英国文学-世纪新古典主义风格课件

The17thand18th(Neoclassical)Century

1625-1798Mrs.CumberlandThe17thand18th(Neoclassical1ATurbulentTime:

HistoricalBackgroundIn1649,theEnglishshockedtheworldbybeheadingtheirkingandabolishingthemonarchy.InthedecadesbeforethecivilwarstoreEnglandapart,revolutionsinscienceandreligionhadalreadyunsettledpeople’sworldview.ATurbulentTime:

Historical2ChangesThenewastronomyhadexiledtheEarthfromthecenteroftheuniversetothevastnessofinfinitespace.Newreligiouscreedshadalteredorabolishedthetraditionsofcenturies.JohnDonnewrote,withhisnewfoundinsecurity,“Tisallinpieces,allcoherencegone.”ChangesThenewastronomyhade3MonarchisBackBythe1700s,though,amonarchwasbackonthethrone,andanew,competitivesocietyhadsprungup,withaloosersocialstructureandgreaterfreedominreligionandpolitics.MonarchisBackBythe1700s,4CharlesIandParliamentCrownedin1625ClashedwithParliamentovermoneyKingCharlesneededmoneyforhiswars,andParliamentrefusedtofundthem.CharlesIandParliamentCrowne5Loans?NoLoans?Thekingthenextortedloansfromhiswealthysubjectsandpressedthepoorintoserviceassoldiersandsailors.Parliamenttriedtopreventsuchabusesofpower,soCharleseventuallydissolvedParliamentandwouldnotcallitintosessionfor11yrs.Loans?NoLoans?Thekingthen6ReligiousControversyHeinsistedtheclergymen“conform,”orobservealltheceremoniesoftheAnglicanChurch.Puritans-CalvanistswhowishedtopurifytheChurchofitsCatholictraditions-wereenragedbysomeoftheserequirements.ReligiousControversyHeinsist7TorturePuritansbelievedthateachgroupofworshipers,movedbythemembers’divinelygrantedconsciences,hadtherighttochooseitsownminister-anideadangerouslyclosetodemocracy.Fortheseandotherideas,“dissenters”werepersecutedandtorturedascriminals.TorturePuritansbelievedthat8TheCivilWarCharles’sproblemgrewworseafterhewasforcedtofightScottishrebelsoutragedbyhisinsistenceonreligiousconformity.Desperateformoney,hesummonedahostileParliamentParliamentcondemnedCharlesIasatyrantin1642CivilwarbrokeoutIn1645,Parliament’sforces,ledbyOliverCromwell,defeatedtheroyalistarmyandcapturedCharlesTheCivilWarCharles’sproblem9CromwellRulesRadicalPuritans:dominatedParliamentTriedandconvictedthekingfortreasonCharlesIwasbeheadedonJanuary30,1649Cromwellledthenewgovernment,calledtheEnglishCommonwealthHedissolvedParliamentin1653andnamedhimselfLordProtectorHeruledasadictatoruntil1658whenhediedCromwellRulesRadicalPuritans10OutlawingCivilwarhadnotledtothefreesocietythatmanywhohadfoughtagainstthekingexpected.Hopes,economichardship=unrestTheCommonwealthfueleddiscontentbyoutlawingGambling HorseracingNewspapersFancyclothesPublicdancingThetheaterOutlawingCivilwarhadnotled11TheRestorationByCromwell’sdeath,Englandhadhadenoughtaxation,violence,anddisorder.In1658,ParliamentofferedthecrowntotheexiledsonofCharlesI,whobecameCharlesIIin1660.ThemonarchwasrestoredTheRestorationByCromwell’sd12InsharpcontrasttothedrabPuritanleaders,CharlesIIandhiscourtcopiedtheplushfashionsofParisCharlesAvidpatronoftheartsandscienceInvitedItaliancomposersandDutchpainterstoliveandworkinLondon.Insharpcontrasttothedrab13EuropeanPoliticalThinkersThinkerMajorIdeasQuotationThomasHobbesLeviathan(1651)Peoplearedrivenbyselfishnessandgreed.Toavoidchaos,theygiveuptheirfreedomtoagovernmentthatwillensureorder.Suchagovernmentmustbestrongandabletosuppressrebellion“Theconditionofman[inthestateofnature]…isaconditionofwarofeveryoneagainsteveryone.”EuropeanPoliticalThinkersThi14EuropeanPoliticalThinkersThinkerMajorIdeasQuotationJohnLockeTwoTreatiesofGovernment(1690)Peoplehaveanaturalrighttolife,liberty,andproperty.Rulershavearesponsibilitytoprotectthoserights.Peoplehavetherighttochangeagovernmentthatfailstodoso.