必修三课堂笔记

必修三课堂笔记必修三课堂笔记必修三课堂笔记必修三课堂笔记编制仅供参考审核批准生效日期地址：电话：传真:邮编:Unit1Festivalsaroundtheworld1、orsatisfyandpleasetheancestors,whocouldreturneithertohelportodoharm.取悦祖先，使他们得到满足，因为（祖先们）有可能回来帮助他，也有可能带来危害。doharm（n.）tosb=harm（vt.）sb=beharmful（adj.）tosb=dodamagetosb对某人有伤害（危害）begoodtosb=begoodforsb对某人有好处bebadforsb对某人有坏处Smokingdoes（great）harmtoone’shealth.=Smokingharmsone’shealth.=Smokingisharmfultoone’shealth.抽烟对人体有害。2、ThefestivalsofHalloweenhaditsoriginasaneventinmemoryofthedead.万圣节前夕的盛会也是源自纪念亡者的祭事。inmemoryofsb=tothememoryofsb为了纪念某人Thislibrarywasbuiltinmemoryof/tothememoryofthefamousscientist.这家图书馆是为了纪念那位著名的科学家而建的。3、Theydressupandtrytofrightenpeople.他们乔装打扮去吓唬人。dressv.穿衣；给某人穿衣n.衣服eveningdress晚礼服dressup；towearone’sbestclothes穿上盛装①Dressquickly,oryou’llbelate.②Theboyisoldenoughtodresshimself.③Themiddle-agedwomanisdressedinalongcoat.④Theydressedupfortheirwedding.4、InChinaandJapantherearemid-autumnfestivals,whenpeopleadmirethemoonandgivegiftsofmooncakes.在中国和日本都有中秋节，这时，人们会赏月，并互赠月饼。admiresborsth钦佩（赞赏）某人或某物admiresbforsth羡慕某人的某物Tobehonest,weadmirehishandwritingverymuch.=Tobehonest,weadmirehimforhishandwritingverymuch.说实话，我们非常羡慕他的书法。admirern.赞赏者，敬慕者admirationn.赞赏，羡慕相关链接：praisesbforsth为某事表扬某人punishsbforsth为某事惩罚某人scoldsbforsth为某事责备某人5、Themostenergeticandimportantfestivalsaretheonesthatlookforwardtotheendofwinterandtothecomingofspring.最富有生气而又最重要的节日就是告别冬天迎来春天的日子。4lookforwardtosthordoingsth盼望某事或盼望干某事ManypeoplelookforwardtovisitingtheGreatWall.很多人盼望参观长城。这类短语还有：beusedto习惯于payattentionto注意stickto坚持leadto导致referto参阅devoteto贡献；奉献adaptto适应6、Thecountryiscoveredwithcherrytreeflowerssothatitlooksasthoughitmightbecoveredwithpinksnow.整个国度处处都是樱花盛开，看上去就像罩上了一层粉红色的雪。asthough=asif似乎，好像①ThegirlspeaksEnglishsowellasif/asthoughshewereborninEngland.②Itlooksasifheweredrunk.（虚拟语气，没醉）③Itlooksasifheisdrunk.（真实语气，醉了）语法：Modalverbs（Ⅰ）情态动词Ⅰ情态动词否定式缩略形式情态动词否定式缩略形式cancannot/cannotcan’tshouldshouldnotshouldn’tcouldcouldnotcouldn’twillwillnotwon’tmaymaynotmayn’twouldwouldnotwouldn’tmightmightnotmightn’tneedneednotneedn’tmustmustnotmustn’tdaredarenotdaren’tshallshallnotshan’toughttooughtnottooughtn’tto重点：一、易混淆的情态动词1、can，could/beabletocan，could表示“潜在的能力”、“许可”（不如may正式）、“可能性”等；用于一般现在时和一般过去时。beableto表示“已经实现的能力”，可用于多种时态。①IhavebeenabletoswimsinceIwassixyearsold.（could/havebeenableto）②Sheisn’tgoodatmath,butshewasabletopasstheexamyesterday.（could/wasableto）2、must/havetomust表示“一定”，“必须”，表示说话人的主观看法。而haveto表示客观需要，是“不得不”的意思。①It’sgettingdarkeranddarker,soyoumusthurry.（must/haveto）②It’sgettingdarkeranddarker,sowehavetohurry.（must/haveto）3、will/shall征求他人意见时，will用于第二人称，shall用于第一和第三人称。①Everybodyishere.Shallwestartthemeeting（shall/will）②Therearetoomanypeopleinside.Will/Wouldyoupleasespeaklouder（will/would/shall）4、would/usedtodo都有“过去常常干”的意思，但usedtodo指“过去常干，现在不干了”，强调比较；而would不强调比较，带有感情色彩。①Bobusedtoworkhere,buthehasmovedtoanotherplace.