2016年机考高频鸡精文章

2016GRE机考高班级by个 一次,终生做朋友长江水稻（PP2模考文章 教育（70 教育（70篇第32篇第 （88篇第71篇） 生物发现（88篇Passage54 文艺复兴建筑（88篇Passage 版块动力（70篇Passage41 植物（88篇Passage 新墨西哥殖民建筑（88篇Passage 月球（88篇Passage 罗马印刷（88篇Passage 南部者（88篇Passage 考古（70篇Passage29） 民间初版（88篇Passage 面对面社交（88篇Passage 植物者（88篇Passage 爱尔兰运动（88篇Passage 非本地生物（88篇 妇女文学（88篇Passage41） 大王蝶出生地（PP2模考 大王蝶版本 海藻造云（70篇Passage 冬令时与交通事故（88篇Passage 王鱼（88篇Passage （70篇Passage20） FannyFern(88篇Passage 货车载重（88篇Passage 陶器修改（88篇Passage 埃及木乃伊（70篇逻辑单题 瓷器技 民族国家 Torvic语言使用 Orcas Mice实 陶器专业 化学专 勘探微生 马的竞 Argiope蜘 代表（70篇Passage38） 杀虫剂副作 进口药品检 文艺复兴艺术家作 Abalone渔业（88篇Passage 新能源（70篇长文章Passage2 地面觅 长江水稻（PP2模考文章Sincethe1970s,archaeologicalsitesinChina’sYangtzeRiverregionhaveyieldedevidenceofsophisticatedrice-farmingsocietiesthatpredatesignsofricecultivationelsewhereinEastAsiabyathousandyears.Beforethisevidencewasdiscovered,ithadgenerallybeenassumedthatricefarmingbeganfarthertothesouth.Thisscenariowasbasedbothonthegeographicrangeofwildorfree-livingrice,whichwasnotthoughttoextendasfarnorthastheYangtze,andonarchaeologicalrecordsofveryearlydomesticricefromSoutheastAsiaand(nowknowntobenotsooldasfirstreported).Proponentsofthesouthern-origintheorypointoutthatearlyrice-farmingsocietiesalongtheYangtzewerealreadyhighlydevelopedandthatevidenceforthefirststageofricecultivationismissing.Theyarguethatthefirsthunter-gathererstodevelopriceagriculturemusthavedonesointhissouthernzone,withintheapparentpresent-daygeographicrangeofwildrice.Yetwhilemoststandsofwildricereportedina1984surveywereconcentratedtothesouthoftheYangtzedrainage,twonorthernoutlierpopulationswerealsodiscoveredinprovincesalongthemiddleandlowerYangtze,evidencethattheYangtzewetlandmayfallwithinboththepresent-dayandthehistoricalgeographicrangesofrice’swildancestor.Whichofthefollowing,iftrue,wouldmostclearlyunderminetheconclusionthattheauthormakesbasedonthe1984survey?AreassouthoftheYangtzebasincurrentlyhavelesswild-ricehabitatthantheyonceSurveysince1984haveshownwildricepopulationsalongtheupperYangtzeaswellasalongthemiddleandlowerYangtzeThepopulationsofwildricealongtheYangtzerepresentstrainsofwildricethatmigratedtothenorthrelativelyrecently.Earlyrice-farmingsocietiesalongtheYangtzewerenotashighlydevelopedasarchaeologistsoncethought.InEastAsia,thehistoricalgeographicrangeofwildricewasmoreextensivethanthepresent-daygeographicrangeis.Basedonthepassage,skepticsoftheideathatricecultivationbeganintheYangtzeRiverregioncanpointtowhichofthefollowingforsupport?Lackofevidencesupportingtheexistenceofrice-farmingsocietiesalongtheYangtzeatanearlydateLackofevidenceregardingtheinitialstagesofricecultivationintheYangtzeRecentdiscoveriespertainingtothehistoricalgeographicrangeofrice’swildNewinformationregardingthedatesofveryearlydomesticricefromSoutheastNewtheoriespertainingtohowhunter-gatherersfirstdevelopedriceagricultureinEastWhichofthefollowingcanbeinferredfromthepassageaboutthe“southern-originThetheoryisbasedonanunconventionalunderstandingofhowhunter-gatherersfirstdevelopedriceagricultureThetheoryfailstotakeintoaccounttheapparentfactthatevidenceforthefirststageofricecultivationinthenorthismissing.Thetheorywasdevelopedprimarilyinresponsetoa1984surveyofwildrice’sgeographicReassessmentofthedatesofsomearchaeologicalevidencehasunderminedsupportfortheEvidenceofsophisticatedrice-farmingsocietiesintheYangtzeregionprovidessupportforthetheory.