparticiplephrasemostlyusedascompoundobjectinAmericanEnglish.Trytocompare:1)Healsohadorderedhisluggagetobelabeledforcrew.(Bronte.)(BrE)2)LastyearanAmericanhotelmanagerorderedhisquestsevacuatedafterananonymousbombthreat.(AmE)3)IhavearollthatwasindeadstorageduringthewarwhichIorderedputbackinrunningorder.(O'Hara)(AmE)Thetwocompoundstructures(compoundobjectwithpastparticipleandcompoundobjectwithtodo)arebothusedintheBrEandAmE,whiletheAmEusecompoundobjectmorefrequentlythanBrE.However,therearesomedifferencesintheroutineusageofVerbrelatedtothisphrasestructure.TheverbtoorderusuallylinkedwiththecompoundstructurewithpastparticipleinAmE,butlinkedwiththecompoundstructurewithverb-todoinBrE.3.2.2Presenceorabsenceofsyntacticelements[11]Whereastatementofintentioninvolvestwoseparateactivities,itisacceptableforspeakersofAmEtousetogoplusbareinfinitive.SpeakersofBrEwouldinsteadusetogoandplusbareinfinitive.Thus,whereaspeakerofAmEmightsayI'llgotakeabath,BrEspeakerswouldsayI'llgoandhaveabath.(Bothcanalsousetheformtogotoinsteadtosuggestthattheactionmayfail,asinHewenttotake/haveabath,butthebathwasfullofchildren.)Similarly,tocomeplusbareinfinitiveisacceptabletospeakersofAmE,wherespeakersofBrEwouldinsteadusetocomeandplusbareinfinitive.Thus,whereaspeakerofAmEmightsaycomeseewhatIbought,BrEspeakerswouldsaycomeandseewhatI'vebought(noticethepresentperfecttense:acommonBritishpreference).Astowhetheraprepositionisusedbeforedaysdenotedbyasingleword,BritishpeoplewouldsaysheresignedonThursday,whileAmericansoftensaysheresignedThursday,butbothformsarecommoninAmericanusage.Occasionally,inAmEtheprepositionisalsoabsentwhenreferringtomonths:I'llbehereDecember(althoughthisusageisgenerallylimitedtocolloquialspeech).But,itwillsayIllbehereonDecember.inBrE.IntheUK,fromisusedwithsingledatesandtimesmoreoftenthanintheUnitedStates.WhereBritishspeakersandwritersmaysaythenewmuseumwillbeopenfromTuesday,AmericansmostlikelysaythenewmuseumwillbeopenstartingTuesday.(ThisdifferencedoesnotapplytophrasesofthepatternfromAtoB,whichareusedinbothBrEandAmE.)AvariationoralternativeofthisisthemostAmericanwillsaytheplayopensTuesdayandthemostBritishwillsaytheplayopensonTuesday.Americanlegislatorsandlawyersalwaysusetheprepositionofbetweenthenameofalegislativeactandtheyearitwaspassed,whiletheirBritishcolleaguesdonot.WecanseesuchdifferencesbymakingcomparisonbetweenAmericanswithDisabilitiesActof1990andDisabilityDiscriminationAct19DifferentuseofsubjunctivemoodThesubjunctivemoodusedmoreinAmEthaninBrE,whichismainlyusedintheformalstylepaper.Insubjunctivemood,AmericanEnglishwillrarelyreservetraditionalsubjunctivewords.Isuggestthatmeetingbepostponed.(AmE)Isuggestthatmeetingshouldbepostponed.(BrE)IwishIhaddoneit.(AmE)IwishIwouldhavedoneit.(BrE)4.ThegrammaticaldifferencesbetweenBritishEnglishandthespecialformofAmericanEnglishBlackEnglishBlackEnglishalsocalledAfricanAmericanVernacularEnglishwhichisanAfricanAmericanvariety(dialect,ethnolectandsociolect)ofAmericanarefourpointsinwhichblackEnglishdiffersfromBritishEnglish.1)NegationInaddition,negativesareformeddifferentlyfromstandardAmericanEnglish:Useofain'tasageneralnegativeindicator.ItcanbeusedwhereStandardEnglishwoulduseamnot,isn't,aren't,haven'tandhasn't,atraitwhichisnotspecifictoAAVE.However,inmarkedcontrasttoothervarietiesofEnglishintheU.S.,somespeakersofAAVEalsouseain'tinsteadofdon't,doesn't,ordidn't(e.g.,Iain'tknowthat).[14]Ain'thaditsoriginsincommonEnglish,butb