“Menbeing…bynatureallfree,equal,andindependent,noonecanbeputoutofthisestateandsubjectedtothepoliticalpowerofanotherwithouthisownconsent.”EuropeanPoliticalThinkersThi15EuropeanPoliticalThinkersThinkerMajorIdeasQuotationBarondeMontesquieuTheSpiritoftheLaws(1748)Thepowersofgovernmentshouldbeseparatedintoexecutive,legislative,andjudicialbranches,topreventanyonegroupfromgainingtoomuchpower.“Inordertohave…liberty,itisnecessarythatgovernmentbesetupsothatonemanneednotbeafraidofanother.”EuropeanPoliticalThinkersThi16AGloriousRevolutionCharlesII’ssuccessor:JamesIIDevoutCatholic.ParliamentinvitedMary,theProtestantdaughterofJamesII,toruleEnglandjointlywithherhusband,WilliamofOrange.Ratherthanfight,JamesescapedtoFranceThepeopleofEnglandhailedtheeventasthe“GloriousRevolutionof1688”becausenotadropofbloodhadbeenshed.AGloriousRevolutionCharlesI171689BillofRightsWilliamandMaryagreedtoParliamentsBillofRightsThisbillguaranteedParliamenttherighttoapprovealltaxesandforbadethemonarchtosuspendthelaw.Englandthusattainedalimited,orconstitutional,monarchy.1689BillofRightsWilliamand18ToriesandWhigsInensuingdecades,twopoliticalfactionscrystallizedinParliament:theconservative,aristocraticToriesandtheWhigs,drawnlargelyfromBritain’sgrowingmerchantclass.AcabinetofministersdrawnfromParliament,andeventuallyunifiedundertheleadershipofaprimeminister,begantorulethecountry.ToriesandWhigsInensuingdec19AnAgriculturalRevolutionBythelate1600s,newfarmtoolsmadeitpossibleforfarmstoproducemuchmorefood.PopulationsurgedupwardManypeopleleftthecountrysideGrowingtownsBecamefactoryhandswhoranthemachinesoftheearlyIndustrialRevolutionAnAgriculturalRevolutionByt20TheIndustrialAgeBritishinventionsafter1750madethespinningandweavingofclothmuchmoreefficient.ThesteamenginewasperfectedandadaptedtorunapowerloomFactorieswerebuilttoproducevastquantitiesofcottonclothMerchantssoldgoodsallovertheworldAslateas1790s:mostwerestillearningalivingasfarmersTheIndustrialAgeBritishinve21TheEnlightenmentThescientificrevolutionthatmadeindustrypossiblestemmedfromalargerdevelopmentinthoughtknownastheEnlightenment.Throughreasonandobservationofnature,humanbeingscoulddiscovertheorderunderlyingallthingsTheEnlightenmentThescientifi22TheEnlightenmentSirIsaacNewton:studyofgravityTheEnlightenmentSirIsaacNew23TheEnlightenmentMen,women,andchildrentoiledatmachinesfor12-14hr/dayPoorpeoplecrowdedthetownsandcitiesBythelate1700s“progress”=miseryWritersandintellectualsbegantolosefaithintheabilityofhumanreasontosolveeveryproblemTheEnlightenmentMen,women,a24TechnologyandSocietyConnectionsEfficiencyandagricultureandindustryhaddeepsocialconsequencesRichlandownerspushedaheadwithenclosure,bywhichtheytookoverandfencedoffthecommonlandformerlysharedbypeasantvillagers.FarmoutputroseProfitsrosebecauselargefieldsneededfewerpeopletoworkthemSmallfarmerswereforcedofftheirlandbecausetheycouldnotcompetewithlargelandholdersThejoblessorlandlessfarmworkersmigratetothecities.TechnologyandSocietyConnect25LiteratureofthePeriod