参考答案： 教育（7032SomehistoriansquestionthewidelyheldbeliefthatcontinuallyimprovingeducationledtogradualAfricanAmericanempowermentinthesouthernUnitedStatesfromthelatenineteenthcenturythroughthemid-twentiethcentury.TheynotethatthedevelopmentofBlackeducationalinstitutionsinthesegregatedSouthwasneverrapidorsteady:disparitiesbetweenBlackandWhiteschoolssometimesgrewintheearlydecadesofthetwentiethcentury.AndAfricanAmericans’educationalgainsdidnotbringcommensurateeconomicgains.Startinginthe1940s,evenasBlackandWhiteschoolsintheSouthmovedsteadilytowardequality,Blacksouthernersremainedpoliticallymarginalizedandexperiencedsystematicjobdiscrimination.AlthoughBlackschoolshadachievednearparitywithWhiteschoolsinpercapitaspendingandteachers’salariesby1965,AfricanAmericans’ estilllaggedbehindthatofWhites.Nonetheless,educationalprogressdidcontributetowardeconomicandpoliticalempowerment.AfricanAmericans’nstosupportBlackschoolsfosteredasenseofcommunity,nurturedpoliticaldetermination,andoftenincreasedliteracy.Moresignificantly,politicallyoutspokenBlacknewspapersachievedrecordcirculationduringthe1940s,justastheliteracyrateamongAfricanAmericansapproached90percent.Finally,theleadershipoftheCivilRightsmovementofthe1960swascomposedlargelyofgraduatesofBlackcolleges.Theauthorofthepassagereferstothefactthat“disparitiesbetweenBlackandWhiteschoolssometimesgrewintheearlydecadesofthetwentiethcentury”mostlikelyinordertosupporttheargumentthattheeconomicstrugglesofsouthernBlackswerelargelyduetoeducationalinequalitiesgiveanexampleofthedifferencesbetweenBlackschoolsintheearlypartofthetwentiethcenturyandBlackschoolsstartinginthe1940sillustratetheunevennessoftheprogressmadebyBlackschoolsinthesouthernUnitedhelpexplainwhyBlackremainedpoliticallymarginalizedandexperiencedsystematicjobdiscriminationinthesegregatedSouthprovideevidencethateducationalprogresswasapreconditionforeconomicprogressinthesegregatedSouthWhichofthefollowingbestdescribesthepurposeofthehighlightedItclarifiesapointintroducedintheprecedingItreiteratesapointintroducedinthe tenceoftheItquestionstheaccuracyofsomeoftheevidenceusedtosupporttheargumentoftheItintroducesathatrunscontrarytotheviewofthosewhoendorsetheItqualifiestheinterpretationmadebytheThepassagesuggestswhichofthefollowingabouttheCivilRightsItgaverisetoarapidincreaseinthenumberofBlacknewspaperspublishedintheItspoliticaleffectivenesswasgreatlyenhancedbytheincreasedcirculationofBlackItsleadershipbenefitedfromimprovementsineducationforAfricanItwastheforceprimarilyresponsibleforincreasingpercapitaspendinginBlackItwasresponsibleforchangingmanyhistorians’viewoftherelationbetweeneducationandAfricanAmericanempowerment.参考答案 第第 TheFourteenthAmendmenttotheUnitedStatesConstitution,ratifiedin1868,prohibitsstateernmentsfromdenyingcitizensthe“ealprotectionoftheaw”Althoughpreciselywhattheframersoftheamendmentmeantbythisequalprotectionclauseremainsunclear,allinterpretersagreethatthemrsimmediateobjectivewastoprovideaconstitutionalwarrantfortheCivilRightsActof1866,whichguaranteedthecitizenshipofall