雅思模拟试卷-阅读

雅思模拟试卷-阅读雅思模拟试卷-阅读雅思模拟试卷-阅读资料仅供参考文件编号：2022年4月雅思模拟试卷-阅读版本号：A修改号：1页次：1.0审核：批准:发布日期：READINGPASSAGE1Youshouldspendabout20minutesonQuestions1-13,whicharebasedonReadingPassage1onpages3and4.Questions1-6ReadingPassage1hassixparagraphs,A-F.Choosethecorrectheadingforeachparagraphfromthelistofheadingsbelow.Writethecorrectnumber,i-ix,inboxes1-6onyouranswersheet.ListofHeadingsⅰTheappearanceandlocationofdifferentseaweedsⅱThenutritionalvalueofseaweedsⅲHowseaweedsreproduceandgrowⅳHowtomakeagarfromseaweedsⅴTheunder-useofnativeseaweedsⅵSeaweedspeciesatriskofextinctionⅶRecipesforhowtocookseaweedsⅷTherangeofseaweedproductsⅸWhyseaweedsdon’tsinkordryoutParagraphAParagraphBParagraphCParagraphDParagraphEParagraphF

3SeaweedsofNewZealandASeaweedisaparticularlywholesomefood,whichabsorbsandconcentratestracesofawidevarietyofmineralsnecessarytothebody’shealth.Manyelementsmayoccurinseaweed-aluminum,barium,calcium,chlorine,copper,iodineandiron,tonamebutafew-tracesnormallyproducedbyerosionandcarriedtotheseaweedbedsbyriverandseacurrents.Seaweedsarealsorichinvitamins;indeed,InuitsobtainahighproportionoftheirbodilyrequirementsofvitaminCfromtheseaweedstheyeat.Thehealthbenefitsofseaweedhavelongbeenrecognized.Forinstance,thereisaremarkablylowincidenceofgoiteramongtheJapanese,andalsoamongNewZealand’sindigenousMaoripeople,whohavealwayseatenseaweeds,andthismaywellbeattributedtothehighiodinecontentofthisfood.ResearchintohistoricalMaorieatingcustomsshowsthatjelliesweremadeusingseaweeds,nuts,fuchsiaandtutuberries,capegooseberries,andmanyotherfruitsbothnativetoNewZealandandsowntherefromseedsbroughtbysettlersandexplores.Aswithanyplantlife,someseaweedsaremorepalatablethanothers,butinasurvivalsituation,mostseaweedscouldbechewedtoprovideacertainsustenance.BNewZealandlaysclaimtoapproximately700speciesofseaweed,someofwhichhavenorepresentationoutsidethatcountry.Ofseveralspeciesgrownworldwide,NewZealandalsohasaparticularlylargeshare.Forexample,itisestimatedthatNewZealandhassome30speciesofGigartina,acloserelativeofcarrageenofIrishmoss.TheseareoftenreferredtoastheNewZealandcarrageens.Thesubstancecalledagarwhichcanbeextractedfromthesespeciesgivesthemgreatcommercialapplicationintheproductionofseameal,fromwhichseamealcustard(afoodproduct)ismade,andinthecanning,paintandleatherindustries.Agarisalsousedinthemanufactureofcoughmixtures,cosmetics,confectioneryandtoothpastes.Infact,duringWorldWarII,NewZealandGigartinaweresenttoAustraliatobeusedintoothpaste.CNewZealandhasmanyofthecommerciallyprofitableredseaweeds,severalspeciesofwhichareasourceofagar(Pterocladia,Gelidium,Chondrus,Gigartina).Despitethis,theseseaweedswerenotmuchutilizeduntilseveraldecadesago.AlthoughdistributionoftheGigartinaisconfinedtocertainareasaccordingtospecies.Andeventhen,theeastcoast,andtheareaaroundHokianga,haveaconsiderablesupplyofthetwospeciesofPterocladiafromwhichagarisalsomade.NewZealandusedtoimporttheNorthernHemisphereIrishmoss(Chondruscrispus)fromEnglandandready-madeagarfromJapan.DSeaweedsaredividedintothreeclassesdeterminedbycolour-red,brownandgreen-andeachtendstoliveinaspecificposition.However,expectfortheunmistakablesealettuce(Ulva),fewaretotallyonecolour;andespeciallywhendry,somespeciescanchangecolorsignificantly-abrownonemayturnquiteblack,oraredoneappearblack,brown,pinkorpurple.Identificationisneverthelessfacilitatedbythefactthatthefactorswhichdeterminewhereaseaweedwillgrowarequiteprecise,andtheytendthereforetooccurinverywell-definedzones.Althoughthereareexceptions,thegreenseaweedsaremainlyshallow-wateralgae;thebrownsbelongtothemediumdepths;andtheredsareplantsofthedeeperwater,furthestfromtheshore.Thoseshallow-waterspeciesabletoresistlongperiodsofexposuretosunandairareusuallyfoundontheuppershore,whilethoselessabletowithstandsuchexposureoccurnearerto,ofbelow,thelow-watermark.Radiationfromthesun,thetemperaturelevel,andthelengthoftimeimmersedalsoplayapartinthezoningofseaweeds.Flatrocksurfacesnearmid-leveltidesarethemostusualhabitatofsea-bombs,Venus’necklace,andmostbrownseaweeds.Thisisalsoreddish-purplelettuce.Deep-waterrocksonopencoasts,exposedonlyatverylowtide,areusuallythesiteofbull-kelp,strapweedsandsimilartoughspecimens.Kelp,orbladderkelp,hasstemsthatrisetothesurfacefrommassivebasesorholdfasts,theleafybranchesandlongribbonsofleavessurgingwiththeswellsbeyondthelineofshallowcoastalbreakersorcoveringvastareasofcalmercoastalwater.EPropagationofseaweedsoccursbyseed-likespores,orbyfertilizationofeggcells.Nonehaverootsintheusualsense;fewhaveleaves;andnonehaveflowers,fruitsorseeds.Theplantsabsorbtheirnourishmentthroughtheirleafyfrondswhentheyaresurroundedbywater;theholdfastofseaweedsispurelyanattachingorgannotanabsorbingone.FSomeofthelargeseaweedsstayonthesurfaceofthewaterbymeansofair-filledfloats;others,suchasbull-kelp,havelargecellsfilledwithair,oftenreducedehydrationeitherbyhavingswollenstemsthatcontainwater,ortheymay(likeVenus’necklace)haveswollennodules,ortheymayhaveadistinctiveshapelikeasea-bomb.Others,liketheseacactus,arefilledwithaslimyfluidorhaveacoatingofmucilageonthesurface.Insomeofthelargerkelps,thiscoatingisnotonlytokeeptheplantmoist,butalsotoprotectitfromtheviolentactionofwaves.

