中西思维模式比较课件

思维方式比较DifferenceinmodeofthinkingbetweenWesternandChineseWhatIs

themindset?Mindset(思维）Mindsetmeansanationoraregion,inthelong-termprocessofhistoricaldevelopment,formsahabitofthinkingandthinkingprogram.Itisadeepcoreofthenationalculture.Modeofthinking思维模式

Humanthinkingmainlyconsistsofsuchelementsasknowledge,ideology,methodology,intelligence,emotion,willpower,languageandhabits.Theinter-relationshipandinteractionoftheseelementsformadynamiccomplexsystemknownasthemodeofthinking.

人类思维主要由知识、观念、方法、智力、情感、意志、语言、习惯等八大要素组成。这些要素相互联系，相互作用，形成思维模式这样一个动态复杂的系统。

Modeofthinking思维模式

Themodeofthinkingiscloselyrelatedtotheworldview.Itistheconcentratedembodimentofallculturalandpsychologicalpropertiesandisshapedinacertainhistorical,socialandgeographicalenvironment.

思维模式与世界观密切相关，它是各种文化心理素质的集中体现，它在一定的历史、社会、地理环境中形成。

Conversely,aperson’sestablishedmodeofthinkingconditionsandevendetermineshis/herformationofjudgmentandpatternofbehaviorinacertainsituation.

反过来，一个人定型的思维模式制约、甚至决定他/她在一定场合所形成的判断和行为。W-CDifferenceinModeofthinking

中西思维模式差异Thewesternmodeislinear,inclinedtodissectthingsintopartsandanalyzetheirrelationships,stressingabstractreasoningandcharacterizedmainlybyitsanalyticalnature.Linearanalysisandcircularsynthesis线析环综TheChinesemodeiscircular,andtendstosynthesizepartsandexaminethewholeandemphasizetheacquisitionofintuitiveinsightwithholisticthinkingasitsmainfeature.西方模式如同直线切划，细分明析，注重抽象推理，以分析性思维为其主要特点。中国模式犹如圆环内封，综观合察，寻求直觉顿悟，以综合性思维为其主要特点。Analytical,abstract,logical分析性、抽象性、逻辑性

Holistic,imaginal,intuitive

整体性、形象性、直觉性Concept,judgment,inference概念、判断、推理

Intuition,insight,imagination直觉、顿悟、想象

WesternModeChineseModeHolistic整体Analytical分析1Whathaveyouseeninthepicture?MostAmericanStudents:(88.5%,May27,2011)SixtigersfrolickingTigersplayingaroundTigersskippingaboutGambolingtigersTigersfightingTigersattackingeachotherTigershuntingforfoodMostChineseStudents:(90.2%,April17,2011)Sixtigers,Mountains,rocksWaterfalls,Astream,PinesandothertreesGrassAutographandsealWesternEncyclopediaarrangedbyclassificationAnimals,plants,objectsaredivided,sub-divided… 西方的百科全书层层切分，种类归属分明。ClassificationUnitsofPlantsandAnimals:kingdom,division,class,order,family,genus,species界、门、纲、目、科、属、种

ChineseLeishuAcollectionofpolitical,socialandethicaldataarrangedcircularlyinanemperor-centeredfashion.中国古代类书是以皇帝为中心的环式体例。唐代《艺文类聚》、宋代《太平御览》、明代《永乐大典》、清代《古今图书集成》

WesternArticles

Cleardivisionintheorganizationofarticlestitle,sub-title,chapters,sections, paragraphstopicsentences西方文章，标题、章、节、段细分明切，段中一般都有主题句，脉路清晰，一目了然。

ChineseArticles起承转合:Introduction,elucidation,transitionandsumming-up着眼点：首尾呼应，通篇的过渡自然及和谐一致。

Unity,harmony,transitionandcorrespondencearegivenmuchattention.AnEnglishexpositoryparagraphusuallybeginswithatopicstatement,andthen,aseriesofsub-divisionsofthattopic,eachsupportedbyexamplesandillustrations,todevelopthatcentralideaandrelatethatideatootherideasinthewholeessay,andtoemploythatideatoprovesomething,orperhaps,toarguesomething.英语说明文的语段通常以主题句开始，后接分支部分，每部分都有例证和解释，以阐发中心思想，并使这一语段中心思想与全文的其它思想相关联，以此来论证某一观点或提出某一观点。RobertB.KaplanRobertB.KaplanSomeorientalwritingismarkedbywhatmaybecalledanapproachbyindirection.Inthiskindofwriting,thedevelopmentoftheparagraphmaybesaidtobeturningandturninginawideningcircle.Thecirclesturnaroundthesubjectandshowitfromavarietyoftangentialviews,butthesubjectisneverlookedatdirectly.东方人写的文章具有间接入题的特点，可以说，这种文章语段的展开，就像一个不断扩展的环在围绕着主题旋转，通过外围的观点展示主题，却从不直接入题。Westernmedicine,examinepartsofthebodythroughtests,X-rays,NMR,etc.

