实用六级阅读

六級與四級的區別：一'詞——詞彙量5500。二'句 出題考長句子。'段——所有句子都認識•但不知道整段的意思。But,Yet,However轉折連詞後面是重點'常考點。'選項 有迷惑選項*不像四級那麼清晰0原文重現：原文告訴你選什麼，你就應該選什麼，不能憑戚骨和想像。儘量少讀：六級更多的對點出題*而不是對面出題。六級題型：1.主旨題(SumUp/Title)—看文章每段第一句Whichofthefollowingcanbestsumupthepassage?Advantagesanddisadvantagesofautomation.Labourandtheeffectsofautomation.UneinployinentbenefitpIansandautomation.Socialbenefitsofautomation.注：文章三段第一句都出現automation'兩段出現labour，因此這兩個詞是重點'必然在選項中出現。Automationreferstotheintroductionofelectroniccontrolandautomaticoperationofproductivemachinery.Itreducesthehumanfactors,mentalandphysical,inproduction,andisdesignedtomakepossiblethemanufactureofmoregoodswithfewerworkers.ThedevelopmentofautomationinAmericanindustryhasbeencalledthe"SecondIndustrialRevolution**.注：refersto下定義Labour'sconcernoverautomationarisesfromuncertaintyabouttheeffectsonemployment.andfearsofmajorchangesinjobs.Inthemain,labourhastakentheviewthatresistancetotechnicalchangeisunfruitful.Eventually,theresultofautomationmaywellbeanincreaseinemployment,sinceitisexpectedthatvastindustrieswillgrowuparoundmanufacturing,maintaining,andrepairingautomationequipinent.Theinterestoflabourliesinbringingaboutthetransitionwithamininiuinofinconvenienceanddistresstotheworkersinvolved.Also,unionspokesmenemphasizethatthebenefitoftheincreasedpreductionandlowercostsmadepossiblebyautomationshouldbesharedbyworkersintheformofhigherwages,moreleisure,andimprovedlivingstandards.注：labour雇員ToProtecttheinterestsoftheirmembersintheeraofautomation,unionshaveadoptedanumberofnewpolicies.Oneoftheseisthepromotionofsupplementaryuneinploymentbenefitplans.Itisemphasizedthatsincetheemployerinvolvedinsuchaplanhasadirectfinancialinterestinpreventinguneinployment,hewillhaveastrongdriveforplanningnewinstallationssoastocausetheleastpossibleproblemsinjobsandjobassignments.Someunionsareworkingfordismissalpayagreeinents»requiringthatpennanentlydismissedworkersbepaidasumofmoneybasedonlengthofservice.Anotherapproachistheideaofthe"improvementfactor'\whichcallsforwageincreasesbasedonincreasesinproductivity.Itispossible,however,thatlabourwillrelymainlyonreductioninworkinghoursinordertogainafullshareinthefruitsofautomation.注：union工會•和雇員有關詞彙題——找詞所在句子關係轉折關係Q例如：六級很難*但是 *找轉折連詞But.Yet,However並列關係。例如：AandB，問A就把B內容填進去。解釋關係°用because和從句inwhich等聯繫。例如：30."Anidentifyingfigure"(Line2,Para.5)referstoaperson •whoservesasamodelforotherswhoisalwayssuccessfulwhocanbedependeduponwhohasbeenrewardedforhissuccess(文章前四段省略)Admirationofonequalityoftenleadsustoadmireapersonasawhole,andhebecomesanidentifyingfigure.Weusesomepeopleasmodelsoverawiderangeofsituations,imitatingmuchthattheydo.Welearnthattheyaredependableandrewardingmodelsbecauseimitatingthemleadstosuccess,注：把握and前後是並列關係。細節題"直接細節、因果推理、暗示例如：31-Itisimpliedthatfiftyyearsago •eightypercentofAmericanworkingpeoplewereemployedinfactoriestwentypercentofAmericanintellectualswereemployeesthepercentageofintellectualsinthetotalworkforcewasalmostthesameasthatofindustrialworkersthepercentageofintellectualsworkingasemployeeswasnotsolargeasthatofindustrialworkers34.Accordingtothewriter,professionalknowledgeorskillis •lessimportantthanawarenessofbeingagoodemployeeasimportantastheabilitytodealwithpublicrelationsmoreimportantthanemployer-employeerelationsasimportantastheabilitytoco-operatewithothersintheorganizationOurshasbecomeasocietyofemployees.AhundredyearsorsoagoonlyoneoutofeveryfiveAmericansatworkwasemployed.i.e.,workedforsomebodyelse.TodayonlyoneoutoffiveisnotemployedbutworkingforhimselfAndwhenfiftyyearsago"beingemployed"meantworkingasafactorylabourerorasafarmhand,theemployeeoftodayisincreasinglyamiddle-classpersonwithasubstantialfonnaleducation,holdingaprofessionalormanagementjobrequiringintellectualandtechnicalskills.Indeed,twothingshavecharacterizedAmericansocietyduringtheselastfiftyyears:middle-classandupper-classemployeeshavebeenthefastest-growinggroupsinourworkingpopulation-growingsofastthattheindustrialworker,thatoldestchildoftheIndustrialRevolution,hasbeenlosinginnumericalimportancedespitetheexpansionofindustrialproduction.Yetyouwillfinelittleifanythingwrittenonwhatitistobeanemployee.Youcanfindagreatdealofverydubiousadviceonhowtogetajoborhowtogetaproinotion.Youcanalsofindagooddealofworkinachosenfield,whetheritbethemechanist*stradeorbookkeeping(簿&己)•Everyoneofthesetradesrequiresdifferentskills,setsdifferentstandards,andrequiresadifferentpreparation.Vettheyallhaveeinployeeshipincommon.Andincreasingly,especiallyinthelargebusinessoringovernment,einployeeshipismoreimportanttosuccessthanthespecialprofessionalknowledgeorskill.Certainlymorepeoplefailbecausetheydonotknowtherequirementsofbeinganemployeethanbecausetheydonotadequatelypossesstheskillsoftheirtrade;thehigheryouclimbtheladder,themoreyougetintoadministrativeorexecutivework,thegreatertheempbasisonabilitytoworkwithintheorganizationratherthanontechnicalabilitiesorprofessionalknowledge.4.作者態度題(atliuide)——正負態度凡是文章探討新事物——正態度凡是文章探討老事物——負態度例外：中立題Tliewriter'sattitudetowardstheuseofthetelephoneis •affectionatedisapprovingapprovingneutral•例子：例子必出題。文章有論點•論據■論證，例子是論證'用來支捋論點'所以簡而言之，例子本身不重要>但前後論點極其重要。例子開始的標誌：forexample»後面跟著大寫、時間、年代，依然是舉例內容。例子含義的標誌：show,teli,prove,demonstrate,find,clearly（Page72]IntheUnitedStates,theneedtoprotectplantandanimalspecieshasbecomeahighlycontroversialandsharplypoliticalissuesincethepassageoftheEndangeredSpeciesActin1973.Theact,designedtoprotectspecies'livingareas,andpoliciesthatpreservelandandforestscompetewitheconomicinterests.Inthe199O's,forexample,thewoodcuttersintheWesternUnitedStateswerechallengedlegallyintheiratteinpttocuttreesfortimberintheCascadeMountains.Thechallengewasmountedtoprotecttheendangeredspottedowl（貓頭鷹）.whoseremainingpopuiationoccupiestheseforestsandrequirestheintact,ancientforestforsurvival.Theprobleinaticsituationsettheinterestsofenvironmentalistsagainstthoseofcorporationsandofindividualswhostoodtolosejobs.Aftermonthsofdebateandlegalbattles,thefateofthewoodcutters-andtheowls-wasstillundecidedinmid-1992.注：1-controversial的意思是受爭議的'同"sharplypoliticalissue"，contro表示"反"forexample前句子是重點problematic懸而未決的Similartensionsexistbetweenthedevelopedandthedevelopingnations.Manypeopleinindustrializednations,forexampie,believethatdevelopingnationsintropicalregionsshoulddomoretoprotecttheirrainforestsandothernaturalareas.Butthedevelopingcountriesmaybeimpoverished（使窮困人withpopulationsgrowingsorapidlythatusingthelandisameanstotemporarilyavoidworseningpovertyandstarvation,注：1.tension張力，衝突看到similar就說明第二段說的和第一段一樣。