5Questions7-10Completetheflow-chartbelow.ChooseNOMORETHANTHREEWORDSfromthepassageforeachanswer.Writeyouranswersinboxes7-10onyouranswersheet.Gigartinaseaweed(othername：7)↓Produces↓8Isusedtomakeisusedtomake9--medicines,suchAs10IsusedtomakecosmeticsAtypeofcustardsweetstoothpastesQuestions11-13ClassifythefollowingcharacteristicsasbelongtoAbrownseaweedBgreenseaweedCredseaweedWritethecorrectletter,A,BorC,inboxes11-13onyouranswersheet.11cansurvivetheheatanddrynessatthehigh-watermark12growfaroutintheopensea13sharetheirsitewithkarengoseaweed

6READINGPASSAGE2Youshouldspendabout20minutesonQuestions14-26,whicharebasedonReadingPassage2onpages6and7.TWOWINGSANDATOOLKITAresearchteamatOxfordUniversitydiscovertheremarkabletoolmakingskillsofNewCaledoniancrownsBettyandhermateAbelarecaptivecrowsinthecareofAlexKacelnik,anexpertinanimalbehavioratOxfordUniversity.Theybelongtoaforest-dwellingspeciesofbird(Corvusmoneduloides)confinedtotwoislandsintheSouthPacific.NewCaledoniancrowsaretenaciouspredators,andtheonlybirdsthathabituallyuseawideselectionofself-madetoolstofindfood.Oneofthewildcrows’cleveresttoolsinthecrochethook,madebydetachingasidetwigfromalargerone,leavingenoughofthelargertwigtoshapeintoahook.Equallycunningisatoolcraftedfromthebarbedvine-leaf,whichconsistsofacentralribwithpairedleafletseachwitharose-likethornatthetop,whichremainsasaready-madehooktopriseoutinsectsfromawkwardcracks.Thecrowsalsomakeaningenioustoolcalledapadanusprobefrompadanustreeleaves.Thetoolhasabroadbase,sharptip,arowoftinyhooksalongoneedge,andataperedshapecreatedbythecrownippingandtearingtoformaprogressionofthreeorfourstepsalongtheotheredgeoftheleaf.Whatmakesthistoolspecialisthattheymanufactureittoastandarddesign,asiffollowingasetofinstructions.Althoughitisraretocatchacrowintheactofclippingoutapadanusprobe,wedohaveampleproofoftheirworkmanship:thediscardedleavesfromwhichthetoolsarecut.Theremarkablethingthatthese‘counterpart’leavestellusisthatcrowsconsistentlyproducethesamedesigneverytime.Withnoin-betweenortrailversions.It’slefttheresearcherswonderingwhether,likepeople,theyenvisagethetoolbeforetheystartandperformtheactionstheyknowareneededtomakeit.ResearchhasrevealedthatgeneticsplaysapartinthelesssophisticatedtoolmakingskillsoffinchesintheGalapagosislands.Nooneknowsifthat’salsothecaseforNewCaledoniancrows,butit’shighlyunlikelythattheirtoolmakingskillsarehardwiredintothebrain.“Thepicturesofarpointstoacombinationofculturaltransmission-fromparentbirdstotheiryoung-andindividualresourcefulness”,saysKacelnik.InatestatOxford,Kacelnik’steamofferedBettyandAbelanoriginalchallenge-foodinabucketatthebottomofa‘well’.Theonlywaytogetthefoodwastohookthebucketoutbyitshandle.Givenachoiceoftools-astraightlengthofwireandonewithahookedend-thebirdsimmediatelypickedthehook,showingthattheydidindeedunderstandthefunctionalpropertiesofthetool.

7Butdotheyalsohavetheforesightandcreativitytoplantheconstructionoftheirtools?Itappearstheydo.Inonebucket-in-the-welltest.Abelcarriedoffthehook,leavingBettywithnothingbutthestraightwire.‘Whathappenednextwasabsolutelyamazing’,saysKacelnik.Shewedgedthetipofthewireintoacrackinaplasticdishandpulledtheotherendtofashionherownhook.Wildcrowsdon’thaveaccesstopliable,bendablematerialthatretainsitsshape,andBetty’sonlysimilarexperiencewasabriefencounterwithsomepipecleanersayearearlier.Innineoutoftenfurthertests,sheagainmadehooksandretrievedthebucket.Thequestionofwhat’sgoingoninacrow’smindwilltaketimeandalotmoreexperimentstoanswer,buttherecouldbealessoninitforunderstandingourownevolution.Maybeourancestors,whosuddenlybegantocreatesymmetricaltoolswithcarefullyworkededgessomemillionyearsago,didn’tactuallyhavethesophisticatedmentalabilitieswithwhichwecreditthem.ClosescrutinyofthebrainsofNewCaledoniancrowsmightprovideafewpointerstothespecialattributestheywouldhaveneeded.‘Ifwe’reluckywemayfindspecificdevelopmentsinthebrainthatsettheseanimalsapart,’saysKacelnik.Oneofthesemightbeaverystrongdegreeoflaterality-thespecializationofonesideofthebraintoperformspecifictasks.Inpeople,theleftsideofthebraincontrolstheprocessingofcomplexsequentialtasks,andalsolanguageandspeech.Oneoftheconsequencesofthisisthoughttoberight-handedness.Interestingly,biologistshavenoticedthatmostpadanusprovesarecutfromtheleftsideoftheleaf,meaningthatthehandedness.Theteamthinksthisreflectsthefactthattheleftsideofthecrow’sbrainisspecializedtohandlethesequentialprocessingrequiredtomakecomplextools.UnderwhatconditionsmightthisextraordinarytalenthaveemergedinthesetwospeciesTheyarebothsocialcreatures,andwide-rangingintheirfeedinghabits.Thesefactorswereprobablyimportantbut,ironically,itmayhavebeentheirshortcomingsthattriggeredtheevolutionoftoolmaking.Maybetheancestorsofcrowsandhumansfoundthemselvesinapositionofwheretheycouldn’tmakethephysicaladaptationsrequiredforsurvival–sotheyhadtochangetheirbehaviorinstead.Thestagewasthensetfortheevolutionofthoserarecognitiveskillsthatproducesophisticatedtools.NewCaledoniancrowsmaytelluswhatthosecrucialskillsare.