西医看病，先给病人胸透、胃透、验血、验尿、核磁共振，分而检之，再作诊断。

Chinesemedicine,generalphysicalcondition,pulse,complexion,tonguecoating 中医看病，望、闻、问、切，注意的是全身性的综合症状。

Westernpainting

accurateone-by-onelikenessinappearancewithemphasisondetails:lines,shadesofcolor,lightspectrum…西方油画注重一一对应的精确形似，通过线条、色彩、光线等细节刻意仿真。

ChinesePainting

fuzzyresemblanceinspiritoressencewithemphasisongeneraleffectbyusingimagination,

exaggeration

…

中国画追求总体模糊神似，运用概括、夸张的手法及丰富的联想表现物象的神韵。Intuitive直觉Logical逻辑2WesternLogicSyllogism（三段论法）

A3-stepargument:1.Majorpremise（大前提）2.Minorpremise（小前提）3.Conclusion（结论）Aristotle–formallogicBacon–inductivemethodofscienceRussell–mathematicallogicHegel–dialecticallogic亚里士多德—形式逻辑培根—科学归纳法实证科学罗素—数理逻辑黑格尔—辩证逻辑ExamplesofSyllogism（三段论法举例）Allwomenlikeshopping.Aliceisawoman.ThereforeAlicelikesshopping.WhateverisMisP;SisM; ThereforeSisP.Allfruitsgrowontrees.Theappleisafruit.Therefore,theapplegrowsontrees.EitherPorQ.NotP.Therefore,Q.EitherClassAorClassBwins.ClassAdoesnotwin.Therefore,ClassBwins.

ChineseIntuition“豁然贯通”，成语Understandthethoroughmeaningsuddenly.“恍然大悟”成语Besuddenlyenlightened.心净自悟，顿悟成佛

。 禅宗《六祖坛经》

ZenBuddhism

ApurifiedmindspontaneouslyattainsperceptivenessandthenaturalinsightenablesonetobecomeaBuddha.Logic（逻辑）

Intuition（直觉）rational理性

perceptual感性definite明晰

fuzzy模糊precise严谨

sagacious睿智deductive演绎

inductive归纳Imaginal形象Abstract抽象3awesterndiagramoflinesofabstraction线型抽象aChinesepictureofdouble-fishimages双鱼形象天有不测风云，人有旦夕祸福。

Stormsgatherwithoutwarninginnature；badluckbefallsmenovernight.

YangHsien-yi

Theweatherandhumanlifearebothunpredictable.

Hawkes人无千日好，花无百日红。Mancannotbealwaysfortunate;flowersdonotlastforever.Nobodycanalwaysbehappy.

疾风知劲草，患难见真情。Strongwindsteststurdygrass;calamitiesrevealtruefriendship.Incalamitiesoneseestruefriendship.

在天愿作比翼鸟，在地愿为连理枝。

Inthesky,wewillbetwolovebirdsflyingtogether;onearthwewillbetwinbranchesonatree.Wewillloveandbeloyaltoeachotherforever.病来如山倒，病去如抽丝。Sicknesscomeslikealandslidebutgoeslikereelingsilk.Sicknesscomessuddenlybutgoesslowly.

Abstractconceptsardentloyaltytotalexhaustionwithgreateagernessfeedonfancies athighspeeddisappearcompletelybustlingactivity赤胆忠心gall,heart筋疲力尽tendon,sinew如饥似渴hunger,thirst画饼充饥drawncake风驰电掣wind,lightening烟消云散smoke,cloud龙腾虎跃dragon,tiger

figuresofspeechEthical伦理Cognitive认知4Ethical伦理Cognitive认知Westernmodeofthinkingisexterior-oriented,givingmoreattentiontothecognitiveexplorationofNature(theobjectiveworld),withemphasisonscienceandtheories.

Chinesemodeofthinkingisinterior-oriented,focusingmoreonthemoralinquiryintohumannature(thesubjectiveworld)withemphasisonethicsandsocialpractice.

西方思维模式是外向的，关注对客观世界（大自然）进行认知探索，重视科学与理论。中国思维模式是内向的，关注对主观世界（人性）进行道德探索，重视人伦与社会实践。Ethical伦理Cognitive认知Ontology Cosmology Epistemology Methodology仁义礼智信忠恕孝悌本体论宇宙论认识论方法论benevolencerighteousnesscourtesywisdomreliabilityloyaltyforgive