版权说明：本文档由用户提供并上传，收益归属内容提供方，若内容存在侵权，请进行举报或认领
文档简介
16Chapter
ManagingInternationalInformationSystems
16ChapterManagingInternationIdentifythemajorfactorsdrivingtheinternationalizationofbusinessComparestrategiesfordevelopingglobalbusinessesDemonstratehowinformationsystemscansupportdifferentglobalbusinessstrategiesManagementInformationSystemsChapter16ManagingInternationalInformationSystemsOBJECTIVESIdentifythemajorfactorsdriEvaluatetheissuesandtechnicalalternativestobeconsideredwhendevelopinginternationalinformationsystemsIdentifythechallengesposedbyglobalinformationsystemsandmanagementsolutionsOBJECTIVES(Continued)ManagementInformationSystemsChapter16ManagingInternationalInformationSystemsEvaluatetheissuesandtechniChallenge:FulfillcustomerordersmadetoanetworkoffortysubsidiariesinEurope,Asia,andNorthAmericawhosesystemscouldnotsharedatawithoneanotherSolutions:developasinglecorporatedatabaseandusemiddlewarewithstandardinterfacestoconnectallthesubsidiary’ssystemsDevelopasingleworldwidedatamodelwithstandarddefinitionsandcodesIllustratestheroleofsystemsinaninternationalenvironmentforreducinginventoryandbusinessprocesscostsworldwide.ManagementInformationSystemsChapter16ManagingInternationalInformationSystemsDragerSafetyAGCaseChallenge:FulfillcustomerorTHEGROWTHOFINTERNATIONALINFORMATIONSYSTEMSGlobalProductDevelopmentandProductionManagementInformationSystemsChapter16ManagingInternationalInformationSystemsFigure16-1THEGROWTHOFINTERNATIONALINThebasicinformationsystemsrequiredbyorganizationstocoordinateworldwidetradeandotheractivitiesDevelopinganInternationalInformationSystemsArchitectureInternationalinformationsystemsarchitecture:ManagementInformationSystemsChapter16ManagingInternationalInformationSystemsTHEGROWTHOFINTERNATIONALINFORMATIONSYSTEMSAforceintheenvironmenttowhichbusinessesmustrespondandthatinfluencesthedirectionofthebusinessBusinessdriver:ThebasicinformationsystemsInternationalInformationSystemsArchitectureManagementInformationSystemsChapter16ManagingInternationalInformationSystemsTHEGROWTHOFINTERNATIONALINFORMATIONSYSTEMSFigure16-2InternationalInformationSystTheGlobalEnvironment:BusinessDriversandChallengesTheglobalbusinessdriverscanbedividedintotwogroups:ManagementInformationSystemsChapter16ManagingInternationalInformationSystemsTHEGROWTHOFINTERNATIONALINFORMATIONSYSTEMSGlobalcommunicationandtransportationtechnologiesDevelopmentofglobalcultureGeneralculturalfactors:Table16-1TheGlobalEnvironment:BusineManagementInformationSystemsChapter16ManagingInternationalInformationSystemsTHEGROWTHOFINTERNATIONALINFORMATIONSYSTEMSEmergenceofglobalsocialnormsPoliticalstabilityGlobalknowledgebaseTable16-1(Continued)GeneralCulturalFactors:(Continued)ManagementInformationSystemsManagementInformationSystemsChapter16ManagingInternationalInformationSystemsTHEGROWTHOFINTERNATIONALINFORMATIONSYSTEMSGlobalmarketsGlobalproductionandoperationsGlobalcoordinationGlobalworkforceGlobaleconomiesofscaleSpecificbusinessfactors:Table16-1(Continued)ManagementInformationSystemsManagementInformationSystemsChapter16ManagingInternationalInformationSystemsTHEGROWTHOFINTERNATIONALINFORMATIONSYSTEMSBusinessChallengesCulturalparticularism:Regionalism,nationalism,languagedifferencesSocialexpectations:Brand-nameexpectations,workhoursPoliticallaws:Transborderdataandprivacylaws,commercialregulationsGeneral:Table16-2ManagementInformationSystemsManagementInformationSystemsChapter16ManagingInternationalInformationSystemsTHEGROWTHOFINTERNATIONALINFORMATIONSYSTEMSStandards:
Different
ElectronicDataInterchange(EDI),telecommunicationsstandardsReliability:PhonenetworksnotuniformlyreliableSpeed:
Differentdatatransferspeeds,manyslowerthanUnitedStatesPersonnel:
ShortagesofskilledconsultantsSpecific:Table16-2(Continued)ManagementInformationSystemsManagementInformationSystemsChapter16ManagingInternationalInformationSystemsORGANIZINGINTERNATIONALINFORMATIONSYSTEMSThreekindsoforganizationalstructure:Centralized(inthehomecountry)Decentralized(tolocalforeignunits)Coordinated(allunitsparticipateasequals)GlobalStrategiesandBusinessOrganizationManagementInformationSystemsManagementInformationSystemsChapter16ManagingInternationalInformationSystemsORGANIZINGINTERNATIONALINFORMATIONSYSTEMSHeavycentralizationofcorporateactivitiesinthehomecountryoforiginDomesticexporterstrategy:Centralizedfinancialmanagementandcontrolwhiledecentralizingproduction,sales,andmarketingoperationstounitsinothercountriesMultinationalstrategy:ManagementInformationSystemsManagementInformationSystemsChapter16ManagingInternationalInformationSystemsORGANIZINGINTERNATIONALINFORMATIONSYSTEMSTheproductisfinancedandinitiallyproducedinthehomecountry,butforproduct-specificreasonsrelyonforeignpersonnelforfurtherproduction,marketing,andhumanresources.Franchisers:Thevalue-addingactivitiesaremanagedfromaglobalperspectivewithoutreferencetonationalborders,optimizingsourcesofsupplyanddemandwherevertheyappear,andtakingadvantageofanylocalcompetitiveadvantages.Transnationalstrategy:ManagementInformationSystemsGlobalSystemstoFittheStrategyGlobalStrategyandSystemsConfigurationsManagementInformationSystemsChapter16ManagingInternationalInformationSystemsORGANIZINGINTERNATIONALINFORMATIONSYSTEMSFigure16-3GlobalSystemstoFittheStraManagementInformationSystemsChapter16ManagingInternationalInformationSystemsCentralizedsystems:Systemsdevelopmentandoperationoccurtotallyatthedomestichomebase.Duplicatedsystems:Developmentoccursatthehomebasebutoperationsarehandedovertoautonomousunitsinforeignlocations.Fourtypesofsystemsconfiguration:ORGANIZINGINTERNATIONALINFORMATIONSYSTEMSManagementInformationSystemsManagementInformationSystemsChapter16ManagingInternationalInformationSystems3.
Decentralizedsystems:Eachforeignunitdesignsitsownuniquesolutionsandsystems.4.Networkedsystems:Systemsdevelopmentandoperationsoccurinanintegratedandcoordinatedfashionacrossallunits.ORGANIZINGINTERNATIONALINFORMATIONSYSTEMSFourtypesofsystemsconfiguration:(Continued)ManagementInformationSystemsManagementInformationSystemsChapter16ManagingInternationalInformationSystemsORGANIZINGINTERNATIONALINFORMATIONSYSTEMSOrganizevalue-addingactivitiesalonglinesofcomparativeadvantageDevelopandoperatesystemsunitsateachlevelofcorporateactivity—regional,national,andinternationalEstablishatworldheadquartersReorganizingtheBusinessTodevelopaglobalcompanyandinformationsystemssupportstructure:ManagementInformationSystemsManagementInformationSystemsChapter16ManagingInternationalInformationSystemsMANAGINGGLOBALSYSTEMSAgreeingoncommonuserrequirementsIntroducingchangesinbusinessprocessesCoordinatingapplicationsdevelopmentCoordinatingsoftwarereleasesEncouraginglocaluserstosupportglobalsystemsManagementChallengesinDevelopingGlobalSystemsTable16-4ManagementInformationSystemsManagementInformationSystemsChapter16ManagingInternationalInformationSystemsMANAGINGGLOBALSYSTEMSDefinethecorebusinessprocesses:Conductworkflowanalysis,identifycentersofexcellencefortheseprocessesIdentifythecoresystemstocoordinatecentrally:ConquerthecoresystemsanddefinethesesystemsastrulytransnationalChooseanapproach:Incremental,GrandDesign,EvolutionaryMaketheBenefitsClearGlobalSystemsStrategyManagementInformationSystemsLocal,Regional,andGlobalSystemsManagementInformationSystemsChapter16ManagingInternationalInformationSystemsMANAGINGGLOBALSYSTEMSFigure16-4 