8Questions14-17Labelthediagramsbelow.ChooseNOMORETHANTWOWORDSfromthepassageforeachanswer.Writeyouranswersinboxes14-17onyouranswersheet.THREETOOLSMADEBYCROWS9Questions18-23DothefollowingstatementsagreewiththeinformationgiveninReadingPassage2?Inboxes18-23onyouranswersheet,writeTRUEifthestatementsagreewiththeinformationFALSEifthestatementscontradictstheinformationNOTGIVENifthereisnoinformationonthis18thereappearstobeafixedpatterforthepadanusprobe’sconstruction.19thereisplentyofevidencetoindicatehowthecrowsmanufacturethepadanusprove20crowsseemtopracticeanumberoftimesbeforemakingausablepadanusprobe21theresearcherssuspectthecrowshaveamentalimagesofthepadanusprobebeforetheycreateit.22researchintohowthepadanusprobeismadeashelpedtoexplainthetoolmakingskillsofmanyotherbirdspecies.23theresearchersbelievetheabilitytomakethepadanusprobeispasseddowntothecrowsintheirgenesQuestions24-26ChooseTHREEletters,A-GWritethecorrectlettersinboxes24-26onyouanswersheet.Accordingtotheinformationinthepassage,whichTHREEofthefollowingfeaturesareprobablycommontobothNewCaledoniancrowsandhumanbeings?AkeepingthesamemateforlifeBhavingfewnaturalpredatorsChavingabiastotherightwhenworkingDbeingabletoprocesssequentialtasksElivinginextendedfamilygroupsFeatingavarietyoffoodstuffsGbeingabletodiversehabitats

10READINGPASSAGE3Youshouldspendabout20minutesonQuestions27-40,whicharebasedonReadingPassage3onpages10and11.Howdidwritingbegin?Manytheories,fewanswersTheSumerians,anancientpeopleoftheMiddleEast,hadastoryexplainingtheinventionofwritingmorethan5000yearsago.ItseemsamessengerofthekingofUrukarrivedatthecourtofadistantrulersoexhaustedthathewasunabletodelivertheoralmessage.Sothekingsetdownthewordsofhisnextmessagesonaclaytablet.Acharmingstory,whoseretellingatarecentsymposiumattheuniversityofPennsylvaniaamusedscholars.Theysmiledattheabsurdityofaletterwhichtherecipientwouldnothavebeenabletoread.Theyalsodoubtedthattheearliestwritingwasadirectrenderingofspeech.Writingmorelikelybeganasaseparate,symbolicsystemofcommunicationandonlylatermergerwithspokenlanguage.YetinthestorytheSumerians,wholivedinMesopotamia,inwhatisnowsouthernIraq,seemedtounderstandwriting’stransformingfunction.AsDrHollyPittman,directoroftheUniversity’sCenterforAncientStudies,observed,writing‘aroseoutoftheneedtostoreandtransmitinformation…overtimeandspace’.Inexchanginginterpretationsandinformation,thescholarsacknowledgedthattheystillhadnofullysatisfyinganswerstothequestionsofhowandwhywritingdeveloped.Manyfavouratedanexplanationofwriting’soriginsinthevisualarts,picturesbecomingincreasinglyabstractandeventuallyrepresentingspokenwords.TheirviewsclashedwithawidelyheldtheoryamongarchaeologistswritingdevelopedfromthepiecesofclaythatSumerianaccountantsusedastokenstokeeptrackofgoods.Archaeologistsgenerallyconcedethattheyhavenodefinitiveanswertothequestionofwhetherwritingwasinventedonlyonce,oraroseindependentlyinseveralplaces,suchasEgypt,theIndusValley,China,MexicoandCentralAmerica.ThepreponderanceofarchaeologicaldatashowsthattheurbanizingSumerianswerethefirsttodevelopwriting,in3200or3300BC.Thesearethedatesformanyclaytabletsinanearlyformofcuneiform,ascriptwrittenbypressingtheendofasharpenedstickintowetclay,foundatthesiteoftheancientcityofUruk.thebakedclaytabletsboresuchimagesaspictorialsymbolsofthenamesofpeople,placeandthingsconnectedwithgovernmentandcommerce.TheSumerianscriptgraduallyevolvedfromthepictorialtotheabstract,butdidnotatfirstrepresentrecordedspokenlanguage.

