大学英语四级考试真题

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-evenwhere.Scicniisbareingeneralajxreemeniihalihewannerconditionsweha\ebeenexperiencii^arealleastinparitheresultolahuman-inducedglobalwarmingirend.Somescieniisis44ihalihechangesweare>eeinglullwithinIherangeu(ntnd^ni(在:的‘varidlion>onieyearsarecold-uther>uanir<ukIwehavejuMhadanunremarkableblrineuluarmyear^45bulIha.isbccununganincrcdMnj:IyrareinlcrprcUlioninlhcfavedconlinucdandincreasingwarmcondilioi>.法奇：化林分认迫请注答S3卡2上作岑.注意，比部分次趣法在答覆+2上作季.A1dippedIm*;FimpacLuiiEpn^BJam"遮cOlineLTdEl】、C■coniribuungHm；iiniainM1resulveJD1dutnjlK,J1nirllrd£frequtnLhJ1persistO1shuckSet'lionHDircdiuit-In*；、nt"“，灯"小卢界川£川"fivti：.； *n;7Ajr/t"4也打“汽m”“班人士0t“ft-EttehccEkm“fAj,'，」.，；甘丁日出z:f/邕tv「w;即:盯百、人木：『廿；力"『/七门广/修产Keznh；/c?f/“：。由e础市时再成,白小九丫加m(t\小*箕B题错事哪hftu/re楝料rwir,£?#力部标管常愈久阳段r*3jWf*aM出f.&；n由由小宇心『八汕推m琼&0”叱m，TKp*欣理&77Hf科Answer2.TheEndoftheBook?Amazon,byfarthelargestbooksellerinthecountry,reportedonMay19thatitisnowsellingmorebooksinitselectronicKindleformatthanintheoldpaper-and-inkformat.Thatisremarkable,consideringthattheKindlehasonlybeenaroundforfouryears.E-booksnowaccountfor14percentofallbooksalesinthecountryandareincreasingfarfasterthanoverallbooksales.E-booksalesareup146percentoverlastyear,whilehardbacksalesincreased6percentandpaperbacksdecreased8percent.Doesthisspellthedoomofthephysicalbook?Certainlynotimmediately,andperhapsnotatall.WhatitdoesmeanisthatthebookbusinesswillgothroughatransformationinthenextdecadeorsomoreprofoundthananyithasseensinceGutenbergintroducedprintingfrommoveabletypeinthe1450s.Physicalbookswillsurelybecomemuchrarerinthemarketplace.Massmarketpaperbacks,whichhavebeendecliningforyearsanyway,willprobablydisappear,aswillhardbacksformysteries,thrillers, “romancefiction,"etc.Suchbooks,whichonlyrarelyendupinpermanentcollections,eitherprivateorpublic,willprobablyonlybeavailablease-bookswithinafewyears.Hardbackandtradepaperbacksfor “serious"nonfictionandfictionwillsurelylastlonger.Perhapsitwillbecomethemarkofanauthortoreckonwiththatheorsheisstillpublishedinhardcopy.Asforchildren'sbooks,whoknows?Children'sbooksarelikedogfoodhansehatthepurcarenottheconsumers,sothemarket(andthemarketing)isinherentlystrange.Forcluestothebook 'sfuture,let'slookatsomeexamplesoftechnologicalchangeandseewhathappenedtotheoldtechnology.Onetechnologyreplacesanotheronlybecausethenewtechnologyisbetter,cheaper,orboth.Thegreaterthedifference,thesoonerandmorethoroughlythenewtechnologyreplacestheold.Printingwithmoveabletypeonpaperdramaticallyreducedthecostofproducingabookcomparedwiththeold-fashionedoneshandwrittenonvellum,whichcomesfromsheepskin.ABible—tobesure,alongbook—requiredvellummadefrom300sheepskinsandcountlessman-hoursoflabor.Beforeprintingarrived,aBiblecostmorethanamiddle-classhouse.Therewereperhaps50,000booksinallofEuropein1450.By1500therewere10million.Butwhileprintingquicklycausedthehandwrittenbooktodieout,handwritinglingeredon(继续存在)wellintothe16thcentury.Veryspecialbooksarestilloccasionallyproducedonvellum,buttheyareone-of-a-kindshowpieces.