TheSchoolsofJonsonandDonne17thand18thCenturyLiteratureofthePeriod

TheS26BenJonson(1572-1637)Strovefortheperfectionandharmonyhefoundinhisbelovedclassicalauthors,turningawayfromtheornatestyleofElizabethantimestocreatehisownmodern,strongvoice.Hewrotepoems,plays,andmasques(courtentertainments)BenJonson(1572-1637)Strove27英国文学——世纪新古典主义风格课件28BenJonsonTookseriouslytheroleofthepoetHebelieved,infact,thatnootherprofessioncouldcomparetoit.Poets,hewrote,encourage“youngmentoallgooddisciplines,inflamegrownmentoallgreatvirtuesandkeepoldmenintheirbestandsupremestate“Apersoncouldnotbeagoodpoetwithoutbeingagoodman,”heassertedBenJonsonTookseriouslyther29JonsonInfluencesHiscriticalopinionexercisedapowerfulinfluenceonotherpoetsofthetime.RobertHerrick(1591-1674)SirJohnSuckling(1609-1642)RichardLovelace(1618-1657)JonsonInfluencesHiscritical30TheProductsofJonsonRobertHerrickSirJohnSucklingRichardLovelaceTheProductsofJonsonRobertH31JohnDonne(1572-1631)JohnDonne(1572-1631)32JohnDonnePioneeredanew,witty,cerebralstylelaterknownasMetaphysicalPoetryCharacterizedby:UnusualdegreeofintellectualismSubtleargumentsthatraidtheworldsofscience,law,andphilosophyforsurprisingbutstrangelyaccuratecomparisons.JohnDonnePioneeredanew,wit33Examplesofsuch…“AValedictionofWeeping”Compareshistears,whichreflecthislover’sface,tocoinsthatarestampedwithherimage“AValediction:ForbiddingMourning”ComparespartedloverstothetwolegsofadrawingcompassExamplesofsuch…“AValedictio34FollowersofDonne:GeorgeHerbert(1593-1633)AndrewMarvell(1621-1678)FollowersofDonne:GeorgeHerb35TheFollowersGeorgeHerbertHismotherwasafriendofDonne’sHislifeparallelsDonne’sFelttensionbetweenworldlyambitionandreligiousdevotionBecameanAnglicandeaconBestpoemsarereligiouslyricscollectedin“TheTemple”AndrewMarvellBestlyricsblendthebrillianceofDonneandtheclassicalfinishofJonsonOfferobservationsonnature,love,andGodthat,atfirst,seemurbaneandperhapsconventional,butoncloserinspectionproveprofound.Hisbestknownpoem,“ToHisCoyMistress”isoneofthebestlyricsinEnglishliterature.TheFollowersGeorgeHerbertAnd36ThePuritanWritersPerhapsthegreatestpoetofthe17thcenturywasaPuritan,notaCavalier:JohnMiltonThePuritanmovementalsoproducedthebest-sellingprosewriterofthecentury,JohnBunyanOnlytheBiblesoldmorecopiesthanBunyan’sreligiousnarrative,“ThePilgrim’sProgress.”ThePuritanWritersPerhapsthe37JohnMilton(1608-1674)LearneddiscipleofGreekandLatinauthorsStudiedtheOldTestamentinHebrewJohnMilton(1608-1674)Learne38MiltonBorntoaprosperousmiddle-classfamilyStudiedatCambridgeWrotepoliticalpamphletsforthePuritancausewhenthebattlebetweenCharlesIandParliamentwasinthemidst.Areopagitica(Milton’spamphlet):aringingcallforfreedomofthepressSupportedtheCommonewealthandProtectorateanddefendedtheexecutionofCharlesI.MiltonlosthopeofformingajustsocietyonearthwhenCromwell’sruleturnedtodictatorshipMiltonBorntoaprosperousmid39Timeline1625-1798BritishEvents/WorldEventsTimeline1625-1798BritishEve40BritishEvents/

