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TheArgumentativeEssay1
TheArgumentativeEssay1Ⅰ.Maincommunicativepurposesoftheargumentativeessay:
Toconvinceorpersuadetoagreewithanopinion;todefendanopinion;toattackanopinionyoubelievetobemisguiding,untrue,orevil2Ⅰ.MaincommunicativepurposesⅡ.BasicfeaturesTheargumentativeessaymusttakeacontroversialissueforanopendebate,i.e.,theissuemustbearguable;Theargumentcannotbegeneralbelief;personalpreference;orfact3Ⅱ.Basicfeatures3Twosidesaregenerallyinvolved:
proponents(thoseinfavoroftheissue)andopponents(thoseagainsttheissue);Thethesismusttakeasideofanissue,andfrequentlyproposesacourseofaction;Theargumentativeessayare
highlypersuasiveandlogical
(oftenexpressedwiththemodal“should”);Goodlogicistheheartoftheargumentativeessay.4TwosidesaregenerallyinvolvⅢ.
StrategiesforlogicalpersuasionBefullyawareofyouraudienceorreader;Asthepurposeofanargumentativeessayistoconvincethereaderofyourposition,youshouldaddressyourreaderbywritingobjectively,logically,andrespectfully.
5Ⅲ.StrategiesforlogicalpersTrytoidentifyandunderstandyouropponent’spointofviewYoucannotjustpresentyourownopinioninargumentation.Thiscanneverconvincethereader.Youhavetoconsiderthepointofviewofyouropponent’s.6Trytoidentifyandunderstand3.Usetwoformsoflogicalreasoning:inductionanddeduction.Induction（归纳）:theprocessofreasoningfromtheparticulardetailstothegeneralconclusion.Itinvolvesexaminingparticulardetailssuchasspecificcases,facts,orexamples.Theconclusionismadebasedontheevidencecomingfromthespecificdetails.73.UsetwoformsoflogicalreDeduction（演绎）:theprocessofreasoningfromthegeneraltothespecific.Itbeginswithageneralizationandisappliedinaspecificcase.Theconclusionisdrawnbasedonageneralization.8Deduction（演绎）:theprocessofDeductioninvolvesathree-stepformofreasoningcalledSyllogism（三段论）:MajorPremise(theinitialgeneralization),MinorPremise(thespecificcase),andConclusion(theresultingstatement).Thisthree-stepformcanbeillustratedasfollows:MajorPremise:Dogsbark.MinorPremise:LittleBrownisadog.Conclusion:Therefore,LittleBrownbarks.9Deductioninvolvesathree-
Tobemorespecific,themajorpremiseisageneralizationthatyouandyourreadercanbothagreeon,whetheritisagenerallyacceptedstatementorwhetheryouhavealreadyproveditearlierintheargument. Theminorpremiseisthepartthatyouneedtoproveinyourargument.
10Tobemorespecific,10e.g.Iftheissueisaboutnuclearpowerplantconstruction,youmaytakethethree-stepformofreasoninglikethis:Majorpremise:Onlysafesourcesofenergyshouldbedeveloped.Minorpremise:Nuclearpowerplantsaresafesourcesofenergy.Conclusion:Therefore,nuclearpowerplantsshouldbeconstructed.
（Notice:Somecomplexissuesrequiremorethanonepremisetobeproved.)11e.g.IftheissueisaboutToavoidbeingillogicalinthisreasoningprocess,youneedtokeepthefollowingpointsinmind:Themajorpremiseandtheminorpremisemustbetrueiftheconclusionistobevalid;e.g.,Allpeopleliketosuffer.(MaP)Jonnyisaperson.(MiP)Jonnylikestosuffer.(C)
Theabovereasoningprocessappearsillogicalsincethemajorpremiseisnotbasedonthetruth.12ToavoidbeingillogicalinThemajorpremiseandtheminorpremisemustbesetuptofollowthecorrectlogicalorder;
Thecorrectlogicalorderisasfollows:A=BAllautomobileshavewheels.C=AHondaisanautomobile.