[H]Sometimesanewtechnologydoesn'tdrivetheoldoneout,butonlypartsofitwhileforcingtheresttoevolve.Themovieswerewidelypredictedtodrivelivetheateroutofthemarketplace,buttheydidn't,becausetheaterturnedouttohavequalitiesmoviescouldnotreproduce.Equally,TVwassupposedtoreplacemoviesbut,again,didnot.Moviesdid,however,fatallyimpactsomepartsoflivetheater.AndwhileTVdidn 'tkiitdidkillsecond-ratepictures,shorts,andcartoons.NordidTVkillradio.Comedyanddramashows("JacBenny,”"AmosandAndy,"TTheShadow")allmigratedtotelevision.Butbecauseyoucan 'tdriveacarandwatchtelevisionatthesametime,rushhourbecameradio'sprime,whilemusic,talk,andnewsradiogreatlyenlargedtheiraudiences.Radioistodayaverydifferentbusinessthaninthelate1940sandamuchlargerone.Sometimesoldtechnologylingersforcenturiesbecauseofitssymbolicpower.Mountedcavalry(骑兵)replacedthechariot(二轮战车)onthebattlefieldaround1000BC.ButchariotsmaintainedtheirplaceinparadesandtriumphsrightupuntiltheendoftheRomanEmpire1,500yearslater.Theswordhasn'thadamilitarynfifioiictichundredyears,butisstillpartofanofficer fulls-dressuniform,preciselybecauseaswordalwayssymbolized“anofficerandagentleman.”Sometimesnewtechnologyisalittlecranky( 不稳定的)atfirst.Televisionrepairmanwasacommonoccupationinthe1950s,forinstance.Andsotheoldtechnologyremainsasabackup.SteamshipscapturedtheNorthAtlanticpassengerbusinessfromsailinthe1840sbecauseofitsmuchgreaterspeed.Butsteamshipsdidn 'tlosetheirsailsuntilthe188ste,e3arcamarineengineshadanastyhabitofbreakingdown.Untilshipsbecamelargeenough(andenginessmallenough)tomounttwoenginessidebyside,theyneededtokeepsails.(Thehighcostofsteamandthelesserneedforspeedkeptthemajorityoftheworld'soceanfreightmovingbysailuntiltheearlyyearsofthe20thcentury.)Thenthereisthefireplace.Centralheatingwaspresentineveryupper-andmiddle-classhomebythesecondhalfofthe19thcentury.Butfunctioningfireplacesremaintothisdayapowerfulsellingpointinahouseorapartment.Isuspectthereasonisadeep-rootedloveofthefire.Firewasoneoftheearliestmajortechnologicaladvancesforhumankind,providingheat,protection,andcookedfood(whichismucheasiertocatanddigest).Humancontroloffiregoesbackfarenough(overamillionyears)thatevolutioncouldhaveproducedageneticleaningtowardsfireasacentralaspectofhumanlife.Books—especiallybookstheaveragepersoncouldafford—haven'beenaroundlongenoughtoproduceevolutionarychangeinhumans.Buttheyhaveapowerfulholdonmanypeoplenonetheless,aholdextendingfarbeyondtheirliterarycontent.Attheirbest,theyareworksofartandthereisatactile(触觉的)pleasureinbooksnecessarilylostine-bookversions.Theabilitytoquicklythumbthroughpagesisalsolost.Andaroomwithbooksinitinduces,atleastinsome,afeelingnotdissimilartothatofafireinthefireplaceonacoldwinter 'snight.ForthesereasonsIthinkphysicalbookswillhavealongerexistenceasacommercialproductthansomecurrentlypredict.Likeswords,bookshavesymbolicpower.Likefireplaces,theyinduceasenseofcomfortandwarmth.And,perhaps,similartosails,theymakeausefulback-upforwhenthelightsgoout.注意：此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答。Authorsstillpublishedinprintedversionswillbeconsideredimportantones.Somepeoplearestillinfavorofprintedbooksbecauseofthesenseoftouchtheycanprovide.Theradiobusinesshaschangedgreatlyandnowattractsmorelisteners.Contrarytomanypeople'spredictionofitsdeath,thefilmindustrysurvived.Remarkablechangeshavetakenplaceinthebookbusiness.Oldtechnologysometimescontinuestoexistbecauseofitsreliability.Theincreaseofe-booksaleswillforcethebookbusinesstomakechangesnotseenforcenturies.Anewtechnologyisunlikelytotaketheplaceofanoldonewithoutaclearadvantage.Paperbacksofpopularliteraturearemorelikelytobereplacedbye-books.Ahousewithafireplacehasastrongerappealtobuyers.SectionCDirections:Thereare2passagesinthissection.Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD).YoushoulddecideonthebestchoiceandmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet2withasinglelinethroughthecentre.PassageOneQuestions56to60arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Thequestionofwhetherourgovernmentshouldpromotescienceandtechnologyortheliberalartsinhighereducationisn'taneither/orproposition(命题),althoughthecurrentemphasisonpreparingyoungAmericansforSTEM(science,technology,engineering,maths)-relatedfieldscanmakeitseemthatway.Thelatestcongressionalreportacknowledgesthecriticalimportanceoftechnicaltraining,butalsoassertsthatthestudyofthehumanities(人文学科)andsocialsciencesmustremaincentralcomponentsofAmerica'seducationalsystematalllevels.Botharecriticaltoproducingcitizenswhocanparticipateeffectivelyinourdemocraticsociety,becomeinnovative(创新的)leaders,andbenefitfromthespiritualenrichmentthatthereflectiononthegreatideasofmankindovertimeprovides.Parentsandstudentswhohaveinvestedheavilyinhighereducationworryaboutgraduates 'prospectsastechnologicaladvancesandchangesindomesticandglobalmarketstransformprofessionsinwaysthatreducewagesandcutjobs.Underthesecircumstances,it'snaturaltolookforwhatmayappeartobethemost “practical"wayoutoftheproblem “Majorinasubdesignedtogetyouajob"seemstheobviousanswertosome,thoughthisignoresthefactthatmanydisciplinesinthehumanitiescharacterizedas"soft"often,infact,leadtoemploymentandsuccessinthelongrun.Indeed,accordingtosurveys,employershaveexpressedapreferenceforstudentswhohavereceivedabroadly-basededucationthathastaughtthemtowritewell,thinkcritically,researchcreatively,andcommunicateeasily.Moreover,studentsshouldbepreparednotjustfortheirfirstjob,butfortheir4thand5thjobs,asthere'slittlereasontodoubtthatpeopleenteringtheworkforcetodaywillbecalledupontoplaymanydifferentrolesoverthecourseoftheircareers.Theoneswhowilldothebestinthisnewenvironmentwillbethosewhoseeducationshavepreparedthemtobeflexible.Theabilitytodrawuponeveryavailabletoolandinsight—pickedupfromscience,arts,andtechnology—tosolvetheproblemsofthefuture,andtakeadvantageoftheopportunitiesthatpresentthemselves,willbehelpfultothemandtheUnitedStates.注意：此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答。Whatdoesthelatestcongressionalreportsuggest?STEM-relatedsubjectshelpstudentsfindjobsintheinformationsociety.ThehumanitiesandSTEMsubjectsshouldbegivenequalimportance.Theliberalartsinhighereducationhelpenrichstudents 'spirituallife.Highereducationshouldbeadjustedtothepracticalneedsofsociety.Whatisthemainconcernofstudentswhentheychooseamajor?Theirinterestinrelevantsubjects.Theacademicvalueofthecourses.Thequalityofeducationtoreceive.Theirchancesofgettingagoodjob.Whatdoestheauthorsayaboutthesocalledsoftsubjects?Thebenefitstudentsintheirfuturelife.Theybroadenstudents 'rangeofinterests.Theyimprovestudents 'communicationskills.Theyareessentialtostudents