sbornintheUnitedStatesandsubjecttoUnitedStatesjurisdiction.Thisdeclaration,whichwasechoedinthetextoftheFourteenthAmendment,wasdesignedprimarilytocountertheSupremeour’srulinginDredScottv.SandfordthatBlackpeopleintheUnitedStatescouldbedeniedcitizenship.TheactwasvetoedbyAndrewJohnson,whoarguedthattheThirteenthAmendment,whichabolishedslavery,didnotprovideCongresswiththeauthoritytoextendcitizenshipandequalprotectiontothefreedslaves.AlthoughCongresspromptlyoverrodeohnonveto,supportersoftheactsoughttoensureitsconstitutionalfoundationswiththepassageoftheFourteenthAmendment.ThebroadlanguageoftheamendmentstronglysuggeststhatitsframerswereproposingtowriteintotheConstitutionnotalaundrylistofspecificcivilrightsbutaprincipleofequalcitizenshipthatforbidsorganizedsocietyfromtreatinganyindividualasamemberofaninferiorclass.Yetforthefirsteightdecadesoftheamendmenexistence,theSupremer’sinterpretationoftheamendmentbetrayedthisidealofequality.IntheCivilRightsCasesof1883,forexample,theCourtinventedtheaeaionlimitation,whichassertsthatpriaedecisionsbyownersofpublic modationsandothercommercialbusinesstosegregatetheirfacilitiesareinsulatedformthereachoftheFourteenthmendmenguaranteeofequalprotectionunderthelaw.AftertheSecondWorldWar,ajudicialclimatemorehospitabletoequalprotectionclaimsculminatedintheSupremeCourt;srulinginBrownv.BoardofEducationthatraciallysegregatedschoolsviolatedtheequalprotectionclauseoftheFourteenthAmendment.TwodoctrinesembracedbytheSupremeCourtduringthisperiodextendedtheamendmenreach.First,theCourtrequiredespeciallystrictscrutinyoflegislationthatemployeda“asaon,meaningdiscriminationagainstagroupongroundsthatcouldbeconstruedasracial.ThisdoctrinehasbroadenedtheapplicationoftheFourteenthAmendmenttoother,nonracialformsofdiscrimination,forwhilesomejusticeshaverefusedtofindanylegislativeclassificationotherthanracetobeconstitutionallydisfavored,mosthavebeenreceptivetoargumentsthatatleastsomenonracialdiscriminations,sexualdiscriminationinparticular,are“”anddeservethisheightenedscrutinybythecourts.Second,theCourtrelaxedthestateactionlimitationontheFourteenthAmendment,bringingnewformsofprivateconductwithintheamendmensreach.WhichofthefollowingbestdescribesthemainideaoftheBypresentingalistofspecificrights,framersoftheFourteenthAmendmentwereattemptingtoprovideaconstitutionalbasisforbroadjudicialprotectionoftheprincipleofequalOnlyaftertheSupremeCourtadoptedtheclassificationapproachtoreviewingpotentiallydiscriminationlegislationwastheapplicabilityoftheFourteenthAmendmentextendedtoincludesexualdiscriminationNotuntilaftertheSecondWorldWardidtheSupremeCourtbegintointerprettheFourteenthAmendmentinamannerconsistentwiththeprincipleofequalcitizenshipthatitInterpretersoftheFourteenthAmendmenthaveyettoreachconsensuswithregardtowhatitsframersmeantbytheequalprotectionclauseAlthoughthereluctanceofjudgestoextendthereachoftheFourteenthAmendmenttononracialdiscriminationhasbetrayedtheprincipleofequalcitizenship,theSupremer’suseofthestateactionlimitationtoinsulateprivateactivityfrotheamendmenreachhasbeenmoreharmful.ThepassagesuggeststhattheprincipleeffectofthestateactionlimitationwasallowsomediscriminatorypracticestocontinueunimpededbytheFourteenthinfluencetheSupremer’srulinginBrownv.BoardofprovideexpandedguidelinesdescribingprohibitedprohibitstatesfromenactinglawsthatviolatedtheintentoftheCivilRightsActofshifttostateernmenttheresponsibilityforenforcementoflawsprohibitingdiscriminatoryThethr’positionregardingtheintentoftheframersoftheFourteenthAmendmentwouldbemostseriouslyunderminedifwhichofthefollowingweretrue?TheframershadanticipatedstateactionlimitationsastheyaredescribedintheTheframershadmerelysoughttopreventdiscriminatoryactsbyfederalTheframerswereconcernedthatthecivilrightsactof1866wouldbeoverturnedbytheSupremeCourt.TheframerswereawarethatthephraseeaprotectionoftheashadbroadTheframersbelievedthatracialaswellasnon-racialformsofdiscriminationwereAccordingtothepassage,theoriginalproponentsoftheFourteenthAmendmentwereprimarilyconcernedwithdetailingtherightsaffordedbytheprincipleofequalprovidingsupportintheConstitutionforequalprotectionforallcitizensoftheUnitedclosingaloopholethatcouldbeusedtodenyindividualstherighttosueforenforcementoftheircivilrightsassertingthatthecivilrightsprotectbytheConstitutionincludednonracialdiscriminationaswellasracialdiscriminationgranting ernmentbroaderdiscretionininterpretingtheCivilRightsActinTheauthorimpliesthattheFourteenthAmendmentmightnothavebeenenactedonresauthoritywithregardtolegislatingcivilrightshadnotbeentheframershasanticipatedtheSupremeCourtsrulinginBrownv.Boardoftheframershadbelievedthatitwouldbeusedindecidingcasesofdiscriminationinvolvingnon-racialgroupsmoststateernmentshadbeenwillingtoprotectiincivilitsessentialelementshadnotbeenimplicitintheThirteenthAccordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingmostaccurayindicatesthesequenceoftheeventslistedbelow?civilrightsactofDredScottv.FourteenthVetobyA.ⅠⅡⅢB.ⅠⅣⅡC.ⅠⅣⅢD.ⅡⅠⅣE.ⅢⅡⅠWhichofthefollowingcanbeinferredaboutthesecondofthetwodoctrinesreferredtoinlines39-41ofthepassage?ItcausedsomejusticetorulethatalltypesofdiscriminationareprohibitedbytheItshiftedthefocusoftheSupremeCourtfromracialtononracialItnarrowedtheconcernoftheSupremeCourttolegislationthatemployedaItcausedlegislatorswhowerewritingnewlegislationtorejectlanguagethatcouldbeconstruedaspermittingracialdiscrimination.Itmadeitmoredifficultforcommercialbusinesstopracticeracial参考答案：1—C2—A3—B4—B5—A6—D7—生物发现（88Passage54ThediscoveryofsubsurfacelifeonEarth,survivingindependentlyfromsurfacelife,refutedthebeliefthatbiologicalprocessesrequirenotonlyliquidwaterbutsunlightaswell,thusgreatlyenhancingthepossibilityoflifebeyondEarth.TakeJper’smoonEuropa.Spaceprobesshowabodycoveredwithathicklayerofice.AsEuropaorbitsitsplanet,however,itflexesduetothegravitationaltug-of-warbetweenit,itssistermoons,andJupiter.Throughfriction,thisflexingproducesheatintheoninteriorcapableofmeltingice.Indeed,observationssuggestliquidwaterexistsbeneathopa’icycrust.Photosyntheticlifeisimpossibletherebecausesunlightiscompleyabsent,butlifesuchasthemicrobesthatflourishdeepwithinearthmaystillbepossible.Considereachofthechoices yandselectallthatLifeonEuropaintheformsuggestedinthepassagewouldbedependenttheprotectionropa’icycrustgivesagainsttheharmfulcomponentsoftheexistenceofwateronthemotionofEuropaaroundThehighlightedsentence“aeupiermoonuopaservestoaninstancethatallowsahypothesistobespeculationgroundedinempiricaladeductionfromanewlyadvancedalarge-scaleeffectofanapparentlyinsignificantthederivationofacontradictiontorefutea1—BC2—文艺复兴建筑（88PassageAprimaryvalueinearlytwentieth-centuryModernistarchitecturaltheorywasthatof“ruhtomatil”,thatis,itwasessentialthatabldindesignexpressthenauracharacterofthebuildingmaterials.ThisemphasiswouldhavepuzzledthearchitectsoftheItalianRenaissance(sixteenthcentury),aperiodwidelyregardedastheapexofarchitecturalachievement,forRenaissancearitet’designsweredeterminedonlyminimallybythematerialsemployed.Thediversityofal’snaturalresourcesprovidedRenaissancearchitectswithawidevarietyofbuildingmaterials.ThebuildersofthePittiPalace(1558-1570)usedgreatblocksofTuscanstone,justasEtruscanslivinginthesamepartofItalyhaddonesometwentycenturiesearlier.HadtheFlorentineRenaissancebuildersapedtheEtruscanstyle,itmightbesaidthattheirmaterialsdeterminedtheirstyle,sinceEtruscanstylematchedthemassive,stark,solidcharacterofthestone.Butthesesamematerials,whichsosuitedthemassiveEtruscanstyle,wereeffectivelyusedbytheFlorentineRenaissancetocreatethemostdelicateandgracefulofstyles.AsimilarexampleofidenticalmaterialsusedincontrastingstylescharacterizesthetreatmentofRomantravertinemarble.WhenBaroquearchitectsofseventeenth-centuryRomedesiredmassiveandsolidmonumentaleffect,theyturnedtotravertinemarble,whosenrfeis,indeed,thatofspaciousbreadthandlofty,smoothlyroundedsurfaces.YetduringtheRenaissance,thissamematerialhadbeenusedagainstitsnaureintheFlorentinetraditionofsharplycarveddetail.ItalianRenaissancearchitecturewasshapedlessbythenaueofthematerialsathandthanbytheartisticmilieuofRenaissanceItaly,whichincludedpaintingandsculptureaswellasarchitecture.WhileRomantravertinemarblemayhavelentitselftofinecarving,theFlorentinepassionforfinedetailisnolessmarkedinFlorentineRenaissancepaintingthaninFlorentineRenaissancearchitecture.Similarly,inthenextcentury,theemphasisonshadingandcorporealdensityinBaroquepaintingmirroredtheuseofRomantravertinemarbleinBaroquearchitecturetocreatebroadshadowandpowerfulmasses.TheingenuityofRenaissancearchitectsextendedbeyondmerelyusingamaterialinawaynotsuggestedbyitsoutwardnaturalappearance.Iftheyconceivedadesignthatcalledforacertainmaterialeithertooexpensiveordifficulttoworkwith,theymadenoscrupleaboutimitatingthatmaterial.Theirmarblesandtheirstonesareoftenactuallypaintedstucco.Whentheblocksofmasonrywithwhichtheybuiltwerenotinscalewiththeprojectedscheme,therealjointswereconcealedandfalseonesintroduced.Norwerethesepracticesconfined,assomescholarsinsist,tothelaterandsupposedlydecadentphasesoftheartMaterial,then,wasutterlysubservienttostyle.ThepassageisprimarilyconcernedexplainingthedifferencesinqualityamongdifferentkindsofbuildingdiscussingthedifferencesamongEtruscan,FlorentineRenaissance,andRomanBaroquedescribinghowdifferentmaterialsinfluencedarchitectureindifferentdescribingthemannerinwhichRenaissancearchitectsoftenresortedtoartificialmaterialsandillusionisticeffectsdemonstratingtheattitudeofsixteenth-andseventeenth-centuryItalianarchitectstowardtheuseofbuildingmaterialsItcanbeinferredfromthepassagethattheauthorbelievesthatwhichofthefollowingistrueofpaintingandarchitectureoftheBaroqueera?BothemphasizethenaurauseofBotharederivedfromtheFlorentineRenaissanceBothhavebeenoverlookedbytwentieth-centuryTheyhavecertainvisualfeaturesinTheyillustratethedegenerationofaThethr’mentionofFlorentinepaintingservesinthecontextofthepassagetosupportwhichofthefollowingassertions?TheconstraintsthatoperateinarchitecturearedifferentfromthosethatoperateinFlorentinearchitecturalstylewasnotdeterminedbythenatureoftheavailableTheFlorentineRenaissanceperiodwasaperiodinwhichtheotherartsachievedthesamedistinctionasdidarchitecture.TechnicaladvancesinalloftheartsoftheFlorentineRenaissancedeterminedthestylisticqualitiesofthosearts.NativepreferencesofstyledonotmanifestthemselvesinthesamewaysindifferentThepassagesuggestswhichofthefollowingaboutthecitedhaTheybelievethatadecadentphaseischaracteristicofanysignificantartisticTheyrejectthepopularviewoftheRenaissanceastheapexofarchitecturalTheybelievethatavigorousandhealthyarchitecturewouldnotusuallyemployfalsesurfacesorimitationbuildingmaterials.TheyrepresentthemainstreamincriticalandhistoricalthoughtabouttheFlorentineTheyhavefocusedonsuchtechnicalmattersasthecostofbuildingmaterialsratherthanonartisticconcerns.1—E2—D3—C4—版块动力（70Passage41ManytheoristsnowdoubtthatheatlossfromEarth’scoreandradioactivedecayaresufficientbythemselvestoproducealltheenergydrivingthetectonicplateswhosemovementshavehelpedshapedEarth’ssurface.Thisleavesalooseendincurrentgeologicaltheory.HerbertShawarguesthatbecausescientistshaveunderestimatedtheinputofsubstantialamountsofenergyfromextraterrestrialimpactors(asteroidsandcometsstrikingEarth),theyhavedifficultyaccountingforthedifferencebetweenthetyofenergyproducedfromsourcesintrinsictoEarthandthatinvolvedinplatetectonics.WhereasmostgeologistshavetreatedtheadditionofenergythroughthebombardmentofEarth’ssurfacebysuchimpactorsasaprocessseparateandindependentfromthemovementofEarth’stectonicplates,Shawassertsthattheseprocessesareindivisible.Shaw’srevolutionary“open-system”viewrecognizesacontinuumbetweenterrestrialandextraterrestrialdynamics,whereasmodernplatetectonictheory,liketheclassicalgeologydevelopedduringthenineteenthcentury,isfoundedontheviewthatEarth’sgeologicalfeatureshavechangedthroughgradual,regularprocessesintrinsictoEarth,withoutreferencetouniquecatastrophicevents.Classicalgeologyborrowedadecisive,ifunspoken,premisefromNewton—theindependenceofEarth’sprocessesfromanyastronomicalcontext.Theauthor’sprimarypurposeisidentifytheinfluencesinformingaparticulargeologicaltheoryabouttheprocessesthathaveshapedEarth’ssurfaceidentifydifferencesbetweentwoviewsoftheextraterrestrialimpactorsandarguethatthephenomenonhasinfluencedthedevelopmentofplatetectonictheoryarguethatanexplanationisbasedonadubiousevidenceandpropose discussanexplanationandplacethatexplanationundertheoreticalsuggestthatapparentdiscrepancyposesaseriousproblemforaparticulartheorythatmanyhavebelievedTheauthorofthepassagementionsthe“continuum”inorderpointoutarelationshipbetweenplatetectonicsandthenineteenth-centuryexplainhowatheoryofNewton’scouldinfluencegeologyandplatetectonicdistinguishbetweentwosourcesofenergythatcontributedtothedevelopmentofEarth’ssurface.pointoutasimilaritybetweenthesurfaceofimpactorsandthesurfaceofidentifyafeatureofShaw’sviewthatdeviatesfromcurrentscientificThepassagesuggestswhichofthefollowingabouttectonicIthasledscientiststooverlookanimportantcontributiontoclassicalgeologistsfromIthasbeenmoresuccessfulthanwasclassicalgeologyinaccountingforheatlossfromarh’score.ItisbasedonpremiseaboutEarth’sprocessesdiscernedinNewton’sIthascorrectlyexplainedtheeffectsofextraterrestrialimpactorsonEarth’sItcorrectsafundamentalflawinclassical参考答案：1D2 3植物（88篇PassageAplant-basedautomobilefuelhasjust