WorldEvents1627SirFrancisBaconpublishesTheNewAtlantis1628WillamHarveyexplainsbloodcirculation1633JohnDonne’sSongsandSonnetspublished1635Publicmailserviceestablished1637JohnMiltonpublishesLycidas1600Japan:Kabukitheaterdeveloped1614NorthAmerica:DutchfoundNewAmsterdamBritishEvents/

WorldEvents141EventsEvents42BritishEvents/

WorldEvents1640CharlesIsummonsLongParliament1642EnglishCivilWarbegins1646JohnSucklingpublishesFragmentaAurea1647GeorgeFoxfoundsSocietyofFriends(Quakers)1649CharlesIbeheaded;Puritansclosetheaters;OliverCromwellbecomesLordProtector1650Earlynewspaperadsappear;Full-blownwigscomeintofashion1640India:EnglishsettlementestablishedinMadras1640NorthAmerica:BayPsalmBookpublishedinMassachusetts1643France:LouisXIVbecomesking1650NorthAmerica:AnneBradstreet’scollectionofpoemsispublished1651NorthAmerica:WilliamBradfordfinishesOfPlymouthPlantationBritishEvents/

WorldEvents1643EventsEvents44BritishEvents/

WorldEvents1658OliverCromwelldies;Puritangovernmentcollapses1660Monarchyrestored;theatersreopen1666GreatFireofLondon1667JohnMilton’sParadiseLostpublished1668JohnDrydenpublishesAnEssayofDramaticPoesy1662France:LouisXIVbeginsbuildingpalaceofVersailles1664NorthAmerica:BritainseizesNewNetherlands1666Italy:StradivarilabelsfirstviolinBritishEvents/

WorldEvents1645EventsEvents46BritishEvents/

WorldEvents1685JamesIIbecomesking1688GloriousRevolution1688BillofRightsbecomeslaw1702Firstdailynewspaperbeginspublication1680China:Allportsopentoforeigntrade1685France:LouisXIVrevokesEdictofNantes,provokingpersecutionofProtestants1690India:CalcuttafoundedbyBritish1703Russia:PetertheGreatbeginsbuildingSt.PetersburgBritishEvents/

WorldEvents1647EventsEvents48BritishEvents/

WorldEvents1712AlexanderPopepublishedTheRapeofLock1714GeorgeIbecomesking1719DanielDefoepublishesRobinsonCrusoe1726JonathanSwiftpublishesGulliver’sTravels1751ThomasGraypublishes“ElegyinaCountryChurchyard”1715France:LouisXVsucceedstothrone1721Germany:BachcomposesBrandenburgConcertos1727Brazil:Firstcoffeeplanted1752NorthAmerica:BenjaminFranklininventslightingrodBritishEvents/

WorldEvents1749EventsEvents50BritishEvents/

WorldEvents1755SamuelJonsonpublishesDictionaryoftheEnglishLanguage1756BritainentersSevenYears’War1793EnglandgoestowarwithFrance1773NorthAmerica:BostonTeaParty1775NorthAmerica:AmericanRevolutionbegins1784France:firstschoolestablishedfortheblind1789France:RevolutionbeginswithstormingoftheBastilleBritishEvents/

WorldEvents1751EventsEvents52MiltonWentblindin1652asaresultofhislaborsComposedanepicthatwouldexplainwhyGodallowssufferinginthisworld:Theepic,ParadiseLost,reflectsMilton’shumanisticloveofpoetryandhisPuritandevotiontoGod.MiltonWentblindin1652asa53The17thand18th(Neoclassical)Century

1625-1798Mrs.CumberlandThe17thand18th(Neoclassical54ATurbulentTime:

HistoricalBackgroundIn1649,theEnglishshockedtheworldbybeheadingtheirkingandabolishingthemonarchy.InthedecadesbeforethecivilwarstoreEnglandapart,revolutionsinscienceandreligionhadalreadyunsettledpeople’sworldview.ATurbulentTime:

Historical55ChangesThenewastronomyhadexiledtheEarthfromthecenteroftheuniversetothevastnessofinfinitespace.Newreligiouscreedshadalteredorabolishedthetraditionsofcenturies.JohnDonnewrote,withhisnewfoundinsecurity,“Tisallinpieces,allcoherencegone.”ChangesThenewastronomyhade56MonarchisBackBythe1700s,though,amonarchwasbackonthethrone,andanew,competitivesocietyhadsprungup,withaloosersocialstructureandgreaterfreedominreligionandpolitics.MonarchisBackBythe1700s,57CharlesIandParliamentCrownedin1625ClashedwithParliamentovermoneyKingCharlesneededmoneyforhiswars,andParliamentrefusedtofundthem.CharlesIandParliamentCrowne58Loans?NoLoans?Thekingthenextortedloansfromhiswealthysubjectsandpressedthepoorintoserviceassoldiersandsailors.Parliamenttriedtopreventsuchabusesofpower,soCharleseventuallydissolvedParliamentandwouldnotcallitintosessionfor11yrs.Loans?NoLoans?Thekingthen59ReligiousControversyHeinsistedtheclergymen“conform,”orobservealltheceremoniesoftheAnglicanChurch.Puritans-CalvanistswhowishedtopurifytheChurchofitsCatholictraditions-wereenragedbysomeoftheserequirements.ReligiousControversyHeinsist60TorturePuritansbelievedthateachgroupofworshipers,movedbythemembers’divinelygrantedconsciences,hadtherighttochooseitsownminister-anideadangerouslyclosetodemocracy.Fortheseandotherideas,“dissenters”werepersecutedandtorturedascriminals.TorturePuritansbelievedthat61TheCivilWarCharles’sproblemgrewworseafterhewasforcedtofightScottishrebelsoutragedbyhisinsistenceonreligiousconformity.Desperateformoney,hesummonedahostileParliamentParliamentcondemnedCharlesIasatyrantin1642CivilwarbrokeoutIn1645,Parliament’sforces,ledbyOliverCromwell,defeatedtheroyalistarmyandcapturedCharlesTheCivilWarCharles’sproblem62CromwellRulesRadicalPuritans:dominatedParliamentTriedandconvictedthekingfortreasonCharlesIwasbeheadedonJanuary30,1649Cromwellledthenewgovernment,calledtheEnglishCommonwealthHedissolvedParliamentin1653andnamedhimselfLordProtectorHeruledasadictatoruntil1658whenhediedCromwellRulesRadicalPuritans63OutlawingCivilwarhadnotledtothefreesocietythatmanywhohadfoughtagainstthekingexpected.Hopes,economichardship=unrestTheCommonwealthfueleddiscontentbyoutlawingGambling HorseracingNewspapersFancyclothesPublicdancingThetheaterOutlawingCivilwarhadnotled64TheRestorationByCromwell’sdeath,Englandhadhadenoughtaxation,violence,anddisorder.In1658,ParliamentofferedthecrowntotheexiledsonofCharlesI,whobecameCharlesIIin1660.ThemonarchwasrestoredTheRestorationByCromwell’sd65InsharpcontrasttothedrabPuritanleaders,CharlesIIandhiscourtcopiedtheplushfashionsofParisCharlesAvidpatronoftheartsandscienceInvitedItaliancomposersandDutchpainterstoliveandworkinLondon.Insharpcontrasttothedrab66EuropeanPoliticalThinkersThinkerMajorIdeasQuotationThomasHobbesLeviathan(1651)Peoplearedrivenbyselfishnessandgreed.Toavoidchaos,theygiveuptheirfreedomtoagovernmentthatwillensureorder.Suchagovernmentmustbestrongandabletosuppressrebellion“Theconditionofman[inthestateofnature]…isaconditionofwarofeveryoneagainsteveryone.”EuropeanPoliticalThinkersThi67EuropeanPoliticalThinkersThinkerMajorIdeasQuotationJohnLockeTwoTreatiesofGovernment(1690)Peoplehaveanaturalrighttolife,liberty,andproperty.Rulershavearesponsibilitytoprotectthoserights.Peoplehavetherighttochangeagovernmentthatfailstodoso.“Menbeing…bynatureallfree,equal,andindependent,noonecanbeputoutofthisestateandsubjectedtothepoliticalpowerofanotherwithouthisownconsent.”EuropeanPoliticalThinkersThi68EuropeanPoliticalThinkersThinkerMajorIdeasQuotationBarondeMontesquieuTheSpiritoftheLaws(1748)Thepowersofgovernmentshouldbeseparatedintoexecutive,legislative,andjudicialbranches,topreventanyonegroupfromgainingtoomuchpower.“Inordertohave…liberty,itisnecessarythatgovernmentbesetupsothatonemanneednotbeafraidofanother.”EuropeanPoliticalThinkersThi69AGloriousRevolutionCharlesII’ssuccessor:JamesIIDevoutCatholic.ParliamentinvitedMary,theProtestantdaughterofJamesII,toruleEnglandjointlywithherhusband,WilliamofOrange.Ratherthanfight,JamesescapedtoFranceThepeopleofEnglandhailedtheeventasthe“GloriousRevolutionof1688”becausenotadropofbloodhadbeenshed.AGloriousRevolutionCharlesI701689BillofRightsWilliamandMaryagreedtoParliamentsBillofRightsThisbillguaranteedParliamenttherighttoapprovealltaxesandforbadethemonarchtosuspendthelaw.Englandthusattainedalimited,orconstitutional,monarchy.1689BillofRightsWilliamand71ToriesandWhigsInensuingdecades,twopoliticalfactionscrystallizedinParliament:theconservative,aristocraticToriesandtheWhigs,drawnlargelyfromBritain’sgrowingmerchantclass.AcabinetofministersdrawnfromParliament,andeventuallyunifiedundertheleadershipofaprimeminister,begantorulethecountry.ToriesandWhigsInensuingdec72AnAgriculturalRevolutionBythelate1600s,newfarmtoolsmadeitpossibleforfarmstoproducemuchmorefood.PopulationsurgedupwardManypeopleleftthecountrysideGrowingtownsBecamefactoryhandswhoranthemachinesoftheearlyIndustrialRevolutionAnAgriculturalRevolutionByt73TheIndustrialAgeBritishinventionsafter1750madethespinningandweavingofclothmuchmoreefficient.ThesteamenginewasperfectedandadaptedtorunapowerloomFactorieswerebuilttoproducevastquantitiesofcottonclothMerchantssoldgoodsallovertheworldAslateas1790s:mostwerestillearningalivingasfarmersTheIndustrialAgeBritishinve74TheEnlightenmentThescientificrevolutionthatmadeindustrypossiblestemmedfromalargerdevelopmentinthoughtknownastheEnlightenment.Throughreasonandobservationofnature,humanbeingscoulddiscovertheorderunderlyingallthingsTheEnlightenmentThescientifi75TheEnlightenmentSirIsaacNewton:studyofgravityTheEnlightenmentSirIsaacNew76TheEnlightenmentMen,women,andchildrentoiledatmachinesfor12-14hr/dayPoorpeoplecrowdedthetownsandcitiesBythelate1700s“progress”=miseryWritersandintellectualsbegantolosefaithintheabilityofhumanreasontosolveeveryproblemTheEnlightenmentMen,women,a77TechnologyandSocietyConnectionsEfficiencyandagricultureandindustryhaddeepsocialconsequencesRichlandownerspushedaheadwithenclosure,bywhichtheytookoverandfencedoffthecommonlandformerlysharedbypeasantvillagers.FarmoutputroseProfitsrosebecauselargefieldsneededfewerpeopletoworkthemSmallfarmerswereforcedofftheirlandbecausetheycouldnotcompetewithlargelandholdersThejoblessorlandlessfarmworkersmigratetothecities.TechnologyandSocietyConnect78LiteratureofthePeriod

