国际经济学基础考试重点总结

国际经济学基础考试重点总结英译汉&汉译英BasisfortradeGainsfromtradePatternoftradeMercantilismAbsoluteadvantageLaissez-faireLawofcomparativeadvantageLabortheoryofvalueOpportunitycosttheoryProductionpossibilityfrontierConstantopportunitycostsRelativecommoditypricesCompletespecializationSmall-countrycaseIncreasingopportunitycostsMarginalrateoftransformationCommunityindifferencecurveMarginalrateofsubstitutionAutarky

贸易基础贸易所得贸易模式重商主义绝对优势自由放任劳动价值论固定机会成本相对商品价格完全专业化小国模型边际转换率边际替代率自给自足Equilibrium-relativecommoditypriceisolation 孤立均衡的相对商品价格Revealedcomparativeadvantage

显示性比较优势Equilibrium-relativecommoditypricewithtrade 均衡相对商品价格IncompletespecializationTermsoftradeDeindustrializationOffercurveReciprocaldemandcurveHeckscher-OhlintheoryHeckscher-OhlinFactor-proportions/factorendowmenttheoryFactor-priceequalizationtheoremStolper-SamuelsonSpecific-factorsmodelLenotiefparadoxIncreasingreturnstoscaleInternationaleconomicofscaleDifferentiatedproductsIntra-industrytradeTechnologicalgapmodelProductcyclemodel

贸易条件去工业化要素价格均等化定理特定要素模型差异化市场产业内贸易TransportationcoatsNontradedgoodsandservicesEnvironmentalstandardsMonopolisticcompetitionTradeorcommercialpoliciesImporttariffAdvaloremtariffSpecifictariffCompoundtariffConsumptioneffectofatariffProductioneffectofatariffTradeeffectofatariffRevenueeffectatariffConsumersurplusRentorproducersurplusProtectioncostordeadweightlossofatariffTermsoftradeeffectofatariffOptimumtariffProhibitivetariffNominaltariffRateofeffectiveprotectionQuotaNontarifftradebarriersNewprotectionismVoluntaryexportrestraints

运输成本环境标准垄断竞争进口关税从价税从量税关税的消费效应关税的生产效应关税的贸易效应关税的收入效应消费者剩余租金或生产者剩余关税的保护成本或净损失关说的贸易条件效应最优关税名义关税配额非关税壁垒新保护主义Technical,administrative,andotherregulations 技术、行政和其他法规调控InternationalcartelDumpingPersistentPredatorySporadicdumpingTrigger-pricemechanismExport-ImportBankForeignSalesCorporationsCountervailingdutiesScientifictariffInfant-industryargumentStrategictradepolicyIndustrialpolicyMost-favored-nationprincipleBilateraltradeGeneralAgreementonTariffsandTradeMultilateraltradenegotiations

国际卡特尔倾销持续性倾销掠夺性倾销偶然性倾销进出口银行反补贴税科学关税幼稚工业观点产业政策双边贸易多边贸易谈判EscapeclauseExportsubsidiesEconomicintegrationPreferentialtradearrangementsFreetradeareaCustomsunionCommonmarketEconomicunionDuty-freezonesorfreeeconomiczonesTradecreationTradediversionTarifffactoriesTradedeflectionBulkpurchasingInterdependenceInternationaltradetheoryInternationaltradepolicyBalanceofpaymentsForeignexchangemarketsAdjustmentinthebalanceofpaymentsMicroeconomicsMacroeconomicsOpen-economymacroeconomicsInternationalfinanceGlobalizationAnti-globalizationmovementBalancedgrowthEngineofgrowthRegionsofrecentsettlementVentforsurplusEndogenousgrowththeoryIncometermsoftradeImmiserizinggrowthExportinstabilityBufferstocksExportcontrolsPurchasecontractsImport-substitutionindustrialization(ISI)Export-orientedindustrializationForeigndebtBrazil,Russia,India,China(BRICs)PortfolioinvestmentDirectinvestments

豁免条款出口补贴自由贸易区关税同盟贸易创造国际贸易理论国际贸易政策外汇市场微观宏观宏观开放经济学国际金融全球化平衡增长贸易收入条件贫困化增长出口波动出口管制购货合同进口替代工业化出口导向工业化外债金砖国家间接投资直接投资PortfoliotheoryRiskHorizontalintegrationVerticalintegrationMultinationalcorporations(MNCs)TransferpricingBraindrain