eavailableinTernland.Acarcanbedrivenasfaronagallonofthenewplant-basedfuelasacarcanbedrivenonagallonofgasoline,butagallonoftheplant-basedfuelbothcostslessandresultsinlesspollution.Therefore,driversinTernlandwhoswitchtoitwillreducetheamounttheyspendonfuelinayearwhilecausinglessenvironmentaldamage.WhichofthefollowingisanassumptiononwhichtheargumentThereisnoexpenseassociatedwithoperatinganautomobilethatishigherwhentheautomobileusestheplant-basedfuelthanwhenitusesgasoline.Automobilesthathavebeenoperatedusingtheplant-basedfuelcannolongerbeoperatedusingregulargasoline.Theenvironmentaldamageattributabletoautomobilesisduealmostentirelytotheproductionandcombustionoffuelautomobilesuse.Theadvantagesoftheplant-basedfuelovergasolinewillnotleadthosewhoswitchtotheplant-basedfueltodomoredriving.MostdriversinTernlandwillswitchfromgasolinetotheplant-based新墨西哥殖民建筑（88PassageArchitecturalmorphologyisthestudyofhowshiftingculturalandenvironmentalconditionsproducechangesinanarchitecturalform.WhenappliedtothemissionchurchesofNewMexicoexemplifyingseventeenth-andeighteenth-centurySpanishcolonialarchitectureinwhatisnowthesouthwesternUnitedStates,architecturalmorphologyrevealsmuchabouthowNativeAmericanculturetransformedthetraditionalEuropeanchurcharchitectureoftheSpanishmissionarieswhohopedtoconvertNativeAmericanstoChristianity.Manystudiesofthesemissionchurcheshavecarefullyedthehistoryanddesignoftheiruniquearchitecturalform,mostattributethehurheradicaldeparturefromtheirsixteenth-centuryEuropeanpredecessorstolocalclimateandaless-mechanizedbuildingtechnology.Certainly,thelimitationsimposedbymanuallaborandthelocallyavailablematerialsofmud-brickandtimbernecessitatedadivergencefromtheoriginalEuropean odel.However,theemergenceofachurchformsuitedtolifeintheSouthwestwasrootedinsomethingmorefundamentalthanmaterialandtechnique.ThenewarchitectureresultedfromculturalforcesinboththeSpanishcolonialandindigenousNativeAmericansocieties,eachwithcompetingideasaboutformandspaceanddifferentwaysofconveyingtheseideassymbolically.Forexample,themissionchurchessharecertainspatialqualitieswiththeindigenouskiva,around,partlysubterraneanroomusedbymanySouthwestNativeAmericancommunitiesforimportantrituals.Likethekivaitwasintendedtoreplace,thetypicalmissionchurchhadthickwallsofadobe(sun-driedearthandstraw),abeaten-earthfloor,andoneortwosmallwindows.IndeferencetoEuropeancustom,theceilingsofthesechurcheswerehigherthanthoseofthetraditionalkiva.However,withthelimitedlightingaffordedbytheirfewsmallwindows,thesechurchesstillsuggestthekiva'scharacteristicallylow,boxlike,earth-hugginginterior.Thus,althoughpragmaticfactorsofconstructionmayhavecontributedtotheshapeofthemissionchurches,asearlierstudiessuggest,theprovisionofasacredspaceconsistentwithindigenoustraditionsmayalsohavebeenanimportantconsiderationintheirdesign.ThecontinuedviabilityofthekivaitselfinSpanishmissionsettlementshasalsobeenunderestimatedbyhistorians.FreestandingkivasdiscoveredintheruinsofEuropean-stylemissionarycommunitieshavebeenexplainedbysomehistoriansasexamplesof“roiiUnderthistheory,ChristiandominationoverindigenousfaithsisdramatizedbysurroundingthekivawithChristianbuildings.However,asJamesIveypointsout,suchsuperpositionwasunlikely,sincehistoricalrecordsindicatethatmostSpanishmissionaries,arrivingintheSouthwestwithlittleornomilitarysupport,wiselyadoptedasomewhatconciliatoryattitudetowardtheuseofthekivaatleastinitially.Thisfact,andthecareful,solitaryplacementofthekivainthecenterofthe plexcourtyards,suggestsanintentiontohighlighttheimportanceofthekivaratherthantodiminishit.Theprimarypurposeofthepassageiscorrectsomemisinterpretationsaboutthedevelopmentofanarchitecturalcomparethetraditionalchurcharchitecturesoftwodifferentexaminetheinfluenceofareligiousarchitecturalstyleonsecularexplainthenatureofthecontrastbetweentwodifferentarchitecturaltrac