TheSchoolsofJonsonandDonne17thand18thCenturyLiteratureofthePeriod

TheS79BenJonson(1572-1637)Strovefortheperfectionandharmonyhefoundinhisbelovedclassicalauthors,turningawayfromtheornatestyleofElizabethantimestocreatehisownmodern,strongvoice.Hewrotepoems,plays,andmasques(courtentertainments)BenJonson(1572-1637)Strove80英国文学——世纪新古典主义风格课件81BenJonsonTookseriouslytheroleofthepoetHebelieved,infact,thatnootherprofessioncouldcomparetoit.Poets,hewrote,encourage“youngmentoallgooddisciplines,inflamegrownmentoallgreatvirtuesandkeepoldmenintheirbestandsupremestate“Apersoncouldnotbeagoodpoetwithoutbeingagoodman,”heassertedBenJonsonTookseriouslyther82JonsonInfluencesHiscriticalopinionexercisedapowerfulinfluenceonotherpoetsofthetime.RobertHerrick(1591-1674)SirJohnSuckling(1609-1642)RichardLovelace(1618-1657)JonsonInfluencesHiscritical83TheProductsofJonsonRobertHerrickSirJohnSucklingRichardLovelaceTheProductsofJonsonRobertH84JohnDonne(1572-1631)JohnDonne(1572-1631)85JohnDonnePioneeredanew,witty,cerebralstylelaterknownasMetaphysicalPoetryCharacterizedby:UnusualdegreeofintellectualismSubtleargumentsthatraidtheworldsofscience,law,andphilosophyforsurprisingbutstrangelyaccuratecomparisons.JohnDonnePioneeredanew,wit86Examplesofsuch…“AValedictionofWeeping”Compareshistears,whichreflecthislover’sface,tocoinsthatarestampedwithherimage“AValediction:ForbiddingMourning”ComparespartedloverstothetwolegsofadrawingcompassExamplesofsuch…“AValedictio87FollowersofDonne:GeorgeHerbert(1593-1633)AndrewMarvell(1621-1678)FollowersofDonne:GeorgeHerb88TheFollowersGeorgeHerbertHismotherwasafriendofDonne’sHislifeparallelsDonne’sFelttensionbetweenworldlyambitionandreligiousdevotionBecameanAnglicandeaconBestpoemsarereligiouslyricscollectedin“TheTemple”AndrewMarvellBestlyricsblendthebrillianceofDonneandtheclassicalfinishofJonsonOfferobservationsonnature,love,andGodthat,atfirst,seemurbaneandperhapsconventional,butoncloserinspectionproveprofound.Hisbestknownpoem,“ToHisCoyMistress”isoneofthebestlyricsinEnglishliterature.TheFollowersGeorgeHerbertAnd89ThePuritanWritersPerhapsthegreatestpoetofthe17thcenturywasaPuritan,notaCavalier:JohnMiltonThePuritanmovementalsoproducedthebest-sellingprosewriterofthecentury,JohnBunyanOnlytheBiblesoldmorecopiesthanBunyan’sreligiousnarrative,“ThePilgrim’sProgress.”ThePuritanWritersPerhapsthe90JohnMilton(1608-1674)LearneddiscipleofGreekandLatinauthorsStudiedtheOldTestamentinHebrewJohnMilton(1608-1674)Learne91MiltonBorntoaprosperousmiddle-classfamilyStudiedatCambridgeWrotepoliticalpamphletsforthePuritancausewhenthebattlebetweenCharlesIandParliamentwasinthemidst.Areopagitica(Milton’spamphlet):aringingcallforfreedomofthepressSupportedtheCommonewealthandProtectorateanddefendedtheexecutionofCharlesI.MiltonlosthopeofformingajustsocietyonearthwhenCromwell’sruleturnedtodictatorshipMiltonBorntoaprosperousmid92Timeline1625-1798BritishEvents/WorldEventsTimeline1625-1798BritishEve93BritishEvents/

WorldEvents1627SirFrancisBaconpublishesTheNewAtlantis1628WillamHarveyexplainsbloodcirculation1633JohnDonne’sSongsandSonnetspublished1635Publicmailserviceestablished1637JohnMiltonpublishesLycidas1600Japan:Kabukitheaterdevelope