风险分散化横向一体化纵向一体化跨国公司名词解释PatternoftradeThecommoditiesexportedandimportedbyeachnation.Laissez-faireThepolicyofminimumgovernmentinterferenceinorregulationofeconomicactivity,advocatedbyAdamSmithandotherclassicaleconomists.OpportunitycosttheoryThetheorythatthecostofacommodityistheamountofasecondcommoditythatmustbegivenuptoreleasejustenoughresourcestoproduceonemoreunitofthefirstcommodity.CompletespecializationTheutilizationofallofanation’sresourcesintheproductionofonlyonecommoditywithtrade.Thisusuallyoccursunderconstantcosts.IncreasingopportunitycostsTheincreasingamountsofonecommoditythatanationmustgiveuptoreleasejustenoughresourcestoproduceeachadditionalunitofanothercommodity.Thisisreflectedinaproductionfrontierthatisconcavefromtheorigin.AutarkyTheabsenceoftrade,orisolation.IncompletespecializationThecontinuedproductionofbothcommoditiesinbothnationswithincreasingcosts,eveninasmallnationwithtrade.TermsoftradeTheratiooftheindexprinceofaexporttoitsimportcommodities.DeindustrializationThedeclineintherelativeimportanceofmanufacturingandintheshareofmanufacturingemployment.Factor-priceequalization(H-O)theoremThepartoftheH-Otheorythatpredicts,underhighlyrestrictiveassumption,thatinternationaltradewillbringaboutequalizationinrelativeandabsolutereturnstohomogeneousfactorsacrossnations.Stolper-SamuelsontheoremItpostulatesthatfreeinternationaltradereducestherealincomeofthenation relativelyfactorandincreasestherealincomeoftherelativelyabundantfactor.Specific-factorsmodelThemodeltoanalyzetheeffectofachargeincommoditypriceonthereturnsoffactorsinanationwhenatleastonefactorisnotmobilebetweenindustriesIncreasingreturnstoscaleTheproductionsituationwhereoutputgrowsproportionatelymorethantheincreaseininputsorfactorsofproduction.Forexample,doublingallinputsmorethandoublesoutputInternationaleconomiesofscaleThe increased productivity resulting from the integration of its entire system manufacturingoperationsaroundtheworldDifferentiatedproductsSomewhatdifferentproducts(suchasautomobiles,cigarettes,andsoaps)producedbydifferentmanufacturesinthesameindustryorgeneralproductgroupIntra-industrytradeInternationaltradeinthedifferentiatedproductsofthesameindustryorbroadproductgroupAdvaloremtariffAtariffexpressedasfixedpercentageofthevalueofatradedcommodityConsumersurplusThedifferencebetweenwhatconsumersarewillingtopayforaspecificamountofacommodityandwhattheyactuallypayforitTermsoftradeeffectofatariffThereductioninthepriceoftheimportthecommoditythatresultswhenalargenationimposesanimporttariffOptimumtariffTherateoftariffthatmaximizesthebenefitsresultingfromimprovementinthenationtermsoftradeagainstthenegativeeffectresultingfromreductioninthevolumeoftradeRateofeffectiveprotectionThetariffcalculatedonthedomesticvalueaddedintheproductionofacommodityQuotaAdirectquantitativerestrictionontradeVoluntaryexportrestrains(VERs)Refertoanimportingcountryinducinganothercountryto“voluntariruceitsexportsofacommoditytotheimportingnationunderthethreatofhigherall-aroundtraderestrictionsInternationalcartelAnorganizationofsuppliersofacommoditylocatedindifferentnations(oragroupofgovernments)thatagreestorestrictoutputandexportsofthecommoditywiththeaimofmaximizingorincreasingthetotalprofitsoftheorganization.Aninternationalcartelthatbehavesasamonopolistiscalledacentralizedcartel.DumpingTheexportofacommodityatbelowcastoratalowerpricethansolddomesticallyPersistentdumpingThecontinuoustendencyofadomesticmonopolisttomaximizetotalprofitsbysellingthecommodityatalowerpriceabroadthandomestically;alsocalledinternationaldiscriminationPredatorydumpingThetemporarysaleofcommodityatalowerpriceabroadinordertodriveforeignproducersoutofbusiness,afterwhichpricesareraisedtotakeadvantageofthenewlyacquiredmonopolypowerabroadSporadicdumpingTheoccasionalsaleofacommodityatalowerpriceabroadthandomesticallyinordertosellanunforeseenandtemporarysurplusofthecommodityabroadwithouthavingtoreducedomesticprices.Countervailingduties(CVDs)TariffsimposedonimportstooffsetsubsidiesbyforeigngovernmentsScientifictariffThetariffratethatwouldmakethepriceofimportsequaltodomesticpricessoastoallowdomesticproducerstomeetforeigncompetitionStrategictradepolicyArelativelyrecentdevelopmentadvancedinfavorofanactivisttradepolicyandprotectionismCustomsunionRemovesallbarriersontradeamongmembersandharmonizestradepoliciestowardtherestoftheworld.ThebestexampleistheEuropeanUnion.TradecreationOccurswhensomedomesticproductioninamemberofthecustomsunionisreplacedbylower-costimportsfromanothermembernation.ThisincreaseswelfareTradediversionOccurswhenlower-costimportsfromoutsidetheunionarereplacedbyhigh-costimportsfromanotherunionmember.ByitselfthisreduceswelfareTarifffactoriesDirectinvestmentsmadeinanationorothereconomicunit(suchasacustomsunion)toavoidimporttariffsTransferpricingTheoverpricingorunderpricingofproductsintheintrafirmtradeofmultinationalcorporationsinanattempttoshiftincomeandprofitsfromhigh-tolow-taxnationsBraindrainThemigrationofhighlyskilledandtrainedpeoplefromdevelopingtodevelopednationsandfromotherindustrialnationstotheUnitedStates判断题MercantilismThebodyofwritingprevailingduringthe17thand18thcenturiesthatpostulatedthatthewayforanationtobecomericherwastorestrict 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