But轉折是重點ManyofthechangestoEarththatconcernscientistshavethepotentialtorobtheplanetofitsbiologicalrichness.ThedestructionofEarth'sozonelayer（臭氧層）.forexampk,couldcontributetothegeneralprocessofimpoverishmenlbyallowingultra-violetraystoharmplantsandanimals.Andglobalwanningcouldwipeoutspeciesunabletoquicklyadapttochangingclimates.Clearly,protectingwillcomeonlythroughcoordinatedinternationaleffortstocontrolhumanpopulation,stabilizethecompositionoftheatinosphere,andpreserveintactEarth'scomplexweblife.36・Whydoestheauthorsaythattheprotectionofendangeredspeciesisahighlycontroversialissue?Becausepeoplecan'tagreeastowhatspeciestoprotect.Becauseitisdifficulttofindaneffectivewaytoprotectsuchspecies.Becauseitaffectstheinterestsofcertaingroupsofpeople.Becauseitisamajorprobieminvolvingaseriesoflegalprocedures.注：細節題。第一段economicinterests•表示絕對的詞一出現在文章中，是非常重要的出題點：如果出現在選項中，很可能是不對的。全無:non-nothing-never-seldom-absolutely-hardly-little-few-prevent-exclude-neither,,.nor全有：all-every-full-either...唯一：only-exactly-best-most37.Accordingtothepassage,thepreservationofrainforests •mayhamperadevelopingcountryinitsfightagainstpoverty.benefitsdevelopedcountriesratherthandevelopingcountries.shouldtakepriorityoverthecontrolofhumanpopulation.willhelpimprovethelivingconditionsindevelopingcountries.注：細節題>對應文章第二段。舉例前那句話更重要，只要表達出“和經濟利益衝突"就對了。3&Accordingtothepassage,cuttingtresstogrowmorefood .willwidenthegapbetweenthedeve!opedandthedevelopingcountries.isbutashort-termrelieftothefoodproblein.canhardlyalleviatetheshortageofvestobeaneffectivewayoutforimpoverishednations.注：對應文章第二段。Short-term對應temporarily»relief對應avoid。Ainong**humanity'scurrentproblems”(Line6,Para.3),thechiefconcernofthescientistsis •theimpoverishmentofdevelopingcountries,theexplosionofthehumanpopulation.thereductionofbiologicaldiversity.theeffectofglobalwanning.注：第三段0C選項中reduction對應rob*diversity對應richness。40・Theauthor'spurposeinwritingthispassageis •todescribethedifficultiesinsolvinghumanity'scurrentprobleins.topresentthedifferentviewsonhumanity'scurrentprobleins.toanalyzethecontradictionbetweencountriesindealingwithhumanity'scurrentproblems.topointoutthathumanity'scurrentprobleinscanonlybesolvedthroughthecooperationofnations.注：看最後一句話*cooperationofnations對應coordinatedinternationalefforts。|Page80]Wesometimesthinkhumansareuniquelyvulnerabletoanxiety,butstressseemstoaffecttheimmunedefensesofloweranimalstoo.Inoneexperiment,forexampie,behavioralimmunologist(免疫學家)MarkLaudenslger,attheUniversityofDenver,gavemildelectricshocksto24rats.Halftheanimalscouldswitchoffthecurrentbyturningawheelintheirenclosure,whiletheotherhalfcouldmot.Theratsinthetwogroupswerepairedsothateachtimeoneratturnedthewheelitprotectedbothitselfanditshelplesspartnerfromtheshock.Laudenslagerfoundthattheimmuneresponsewasdepressedbelownormalinthehelplessratsbutnotinthosethatcouldturnofftheelectricity.Whathehasdemonstrated,hebelieves,isthatlackofcontroloveranevent,nottheexperienceitself,iswhatweakenstheimmunesystem.注：Lvulnerable易受傷害的immunedefense免疫系统found之後是試驗告訴我們的觀點depress壓抑、de往下Otherresearchersagree.JayWeiss,apsychologistatDukeUniversitySchoolofMedicine,hasshownthatanimalswhoareallowedtocontrolunpleasantstimulidon'tdevelopsleepdisturbancesorchangesinbrainchemistrytypicalofstressedrats.Butiftheanimalsareconfrontedwithsituationstheyhavenocontrolover,theylaterbehavepassivelywhenfacedwithexperiencestheycancontrol.Suchfindingsreinforcepsychologists'suspicionsthattheexperienceorperceptionofhelplessnessisoneofthemostharmfulfactorsindepression.