11DrPeterDamerow,aspecialistinSumeriancuneiformattheMacPlanckInstitutefortheHistoryofScienceinBerlin,said,“Itislikelythatthereweremutualinfluencesofwritingsystemsaroundtheworld.However,theirgreatvarietynowshowsthatthedevelopmentofwriting,onceinitiated,attainsaconsiderabledegreeofindependenceandflexibilitytoadapttospecificcharacteristicsofthesoundsofthelanguagetoberepresentationofwordsbypictures.NewstudiesofearlySumerianwriting,hesaid,challengethisinterpretation.Thestructuresofthisearliestwritingdidnot,forexample,matchthestructureofspokenlanguage,dealingmainlyinlistsandcategoriesratherthaninsentencesandnarrative.Foratleasttwodecades,DrDeniseSchmandt-Besserat,aUniversityofTexasarchaeologist,hasarguedthatthefirstwritinggrewdirectlyoutofasystempracticedbySumerianaccountants.Theyusedclaytokens,eachoneshapedtorepresentajarofoil,acontainerofgrainofaparticularkindoflivestock.Thesetokensweresealedinsideclayspheres,andthenthennumberandtypeoftokensinsidewasrecordedontheoutsideusingimpressionsresemblingthetokens.Eventually,thetokenimpressionswerereplacedwithinscribedsigns,andwritinghadbeeninvented.ThoughDrSchmandt-Besserathaswonmuchsupport,somelinguistsquestionherthesis,andothers,likeDrPittman,thinkittoonarrow.Theyemphasisethatpictorialrepresentationandwritingevolvedtogether.‘There’snoquestionthatthetokensystemisaforerunnerofwriting,’DrPittmansaid,‘butIhaveanargumentwithherevidenceforalinkbetweentokensandsigns,andshedoesn’topenuptheprocesstoincludepicturemaking.’DrSchmandt-Besseratvigorouslydefendedherideas.‘Mycolleaguessaythatpictureswerethebeginningofwriting,’shesaid,‘butshowmeasinglepicturethatbecomesasigninwriting.Theysaythatdesignsonpotterywerethebeginningofwriting,butshowmeasinglesignofwritingyoucantracebacktoapot-itdoesn’texist.’Initsfirst500years,sheasserted,cuneiformwritingwasusedalmostsolelyforrecordingeconomicinformation,andafterthatitsusesmultipliedandbroadened.Yetotherscholarshaveadvanceddifferentideas.DrPiotorMichalowski,ProfessorofNearEastCivilizationsattheUniversityofMichigan,saidthattheproto-writingofSumerianUrukwas‘soradicallydifferentastobeacompletebreakwiththepast’.Itnodoubtserved,hesaid,tostoreandcommunicateinformation,butalsobecameanewinstrumentofpower.Somescholarsnotedthattheoriginsofwritingmaynotalwayshavebeenineconomics.InEgypt,mostearlywritingishighonmonumentsordeepintombs.Inthiscase,saidDrPascalVernusfromauniversityinParis,earlywritingwaslessadministrativethanscared.Itseemsthattheonlycertaintyinthisfieldisthatmanyquestionsremaintobeanswered.

12Questions27-30Choosethecorrectletter,A,B,CorD.Writethecorrectletterinboxes27-30onyouranswersheet.27TheresearchersatthesymposiumregardedthestoryoftheKingofUrukasridiculousbecauseAwritingprobablydevelopedindependentlyofspeech.Bclaytabletshadnotbeeninventedatthattime.Cthedistantrulerwouldhavespokenanotherlanguage.Devidenceofwritinghasbeendiscoveredfromanearlierperiod.28Accordingtothewriter,thestoryoftheKingofUrukAisaprobableexplanationoftheoriginsofwriting.Bprovesthatearlywritinghadadifferentfunctiontowriting