Source:AdaptedfromManagingInformationTechnologyinMultinationalCorporationsbyEdardM.roche,copyright1993.Local,Regional,andGlobalSyManagementInformationSystemsChapter16ManagingInternationalInformationSystemsTECHNOLOGYISSUESANDOPPORTUNITIESFORGLOBALVALUECHAINSComputingplatformsandsystemsintegration:
Developglobal,distributed,andintegratedsystemstosupportdigitalbusinessprocessesspanningnationalboundariesUseofsamehardwareandoperatingsystemdoesnotguaranteeintegration.EstablishdataandtechnicalstandardsTechnologyChallengesofGlobalSystemsManagementInformationSystemsManagementInformationSystemsChapter16ManagingInternationalInformationSystemsTECHNOLOGYISSUESANDOPPORTUNITIESFORGLOBALVALUECHAINSOvercomingdisparatenationaltechnicalstandards,dataexchangerestrictionsandservicelevelsUserofInternettechnologytocreateglobalintranets,extranets,virtualprivatenetworks(VPNs)Connectivity:TechnologyChallengesofGlobalSystems(Continued)ManagementInformationSystemsInternetPopulationinSelectedCountriesManagementInformationSystemsChapter16ManagingInternationalInformationSystemsFigure16-5TECHNOLOGYISSUESANDOPPORTUNITIESFORGLOBALVALUECHAINS Sources:CIAWorldFactbook2003;ComputerIndustryAlmanac;and,accessedNovember9,2004InternetPopulationinSelecteManagementInformationSystemsChapter16ManagingInternationalInformationSystemsTECHNOLOGYISSUESANDOPPORTUNITIESFORGLOBALVALUECHAINSCostofnewinterfacedesignsIntegratingnewsystemswitholdUserinterfacedesignDifferencesinlanguageandconventionsSoftware:Uniquechallengesforapplicationsoftware:ManagementInformationSystemsManagementInformationSystemsChapter16ManagingInternationalInformationSystemsTECHNOLOGYISSUESANDOPPORTUNITIESFORGLOBALVALUECHAINSOutsourcingportionsofnewsystemslikedevelopmentworkormaintenanceofexistingsystemstoexternalvendorsinanothercountryOffshoresoftwareoutsourcing:ManagingGlobalSoftwareDevelopmentManagementInformationSystemsManagementInformationSystemsChapter16ManagingInternationalInformationSystemsTECHNOLOGYISSUESANDOPPORTUNITIESFORGLOBALVALUECHAINSContractcostVendorselectioncostsTransitionmanagementandknowledgetransfercostsDomestichumanresourcescostsMajorcostcomponentsofoffshoresoftwaredevelopment:ManagementInformationSystemsManagementInformationSystemsChapter16ManagingInternationalInformationSystemsTECHNOLOGYISSUESANDOPPORTUNITIESFORGLOBALVALUECHAINSCostsofimprovingsoftwaredevelopmentprocessesCostsofadjustingtoculturaldifferencesCostofmanaginganoffshorecontractMajorcostcomponentsofoffshoresoftwaredevelopment:(Continued)ManagementInformationSystemsTotalCostofOutsourcingManagementInformationSystemsChapter16ManagingInternationalInformationSystemsTECHNOLOGYISSUESANDOPPORTUNITIESFORGLOBALVALUECHAINSFigure16-6TotalCostofOutsourcingManaManagementInformationSystemsChapter16ManagingInternationalInformationSystemsMANAGEMENTOPPORTUNITIES,CHALLENGES,ANDSOLUTIONSManagementOpportunities:AbilitytolowercoststhroughglobalscaleeconomiesbybuildinginternationalsystemsforproducingandsellinggoodsandservicesindifferentregionsoftheworldManagementInformationSystemsManagementInformationSystemsChapter16ManagingInternationalInformationSystemsFindingtherightglobalbusinessstrategyDifficultiesofmanagingchangeinamulticulturalfirmDifficultiesofachievingglobalconnectivityandintegrationManagementChallenges:MANAGEMENTOPPORTUNITIES,CHALLENGES,ANDSOLUTIONSManagementInformationSystemsManagementInformationSystemsChapter16ManagingInternationalInformationSystemsAgreeingoncommonuserrequirementsIntroducingchangesinbusinessprocessesCoordinatingapplicationsdevelopmentCoordinatingsoftwarereleasesEncouraginglocaluserstosupportglobalsystemsSolutionGuidelines:MANAGEMENTOPPORTUNITIES,CHALLENGES,ANDSOLUTIONSManagementInformationSystems16Chapter
ManagingInternationalInformationSystems
16ChapterManagingInternationIdentifythemajorfactorsdrivingtheinternationalizationofbusinessComparestrategiesfordevelopingglobalbusinessesDemonstratehowinformationsystemscansupportdifferentglobalbusinessstrategiesManagementInformationSystemsChapter16ManagingInternationalInformationSystemsOBJECTIVESIdentifythemajorfactorsdriEvaluatetheissuesandtechnicalalternativestobeconsideredwhendevelopinginternationalinformationsystemsIdentifythechallengesposedbyglobalinformationsystemsandmanagementsolutionsOBJECTIVES(Continued)ManagementInformationSystemsChapter16ManagingInternationalInformationSystemsEvaluatetheissuesandtechniChallenge:FulfillcustomerordersmadetoanetworkoffortysubsidiariesinEurope,Asia,andNorthAmericawhosesystemscouldnotsharedatawithoneanotherSolutions:developasinglecorporatedatabaseandusemiddlewarewithstandardinterfacestoconnectallthesubsidiary’ssystemsDevelopasingleworldwidedatamodelwithstandarddefinitionsandcodesIllustratestheroleofsystemsinaninternationalenvironmentforreducinginventoryandbusinessprocesscostsworldwide.ManagementInformationSystemsChapter16ManagingInternationalInformationSystemsDragerSafetyAGCaseChallenge:FulfillcustomerorTHEGROWTHOFINTERNATIONALINFORMATIONSYSTEMSGlobalProductDevelopmentandProductionManagementInformationSystemsChapter16ManagingInternationalInformationSystemsFigure16-1THEGROWTHOFINTERNATIONALINThebasicinformationsystemsrequiredbyorganizationstocoordinateworldwidetradeandotheractivitiesDevelopinganInternationalInformationSystemsArchitectureInternationalinformationsystemsarchitecture:ManagementInformationSystemsChapter16ManagingInternationalInformationSystemsTHEGROWTHOFINTERNATIONALINFORMATIONSYSTEMSAforceintheenvironmenttowhichbusinessesmustrespondandthatinfluencesthedirectionofthebusinessBusinessdriver:ThebasicinformationsystemsInternationalInformationSystemsArchitectureManagementInformationSystemsChapter16ManagingInternationalInformationSystemsTHEGROWTHOFINTERNATIONALINFORMATIONSYSTEMSFigure16-2InternationalInformationSystTheGlobalEnvironment:BusinessDriversandChallengesTheglobalbusinessdriverscanbedividedintotwogroups:ManagementInformationSystemsChapter16ManagingInternationalInformationSystemsTHEGROWTHOFINTERNATIONALINFORMATIONSYSTEMSGlobalcommunicationandtransportationtechnologiesDevelopmentofglobalcultureGeneralculturalfactors:Table16-1TheGlobalEnvironment:BusineManagementInformationSystemsChapter16ManagingInternationalInformationSystemsTHEGROWTHOFINTERNATIONALINFORMATIONSYSTEMSEmergenceofglobalsocialnormsPoliticalstabilityGlobalknowledgebaseTable16-1(Continued)GeneralCulturalFactors:(Continued)ManagementInformationSystemsManagementInformationSystemsChapter16ManagingInternationalInformationSystemsTHEGROWTHOFINTERNATIONALINFORMATIONSYSTEMSGlobalmarketsGlobalproductionandoperationsGlobalcoordinationGlobalworkforceGlobaleconomiesofscaleSpecificbusinessfactors:Table16-1(Continued)ManagementInformationSystemsManagementInformationSystemsChapter16ManagingInternationalInformationSystemsTHEGROWTHOFINTERNATIONALINFORMATIONSYSTEMSBusinessChallengesCulturalparticularism:Regionalism,nationalism,languagedifferencesSocialexpectations:Brand-nameexpectations,workhoursPoliticallaws:Transborderdataandprivacylaws,commercialregulationsGeneral:Table16-2ManagementInformationSystemsManagementInformationSystemsChapter16ManagingInternationalInformationSystemsTHEGROWTHOFINTERNATIONALINFORMATIONSYSTEMSStandards:
Different
ElectronicDataInterchange(EDI),telecommunicationsstandardsReliability:PhonenetworksnotuniformlyreliableSpeed:
Differentdatatransferspeeds,manyslowerthanUnitedStatesPersonnel:
ShortagesofskilledconsultantsSpecific:Table16-2(Continued)ManagementInformationSystemsManagementInformationSystemsChapter16ManagingInternationalInformationSystemsORGANIZINGINTERNATIONALINFORMATIONSYSTEMSThreekindsoforganizationalstructure:Centralized(inthehomecountry)Decentralized(tolocalforeignunits)Coordinated(allunitsparticipateasequals)GlobalStrategiesandBusinessOrganizationManagementInformationSystemsManagementInformationSystemsChapter16ManagingInternationalInformationSystemsORGANIZINGINTERNATIONALINFORMATIONSYSTEMSHeavycentralizationofcorporateactivitiesinthehomecountryoforiginDomesticexporterstrategy:Centralizedfinancialmanagementandcontrolwhiledecentralizingproduction,sales,andmarketingoperationstounitsinothercountriesMultinationalstrategy:ManagementInformationSystemsManagementInformationSystemsChapter16ManagingInternationalInformationSystemsORGANIZINGINTERNATIONALINFORMATIONSYSTEMSTheproductisfinancedandinitiallyproducedinthehomecountry,butforproduct-specificreasonsrelyonforeignpersonnelforfurtherproduction,marketing,andhumanresources.Franchisers:Thevalue-addingactivitiesaremanagedfromaglobalperspectivewithoutreferencetonationalborders,optimizingsourcesofsupplyanddemandwherevertheyappear,andtakingadvantageofanylocalcompetitiveadvantages.Transnationalstrategy:ManagementInformationSystemsGlobalSystemstoFittheStrategyGlobalStrategyandSystemsConfigurationsManagementInformationSystemsChapter16ManagingInternationalInformationSystemsORGANIZINGINTERNATIONALINFORMATIONSYSTEMSFigure16-3GlobalSystemstoFittheStraManagementInformationSystemsChapter16ManagingInternationalInformationSystemsCentralizedsystems:Systemsdevelopmentandoperationoccurtotallyatthedomestichomebase.Duplicatedsystems:Developmentoccursatthehomebasebutoperationsarehandedovertoautonomousunitsinforeignlocations.Fourtypesofsystemsconfiguration:ORGANIZINGINTERNATIONALINFORMATIONSYSTEMSManagementInformationSystemsManagementInformationSystemsChapter16ManagingInternationalInformationSystems3.
Decentralizedsystems:Eachforeignunitdesignsitsownuniquesolutionsandsystems.4.Networkedsystems:Systemsdevelopmentandoperationsoccurinanintegratedandcoordinatedfashionacrossallunits.ORGANIZINGINTERNATIONALINFORMATIONSYSTEMSFourtypesofsystemsconfiguration:(Continued)ManagementInformationSystemsManagementInformationSystemsChapter16ManagingInternationalInformationSystemsORGANIZINGINTERNATIONALINFORMATIONSYSTEMSOrganizevalue-addingactivitiesalonglinesofcomparativeadvantageDevelopandoperatesystemsunitsateachlevelofcorporateactivity—regional,national,andinternationalEstablishatworldheadquartersReorganizingtheBusinessTodevelopaglobalcompanyandinformationsystemssupportstructure:ManagementInformationSystemsManagementInformationSystemsChapter16ManagingInternationalInformationSystemsMANAGINGGLOBALSYSTEMSAgreeingoncommonuserrequirementsIntroducingchangesinbusinessprocessesCoordinatingapplicationsdevelopmentCoordinatingsoftwarereleasesEncouraginglocaluserstosupportglobalsystemsManagementChallengesinDevelopingGlobalSystemsTable16-4ManagementInformationSystemsManagementInformationSystemsChapter16ManagingInternationalInformationSystemsMANAGINGGLOBALSYSTEMSDefinethecorebusinessprocesses:Conductworkflowanalysis,identifycentersofexcellencefortheseprocessesIdentifythecoresystemstocoordinatecentrally:ConquerthecoresystemsanddefinethesesystemsastrulytransnationalChooseanapproach:Incremental,GrandDesign,EvolutionaryMaketheBenefitsClearGlobalSystemsStrategyManagementInformationSystemsLocal,Regional,andGlobalSystemsManagementInformationSystemsChapter16ManagingInternationalInformationSystemsMANAGINGGLOBALSYSTEMSFigure16-4 Source:AdaptedfromManagingInformationTechnologyinMultinationalCorporationsbyEdardM.roche,copyright1993.Local,Regional,andGlobalSyManagementInformationSystemsChapter16ManagingInternationalInformationSystemsTECHNOLOGYISSUESANDOPPORTUNITIESFORGLOBALVALUECHAINSComputingplatformsandsystemsintegration:
Developglobal,distributed,andintegratedsystemstosupportdigitalbusinessprocessesspanningnationalboundariesUseofsamehardwareandoperatingsystemdoesnotguaranteeintegration.EstablishdataandtechnicalstandardsTechnologyChallengesofGlobalSystemsManagementInformationSystemsManagementInformationSystemsChapter16ManagingInternationalInformationSystemsTECHNOLOGYISSUESANDOPPORTUNITIESFORGLOBALVALUECHAINSOvercomingdisparatenationaltechnicalstandards,dataexchangerestrictionsandservicelevelsUserofInternettechnologytocreateglobalintranets,extranets,virtualprivatenetworks(VPNs)Connectivity:TechnologyChallengesofGlobalSystems(Continued)ManagementInformationSystemsInternetPopulationinSelectedCountriesManagementInformationSystemsChapter16ManagingInternationalInformationSystemsFigure16-5TECHNOLOGYISSUESANDOPPORTUNITIESFORGLOBALVALUECHAINS Sources:CIAWorldFactbook2003;ComputerIndustryAlmanac;and,accessedNovember9,2004InternetPopulationinSelecteManagementInformationSystemsChapter16ManagingInternationalInformationSystemsTECHNOLOGYISSUESANDOPPORTUNITIESFORGLOBALVALUECHAINSCostofnewinterfacedesignsIntegratingnewsystemswitholdUserinterfacedesignDifferencesinlanguageandconventionsSoftware:Uniquech
温馨提示
- 1. 本站所有资源如无特殊说明，都需要本地电脑安装OFFICE2007和PDF阅读器。图纸软件为CAD,CAXA,PROE,UG,SolidWorks等.压缩文件请下载最新的WinRAR软件解压。
- 2. 本站的文档不包含任何第三方提供的附件图纸等，如果需要附件，请联系上传者。文件的所有权益归上传用户所有。
- 3. 本站RAR压缩包中若带图纸，网页内容里面会有图纸预览，若没有图纸预览就没有图纸。
- 4. 未经权益所有人同意不得将文件中的内容挪作商业或盈利用途。
- 5. 人人文库网仅提供信息存储空间，仅对用户上传内容的表现方式做保护处理，对用户上传分享的文档内容本身不做任何修改或编辑，并不能对任何下载内容负责。
- 6. 下载文件中如有侵权或不适当内容，请与我们联系，我们立即纠正。
- 7. 本站不保证下载资源的准确性、安全性和完整性, 同时也不承担用户因使用这些下载资源对自己和他人造成任何形式的伤害或损失。
最新文档
- 高中语文情感美文海的女儿下
- 采购决策对药品成本影响的探讨
- 四年级语文上册第三组12小木偶的故事小木偶的故事续写新人教版
- 跨国公司财务管理中的成本控制
- 输血安全与公共卫生的关系研究
- 跨区域学校合作在提升学生综合素质中的作用
- 跨境办公设备的物流解决方案探讨
- 大学部门招新策划书（3篇）
- 2024年事业单位人员聘用合同（8篇）
- 跨行业沟通协作信息共享平台建设新思路
- 光伏电站巡检记录表完整
- 高血压患者不遵医饮食行为的原因分析及对策
- 《团队的凝聚力》课件
- 膝关节僵硬个案护理
- 《民间皮影》课程标准
- 新教科版六下科学1.4《设计塔台模型》教学设计（新课标）
- 电气设备维修
- 森林专业扑火队培训课件
- 学校体育学第八章课余体育锻炼课件
- “一带一路”视域下印度尼西亚中资企业所得税返还案例解析
- 职业健康监护评价报告编制指南
评论
0/150
提交评论