注：L看第一句三個單詞就知道本段內容和上一段相同。2.passive被動的2LLaudenslager'sexperiinentshowedthattheimmunesystemofthoseratswhocouldturnofftheelectricity .wasstrengthenedwasnotaffectedwasalteredwasweakened注：定位文章第一段found之後Accordingtothepassage,theexperienceofhelplessnesscausesratstotrytocontrolunpleasantstimuliturnofftheelectricitybecomeabnormallysuspiciousbehavepassivelyincontrollablesituations注：定位第二段But之後那句話23.ThereasonwhythemiceinAder'sexperiinentavoidedsaccharinwasthattheydislikeditstasteitaffectedtheirimmunesystemsitledtostomachpainstheyassociateditwithstomachaches22.Thefirstparagraphismainlyabout •theteenagers'criticismoftheirparentsmisunderstandingsbetweenteenagersandtheirparentsthedominanceoftheparentsovertheirchildrentheteenagers*abilitytodealwithcrises注：段落主旨•B和C只說了一部分。Itisnaturalforyoungpeopletobecriticaloftheirparentsattimesandtoblamethemformostofthemisunderstandingsbetweenthem.Theyhavealwayscomplained,moreorlessjustly,thattheirparentsareoutoftouchwithmodernways;thattheyarepossessiveanddominantthattheydonottrusttheirchildrentodealwithcrises;thattheytalktoomuchaboutcertainproblemsandthattheyhavenosenseofhumour,atleastinparent-childrelationships.Ithinkitistruethatparentsoftenunderestimatetheirteenagechildrenandalsoforgethowtheythemselvesfeltwhenyoung.Youngpeopleoftenirritatetheirparentswiththeirchoicesinclothesandhairstyles,inentertainersandmusic.Thisisnottheirmotive.Theyfeelcutofffromtheadultworldintowhichtheyhavenotyetbeenaccepted.Sotheycreateacultureandsocietyoftheirown.Then,ifitturnsoutthattheirmusicorentertainersorvocabularyorclothesorhairstylesirritatetheirparents,thisgivesthemadditionalenjoyment.Theyfeeltheyaresuperior,atleastinasmallway,andthattheyareleadersinstyleandtaste.注：1-critical吹毛求疵的'很重要的Themainideaofthispassageisthat •attentionmustbedirectedtotheimprovementofrecreativepossibilKiesbetteruseofgreenspacefacilitiesshouldbemadesoastoimprovethequalityofourlifetheurbanenvironmentisprovidingmorerecreationactivitiesthanitdidmanyyearsagoprioritymustbegiventothedeveiopmentofobligatoryactivitiesGreenspacefacilitiesarecontributingtoanimportantextenttothequalityoftheurbanenvironment.Fortunatelyitisnolongernecessarythateverylectureoreverybookaboutthissubjecthastostartwiththeproofofthisidea.Atpresent,itisgenerallyaccepted.althoughmoreasaself-evidentstatementthanonthebaseofaclosely-reasonedscientificproofTherecognitionoftheimportnnceofgreenspacesintheurbanenvironmentisafirststepontherightway,thisdoesnotmean,however,thatsufficientdetailsareknownaboutthefunctionsofgreenspaceintownsandaboutthewayinwhichtheinhabitantsareusingthesespaces.AstothisrathercomplexsubjectIshall,withinthescopeofthislecture,enterintooneaspectonly,namelytherecreativefunctionofgreenspacefacilities.注：GF對城鄉環境有重要的貢獻。