r6wthealthygWhatkindofjobapplicantsdoemployerslookfor?Thosewhohaveastrongsenseofresponsibility.Thosewhoaregoodatsolvingpracticalproblems.Thosewhoarelikelytobecomeinnovativeleaders.Thosewhohavereceivedawell-roundededucation.Whatadvicedoestheauthorgivetocollegestudents?Seizeopportunitiestotaptheirpotential.Trytotakeavarietyofpracticalcourses.Preparethemselvesfordifferentjoboptions.Adoptaflexibleapproachtosolvingproblems.PassageTwoQuestions61to65arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Energyindependence.Ithasaniceringtoit.Doesn 'tit?Ifyouthinkso,you 'renotaloienergyindependencehasbeenthedreamofAmericanpresidentfordecades,andnevermoresothaninthepastfewyears,whenthemostrecentoilpriceshockhasbeenpartlyresponsibleforkickingoffthegreatrecession.“Energyindependence"anditsrhetorical(修辞的)companion“energysecurity"are,however,slipperyconceptsthatarerarelythoughthrough.Whatisitwewantindependencefrom,exactly?Mostpeoplewouldprobablysaythattheywanttobeindependentfromimportedoil.Buttherearereasonsthatwebuyallthatoldfromelsewhere.Thefirstreasonisthatweneedittokeepoureconomyrunning.Yes,thereisatrickle(涓涓细流)ofbiofuel(生物燃料)available,andmoremaybecomeavailable,butmostbiofuelscauseeconomicwasteandenvironmentaldestruction.Second,Americanshavebasicallydecidedthattheydon wanttoprdcrecelyalltheirownoil.Theyvaluetheenvironmentalqualitytheypreserveovertheiroilimportsfromabroad.VastareasoftheUnitedStatesareoff-limitstooilexplorationandproductioninthenameofenvironmentalprotection.TowhatextentareAmericansreallywillingtoenduretheenvironmentalimpactsofdomesticenergyproductioninordertocutbackimports?Third,therearebenefitstotrade.Itallowsforeconomicefficiency,andwhenwebuythingsfromplacesthathavelowerproductioncoststhanwedo,webenefit.Andalthoughyoudon 'treadaboutthismuch,theUnitedStatesisalsoalargeexporterofoilproducts,sellingabout2millionbarrelsofpetroleumproductsperdaytoabout90countries.ThereisnoquestionthattheUnitedStatesimportsagreatdealofenergyand,infact,reliesonthatsteadyflowtomaintainitseconomy.Whenthatflowisinterrupted,wefeelthepaininshortsuppliesandhigherprices,Atthesametime,wederivemassiveeconomicbenefitswhenwebuythemostaffordableenergyontheworldmarketandwhenweengageinenergytradearoundtheworld.注意：此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答。WhatdoestheauthorsayaboutenergyindependenceforAmerica?Itsoundsveryattractive.C)Itwillbringoilpricesdown.Itensuresnationalsecurity.D)Ithaslongbeeneveryone 'sdream.Whatdoestheauthorthinkofbiofuels?TheykeepAmerica'seconomyrunninghealthily.Theyprovetobeagoodalternativetopetroleum.Theydonotprovideasustainableenergysupply.Theycauseseriousdamagetotheenvironment.WhydoesAmericarelyheavilyonoilimports?Itwantstoexpanditsstorageofcrudeoil.Itsownoilreservesarequicklyrunningout.Itwantstokeepitsownenvironmentintact.Itsownoilproductionfallsshortofdemand.Whatdoestheauthorsayaboutoiltrade?Itprovesprofitabletobothsides.C)Itmakesforeconomicprosperity.Itimproveseconomicefficiency.D)Itsavesthecostofoilexploration.Whatistheauthor'spurposeinwritingthepassage?TojustifyAmerica'sdependenceonoilimports.ToarouseAmericans'awarenessoftheenergycrisis.Tostresstheimportanceofenergyconservation.Toexplaintheincreaseofinternationaloiltrade.2（）14年6月大学英语四级考试真题（：）答案与详解Writing写作导航： 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