∴C=BTherefore,Hondahaswheels.
13ThemajorpremiseandtheminoAnincorrectlogicalorderisasfollows:AllA=BAllautomobileshavewheels.C=BHondahaswheels.
∴C=ATherefore,Hondaisautomobile.(Suchanillogicalordermakestheconclusioninvalid,forHondamightbeamotorcycleorawagon.)14AnincorrectlogicalorderiThetermsinonepremisemustbeusedthesamewayintheotherpremise.Lookatthefollowingexamples:
Somevegetarianseateggs.Johnisavegetarian.
∴
Johneatseggs.AllAmericansspeakEnglish.MaryisaSouthAmerican.
∴MaryspeaksEnglish.15ThetermsinonepremisemustⅣ.Planninganargumentativeessay
Whenyouplananargumentativeessay,keepinmindthefollowingpoints:Theargumentativeessayshouldintroduceandexplaintheissueorcase;Theessayshouldofferadequatereasonsandsupportthereasonswithgoodevidence;16Ⅳ.PlanninganargumentativeeTheessayshouldrefuteopposingarguments.Thisisaveryparticularcharacteristicwhichdistinguishesargumentativeessaysfromexpositoryessays.Youmustnotonlypresentyourownpointofviewandproveit,butalsorefuteyouropponent’sviewandprovethat
yoursismorevalidorsuperior.17TheessayshouldrefuteopposiⅤ.Organizinganargumentativeessay(1)IntroductionTomakeagoodbeginningofsuchanessay,youshouldfirstintroducetheproblemandthethesistoclarifythecontroversialissue
toyourreader.Thenyoushouldprovidebackgroundinformation.
18Ⅴ.Organizinganargumentative(2)ThedevelopmentalpartConfirmation(2-3paragraphs)andrefutation(1-3paragraphs)arerequiredindevelopingthemainpartoftheessay.Toconfirmyourpersonalpointofview,youneedtogivereasonstosupportyourthesis;19(2)Thedevelopmentalpart19thereasonsmustbeconvincingevidencewhichisnormallyfromexamplesfactsauthoritativeorexpertopinionsstatisticalfindingspersonalexperienceorobservations20thereasonsmustbeconvincing
Torefuteopposingviews,youshouldconsideryouropponent’spointofviewatthesametime;acknowledgethegoodpointsofopponent’sviewsfirst,explainwhyyouropponent’sviewsarenotgoodenough.
21Torefuteopposingviews,21
Indevelopingthemainpartoftheargumentativeessay,youmaychooseanypattern
orcombinethepatternstofurtherdevelopthethesisaswedealwithcause-and-effectgenrewriting(description,narration,definition,classification,exemplification,causalanalysis,comparison&contrast,etc.)22Indevelopingthemainpar(3)TheConcludingpart
Tobetterconcludetheessay,youshouldrestateyourthesissummarizeyourmainpointsurgeyourreadertotakeactionpredictthefuture
23(3)TheConcludingpart23Ⅵ.SometransitionalwordsandphrasesChronologicalorderfirstofall/first,afterthat/second,then/next,last/finallyExemplification
toillustratethispoint,…canbeillustratedasfollows,agoodcaseinpointis…Additionbesidesthat,apartfromthis,inaddition(to),furthermore,what’smore,moreoverComparison&contrastlikewise/similarly,inthesameway,similarto,conversely/onthecontrary,incontrast(to),ontheotherhand,differentfrom24Ⅵ.SometransitionalwordsandⅦ.SometypicalsentencepatternsforargumentationItcanbearguedthat…Peopleargue/maintain/believethat…Somepeopleargue/claimthat…Butmoreoftenthannot,thereverse/theoppositeisusuallythecase/true.Someassumethat…,however,thisprovestobethecontrary/theopposite/theotherwayaround.Theyarerightin…,but…Itistruethat…,butitdoesnotnecessarilyfollowthat…25Ⅶ.Sometypicalsentencepatte
Writingassignment:
Hasmanafuture?Somepeopleholdtheviewthattheworldwillgetbetterdaybyday.However,asthefastdevelopmentofthemodernsocietyhasbroughtunprecedentedchallengestomankind,thislingeringquestioncontinuestoprovokedeepthought,reflection,doubtorevenfear.Somepeoplebelievethatifseverethreatslikenuclearweaponsandclimatechangeremainuncheckedman’slifewillbegreatlyendangeredand“thedoomsdayclockisonthevergeofstriking”.Discusswithyourpeersandwriteanargumentativeessaywithin600words.Havepeerreviewafteryoufinishyourwriting.Youmayrefertothepeerreviewchecklistinyourhandout(pp.350-351).Submityouressaynexttimefortheclass.26Writingassignment:26TheArgumentativeEssay27
TheArgumentativeEssay1Ⅰ.Maincommunicativepurposesoftheargumentativeessay:
Toconvinceorpersuadetoagreewithanopinion;todefendanopinion;toattackanopinionyoubelievetobemisguiding,untrue,orevil28Ⅰ.MaincommunicativepurposesⅡ.BasicfeaturesTheargumentativeessaymusttakeacontroversialissueforanopendebate,i.e.,theissuemustbearguable;Theargumentcannotbegeneralbelief;personalpreference;orfact29Ⅱ.Basicfeatures3Twosidesaregenerallyinvolved:
proponents(thoseinfavoroftheissue)andopponents(thoseagainsttheissue);Thethesismusttakeasideofanissue,andfrequentlyproposesacourseofaction;Theargumentativeessayare
highlypersuasiveandlogical
(oftenexpressedwiththemodal“should”);Goodlogicistheheartoftheargumentativeessay.30TwosidesaregenerallyinvolvⅢ.
StrategiesforlogicalpersuasionBefullyawareofyouraudienceorreader;Asthepurposeofanargumentativeessayistoconvincethereaderofyourposition,youshouldaddressyourreaderbywritingobjectively,logically,andrespectfully.
31Ⅲ.StrategiesforlogicalpersTrytoidentifyandunderstandyouropponent’spointofviewYoucannotjustpresentyourownopinioninargumentation.Thiscanneverconvincethereader.Youhavetoconsiderthepointofviewofyouropponent’s.32Trytoidentifyandunderstand3.Usetwoformsoflogicalreasoning:inductionanddeduction.Induction（归纳）:theprocessofreasoningfromtheparticulardetailstothegeneralconclusion.Itinvolvesexaminingparticulardetailssuchasspecificcases,facts,orexamples.Theconclusionismadebasedontheevidencecomingfromthespecificdetails.333.UsetwoformsoflogicalreDeduction（演绎）:theprocessofreasoningfromthegeneraltothespecific.Itbeginswithageneralizationandisappliedinaspecificcase.Theconclusionisdrawnbasedonageneralization.34Deduction（演绎）:theprocessofDeductioninvolvesathree-stepformofreasoningcalledSyllogism（三段论）:MajorPremise(theinitialgeneralization),MinorPremise(thespecificcase),andConclusion(theresultingstatement).Thisthree-stepformcanbeillustratedasfollows:MajorPremise:Dogsbark.MinorPremise:LittleBrownisadog.Conclusion:Therefore,LittleBrownbarks.35Deductioninvolvesathree-
Tobemorespecific,themajorpremiseisageneralizationthatyouandyourreadercanbothagreeon,whetheritisagenerallyacceptedstatementorwhetheryouhavealreadyproveditearlierintheargument. Theminorpremiseisthepartthatyouneedtoproveinyourargument.
36Tobemorespecific,10e.g.Iftheissueisaboutnuclearpowerplantconstruction,youmaytakethethree-stepformofreasoninglikethis:Majorpremise:Onlysafesourcesofenergyshouldbedeveloped.Minorpremise:Nuclearpowerplantsaresafesourcesofenergy.Conclusion:Therefore,nuclearpowerplantsshouldbeconstructed.