Thetheoreticalseparationofliving,working,trafficandrecreationwhichformanyyearshasbeenusedintown-and-countryplanning,hasinmyopinionresultedindisproportionateattentionforformsofrecreationfarfromhome,whereastherewasrelativelylittleattentionforimprovementofrecreativepossibilitiesinthedirectneighbourhoodofthehome.Wehavecometotheconclusionthatthisisnotright,becauseanimportnntpartofthetimewhichwedonotpassinsleepingorworking,isusedforactivitiesatandaroundhome.Soitisobviousthatrecreationintheopenairhastobeginatthestreet-doorofthehouse.Theurbanenvironmenthastoofferasmanyrecreationactivitiesaspossible,andthedesignofthesehastobesuchthatmoreobligatoryactivitiescanalsohavearecreativeaspect.Theverybeststandardoflivingisnothingifitisnotpossibletotakeapleasantwalkinthedistrict,ifthechildrencannotbeallowedtoplayinthestreets,becausetherisksoftrafficaretoogreat,ifduringshoppingyoucannowherefindaspotforenjoyingforamomenttheniceweather,inshort,ifyouonlyfeelyourselfathomeafterthestreet-doorofyourhouseisclosedafteryou.Thepassagemainlydealswith •thelifespanoftheMojaveshriinpsthesurvivalofdesertshrimpstheimportanceofwatertolifelifeintheMojaveDesert注：三段出現shrimp'說明本文主要講shrimp、排除C和D，A選項lifespan沒出現過。Therearedesertplantswhichsurvivethedryseasonintheformofinactiveseeds.Therearealsodesertinsectswhichsurviveasinactivelarvae（幼蟲）.Inaddition,difficultasitistobelieve,therearedesertfishwhichcansurvivethroughyearsofdrought（車乞旱）intheformofinactiveeggs.Thesearetheshriinps（小瑕）thatliveintheMojaveDesert,anintenselydryregioninthesouth-westoftheUnitedStateswhereshadetemperaturesofover50Careoftenrecorded.TheeggsoftheMojaveshrimpsarethesizeandhavetheappearanceofgrainsofsand.Whensufficientspringrainfallstoformalake,onceeverytwotofiveyears,theseeggshatch（孵化）.Thenthewaterissoonfilledwithmillionsoftinyshrimpsaboutamillimetrelongwhichfeedontinyplantandanimalorganismswhichalsogrowinthetemporarydesertlake.Withinaweek,theshrimpsgrowfromtheiroriginal1millimetretoalengthofabout1.5centimetres.Throughoutthetimethattheshriinpsarerapidlymaturing,thewaterinthelakeequallyrapidlyevaporates.Therefore,fortheshriinpsitisaraceagainsttime.Bythetwelfthday,howeverwhentheyareabout3centimetrelong,hundredsoftinyeggsformontheunderbodiesofthefemales.Usuallybythistime,allthatremainsofthelakeisalarge,muddypatchofwetsoitOnthethirteenthdayandthenext,duringthefinalhoursoftheirbrieflives,theshriinpslaytheireggsinthemud.Themhavingensuredthattheirspecieswillsurvive,theshrimpsdieasthelastofthewaterevaponUes.Ifsufficientrainfallsthenextyeartoformanotherlake,theeggshatch,andonceagaintheshriinpspassrapidlythroughtheircycleofgrowth,adulthood,egg-laying,anddeath.Someyearsthereisinsufficientraintoformalake:inthiscase,theeggswillremaindormantforanotheryears,orevenlongerifnecessary.Very,veryoccasionally,perhapstwiceinahundredyears,sufficientrainfallstoformadeeplakethatlastsamonthormore.Inthiscase,thespeciespassesthroughtwocyclesofgrowth,egg-laying,anddeath.Thus,onsuchoccasions,thespeciesmultipliesconsiderably,whichfurtherensuresitssurvival.40.Themostappropriatetitleforthepassagewouldbe ・（A） Thewell-beingofCareerWomen（B） SourcesofMasteryandPleasure（C） TwoAspectsofWomen'sWell-Being（D） FreedomRolesWomeninSociety注：A選項career縮小了範圍，B選項沒出現woman'擴大了選項Inourculture,thesourcesofwhatwecallasenseof"mastery"—feelingimportantandworth-while-andthesourcesofwhatwecallasense'*pleasure"-findinglifeenjoyable-arenotalwaysidenticatWomenoftenaretold"Youcan'thaveitall."Sometimeswhatthespeakerreallyissayingis:"Youchoseacareer,soyoucan'texpecttohavecloserrelationshipsorahappyfamilylife,"or"Youhaveawonderfulhusbandandchildren—What'sallthisaboutwantingacareer?**Butwomenneedtounderstandanddevelopbothaspectsofwell-being,iftheyaretofeelgoodaboutthemselves.Ourstudyshowsthat,forwomen,well-beinghastwodimensions.Oneismastery,whichincludesself-esteem（自尊人asenseofcontroloveryourlife,andlowlevelsofanxietyanddepression.Masteryiscloselyrelatedtothe"doing"sideoflife,toworkandactivity.Pleasureistheotherdimensions,anditiscoinposedofhappiness.satisfactionandoptiinisin（樂觀）.Itistiedmorecloselytothe"feeling"sideoflife.Thetwoareindependentofeachother.Awomancouldbehighinmasteryandlowinpleasure,andviceversa.Forexampie.awomanwhohasagoodjob,butwhosemotherhasjustdied,mightbefeelingverygoodaboutherselfandincontrolofherworklife,butthepleasuresidecouldbedamagedforatime.Theconceptsofmasteryandpleasurecanhelpusidentifythesourcesofwell-beingforwomen,andremedypastmistakes.Inthepasl.womenwereencouragedtolookonlyatthefeelingsideoflifeasthesourceofallwell-being,Butweknowthatbothmasteryandpleasurearecritical.Andmasteryseemstobeachievedlargelythroughwork.Inourstudy,allthegroupsofemployedwomenratedsignificantlyhigherinmasterythandidwomenwhowerenotemployed.Awoman'swell-beingisenhanced(增進)whenshetakesonmultipleroles.Atleastbymiddleadulthood,thewomenwhowereinvolvedinacombinationofroles-inarriages,motherhood,andemploymentwerethehighestinwell-being,despitewarningsaboutstressandstrain.30.Thebesttittleforthepassagewouldbe •Apple'sEffortssoStayAheadofIBMAppie'sNewComputerTechnologyAppletNewpersonalComputersApple'sResearchActivitiesThecompetitionamongproducersofpersonalcompiHersisessentiallyaracetogetthebest,mostinnovativeproductstothemarketplace.Marketersinthisenvironmentfrequentlyhavetomakeajudgementastotheircompetitors^rolewhenmakingmarketingstrategydecisions.Ifmiyorcompetitorsarechangingtheirproducts,thenamarketermaywanttofollowsuittoremaincompetitive.AppleComputei;Inc.hasintroducedtwonew,fasterpersoncomputers,theMacintoshIIandMacintoshSE,inanticipationoftheintroductionofanewPCbyIBM,oneofApple'smajorcoinpetitors.Apple・snewcoinputersaremuchfasterandmorepowerfulthanitsearliermodels.TheimprovedMacintoshisabletorunprogramsthatpreviouslywereimpossibletorunonanApplePC.includingIBM-compatibleprograms.Thiscompdtibilityfeatureillustratescomputermanufacturers'newattitudeofgivingcustomersthefeaturestheywant.MaltingApplecompiHerscapableofrunningIBMsoftwareisApple・seffortatmakingtheMackintoshcompatiblewithIBMcoinputersandthusmorepopularintheoffice,whereApplehopestoincreasesales.UsersofthenewApplecanalsoaddaccessoriestomaketheirmachinesspecializeinspecificuses,suchasengineeringandwriting.Thenewcoinputersrepresentabigimproveinentoverpastmodels,buttheyalsocostmuchmore.Companyofficialsdonotthinkthehigherpricewillslowdownbuyerswhowanttostepuploamorepowerfulcomputer.Applewantstostayinthehighpriceendofthepersonalcoinputermarkertofinanceresearchforevenfaster,moresophisticatedcomputers.EventhoughAppleandIBMaremajorcompetitors,bothcompaniesrealizethattheircompetitor'scomputershavecertainfeaturesthattheirownmodelsdonot.TheApplelinehasalwaysbeenpopularforitssophisticatedcolorgraphics,where-astheIBMmachineshavealwaysbeenfavoredinoffices.Inthefuture,therewillprobablybemorecoinpatibilitybetweenthetwocompanies'products,whichnodoubtwillrequirethatbothAppleandIBMchangemarketingstrategies.25.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthepassage?CompiHersandtheKnowledgeSociety.ServiceindustriesinModernSociety.FeaturesandImplicationsoftheNewEra.RapidAdvancementofinformationTechnology注：一個選項能概括每一段的內容或者大多數段的內容>即看每段首句。主旨題的迷惑選項：末段內容'細節內容'加詞縮小範圍>減詞擴大範圍。Aneweraisuponus.Callitwhatyouwill:theserviceeconomy,theinformationage,theknowledgesociety.Italltranslatestoafundamentalchangeinthewaywework.Alreadywe'repartlythere.ThepercentageofpeoplewhoearntheirlivingbymakingthingshasfallendramaticallyintheWesternWorld.TodaythemajorityofjobsinAmerica,EuropeandJapan(twothirdsormoreinmanyofthesecountries)areintheserviceindustry,andthenumberisontherise.Morewomenareintheworkforcethaneverbefore.Therearemorepart-timejobs.Morepeopleareself-employed.Butthebreadthoftheeconomictransformationcan'tbemeasuredbynumbersalone,becauseitalsoisgivingrisetoaradicalnewwayofthinkingaboutthenatureofworkitselfLong-heldnotionsaboutjobsandcareers,theskillsneededtosucceed,eventherelationbetweenindividualsandemployers-allthesearebeingchallenged.Wehaveonlytolookbehindtogetsomesenseofwhatmaylieahead.Noonelookingahead20yearspossiblycouldhaveforeseenthewaysinwhichasingleinvention,thechip,wouldtransformourworldthankstoitsapplicationsinpersonalcoinputers,digitalcommunicationsandfactoryrobots.Tomorrow*sachievementsinbiotechnology,artificialintelligenceorevensomestilluniinaginedtechnologycouldpreduceasimilarwaveofdramaticchanges.Butonethingiscertain:informationandknowledgewillbecomeevenmorevital,andthepeoplewhopossessit,whethertheyworkinmanufacturingorservices,willhavetheadvantageandpreducethewealth.Computerknowledgewillbecomeasbasicarequirementastheabilitytoreadandwrite.Theabilitytosolveproblemsbyapplyinginformationinsteadofperformingroutinetaskswillbevaluedaboveailelse.Ifyoucastyourmindahead10years,informationserviceswillbepredoininant.Itwillbethewayyoudoyourjob.25.Whichofthefollowingbestsummarizedthemainideaofthepassage?Musicalinstrumentsdevelopedthroughtheyearswillsoonerlaterbereplacedbycomputers.cannotbepassedontofuturegenerationunlessitisrecorded.FolksongscannotspreadfarunlesstheyareprintedonmusicsheetsThedevelopmentofmusiccultureishighlydependentoritsmaterialaspectMaterialculturereferstothetouchable,material"things"-physicalobjectsthatcanbeseen,held,felt,used-thataculturepreduces.Examiningaculture'stoolsandtechnologycantellusaboutthegroupMhistoryandwayoflife.Similarly,researchintothematerialcultureofmusiccanhelpustounderstandthemusic-culture.Themostvividbodyof"things'*init,ofcourse,aremusicalinstruments.Wecannothearforourselvestheactualsoundofanymusicalperfbrmancebeforethe1870swhenthephonographwasinvented,sowerelyoninstrumentsforimportantinformationaboutmusic-culturesittheremotepastandtheirdevelopinent.Herewehavetwokindsofevidence:instrumentswellpreservedandinstrumentspicturesinart.Throughthestudyofinstruments,aswellpreservedPaintings,writtendocuments,andsoon,wecanexplorethemovementofmusicfromtheNeatEasttoChinaoverathousandyearsago,orwecanoutlinethespreadofNeareasterninfluencetoEuropethatresultsinthedevelopmentofmostoftheinstrumentsonthesyinphonyorchestra.Sheetmusicorprintedmusic,too,ismaterialculture.Scholarsoncedefinedfolkmusic-culturesasthoseinwithpeoplelearnandsingmusicbyearratherthanfromprint,butresearchshowmutualinfluenceamongoralandwrittensourcesduringthepastfewcenturiesinEurope,Britain,andAmerica,printedversionslimitvarietybecausetheytendtostandardizeanysong,yettheystimulatepeopletocreatenewanddifferentsongs.Besid