（Notice:Somecomplexissuesrequiremorethanonepremisetobeproved.)37e.g.IftheissueisaboutToavoidbeingillogicalinthisreasoningprocess,youneedtokeepthefollowingpointsinmind:Themajorpremiseandtheminorpremisemustbetrueiftheconclusionistobevalid;e.g.,Allpeopleliketosuffer.(MaP)Jonnyisaperson.(MiP)Jonnylikestosuffer.(C)
Theabovereasoningprocessappearsillogicalsincethemajorpremiseisnotbasedonthetruth.38ToavoidbeingillogicalinThemajorpremiseandtheminorpremisemustbesetuptofollowthecorrectlogicalorder;
Thecorrectlogicalorderisasfollows:A=BAllautomobileshavewheels.C=AHondaisanautomobile.
∴C=BTherefore,Hondahaswheels.
39ThemajorpremiseandtheminoAnincorrectlogicalorderisasfollows:AllA=BAllautomobileshavewheels.C=BHondahaswheels.
∴C=ATherefore,Hondaisautomobile.(Suchanillogicalordermakestheconclusioninvalid,forHondamightbeamotorcycleorawagon.)40AnincorrectlogicalorderiThetermsinonepremisemustbeusedthesamewayintheotherpremise.Lookatthefollowingexamples:
Somevegetarianseateggs.Johnisavegetarian.
∴
Johneatseggs.AllAmericansspeakEnglish.MaryisaSouthAmerican.
∴MaryspeaksEnglish.41ThetermsinonepremisemustⅣ.Planninganargumentativeessay
Whenyouplananargumentativeessay,keepinmindthefollowingpoints:Theargumentativeessayshouldintroduceandexplaintheissueorcase;Theessayshouldofferadequatereasonsandsupportthereasonswithgoodevidence;42Ⅳ.PlanninganargumentativeeTheessayshouldrefuteopposingarguments.Thisisaveryparticularcharacteristicwhichdistinguishesargumentativeessaysfromexpositoryessays.Youmustnotonlypresentyourownpointofviewandproveit,butalsorefuteyouropponent’sviewandprovethat
yoursismorevalidorsuperior.43TheessayshouldrefuteopposiⅤ.Organizinganargumentativeessay(1)IntroductionTomakeagoodbeginningofsuchanessay,youshouldfirstintroducetheproblemandthethesistoclarifythecontroversialissue
toyourreader.Thenyoushouldprovidebackgroundinformation.
44Ⅴ.Organizinganargumentative(2)ThedevelopmentalpartConfirmation(2-3paragraphs)andrefutation(1-3paragraphs)arerequiredindevelopingthemainpartoftheessay.Toconfirmyourpersonalpointofview,youneedtogivereasonstosupportyourthesis;45(2)Thedevelopmentalpart19thereasonsmustbeconvincingevidencewhichisnormallyfromexamplesfactsauthoritativeorexpertopinionsstatisticalfindingspersonalexperienceorobservations46thereasonsmustbeconvincing
Torefuteopposingviews,youshouldconsideryouropponent’spointofviewatthesametime;acknowledgethegoodpointsofopponent’sviewsfirst,explainwhyyouropponent’sviewsarenotgoodenough.
47Torefuteopposingviews,21
Indevelopingthemainpartoftheargumentativeessay,youmaychooseanypattern
orcombinethepatternstofurtherdevelopthethesisaswedealwithcause-and-effectgenrewriting(description,narration,definition,classification,exemplification,causalanalysis,comparison&contrast,etc.)48Indevelopingthemainpar(3)TheConcludingpart
Tobetterconcludetheessay,youshouldrestateyourthesissummarizeyourmainpointsurgeyourreadertotakeactionpredictthefuture
49(3)TheConcludin
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