（would/usedto）②Theoldwomanwouldsitbythewindowforhours,missingherchildren.（would/usedto）5、dare/need这两个动词既可以作情态动词，又可以作实意动词。特点：need/dare后接动词原形时是情态动词；接动词不定式或名词时是实意动词。①Theydarenotgothereagain,darethey（do/dare）②Youneedanewcomputer,don’tyou（needn’t/don’t）③Theboyneedstoseeadoctor,doesn’the（needn’t/doesn’t）二、问答中的情态动词重点：否定回答中容易出错mustneedn’t/don’thaveto重点词汇1、takeplace/takeone’splace/taketheplaceof①Thistookplacethreedaysago.②Mr.Smithisillandanotherteacherhastotakehisplace.③Greatchangeshavetakenplaceinourcountrysince1977.2、starve/gohungry①Intheolddaysmanypeoplewenthungryandstarvedtodeath.②Thehomelesschildrenwerestarvingforlove.（渴望得到）3、playatrickonsb=playajokeonsb①Heenjoysplayingtricksonstrangers.（plays/playing）②It’swrongofyoutoplayajokeonsuchalittlegirl.（toplay/play）4、custom/habit①You’dbettergiveupthebadhabitofsmoking.②It’scustomforChinesepeopletotakeofftheirshoeswhentheygetintoahall.5、award/prize①Thejudges（评委）awardedherthefirstprizeforherpicture.②Inthiscompetitionhehaswona（an）prize/awardof10,000dollars.6、cloth/clothing/clothes①Hiscoatismadeoffinecloth,soitisexpensive.②Areyougoingtotheclothingshoptobuytrousers③Putonmoreclothes,oryou’llcatchacold.7、permit/permission①Withmymother’spermission,Iboughtanewcomputer.②Ifmymotherpermits,I’llbuyanewcomputer.8、turnup/turndownturnup向上翻，出现；提高音量turndown降低音量；拒绝①Wewaitedandwaited,buthedidn’tturnup.②Turnuptheradiosothateveryonecanhearthenews.③Igavehimsomeadvicebutheturneditdown.（拒绝）9、lovely/lively①Theclasseshetaughtwerelivelyandinteresting.②Whatalovelydayitis!Let’sgoouting.Unit2Healthyeating1、Hisrestaurantoughttobefullofpeople.他的餐厅本来应该宾客盈门的。befullof=befilledwith充满，装满fill...with...用„„把„„装满（填满）①Thebuswastoocrowdedbecauseitwasfullofpassengers.（=wasfilledwith）班车很拥挤，因为人太多。②Theroomisfilledwithlaughter.（=isfullof）房间里充满了笑声。③Willyoupleasefillmyglasswithwater,Tom汤姆，把我杯子里的水装满好吗2、Whatcouldhavehappened发生了什么事“Nothingcouldhavebeenbetter,”hethought.他想，“再没有什么比这更好吃的了。”SomethingterriblemusthavehappenedifLichangwasnotcomingtoeatwithhimashealwaysdid.要是李昌不像往常那样到他店里吃饭，那问题一定严重了。情态动词+havedone表示对过去已经发生的事进行推测。musthavedonesth一定已经干了某事，must只能用于肯定；can’thavedonesth不可能已经干了某事，can用于否定和疑问；may/mighthavedone可能（也许）干了某事，may/might用于肯定或否定。①Mr.Zhangisbusyinthenextroom.HeCtoAmerica.’thavegone’tgo’thavegonehavegone②Herunclecoughsdayandnight.HeCabadcold.havecaughtcatchhavecaughtcatch③Bobhasn’tcomebackyet.Bhehavegotintotrouble3、TiredofallthatfatWanttoloseweight肥腻的东西吃厌了吧想变瘦吗betiredofsthordoingsth讨厌、厌倦干某事betiredfromsthordoingsth因干某事而劳累有时介词from也可换用with，但少用①Totellyouthetruth,I’mtiredoflisteningthiskindofmusic.实话实说，我讨厌听这种音乐。②LiDongissleepyinclass.Maybeheistiredfromplayingfootball.李东课堂上很疲倦，可能是踢足球踢累了。4、WangPengwasamazedatthisandespeciallyattheprices.王鹏对此感到吃惊，特别是对它的价格。beamazed/surprised/astonishedat对„„感到吃惊。短语中的介词at表示原因5、Hecouldn’thaveYongHuigettingawaywithtellingpeoplelies!他可不能让雍慧哄骗人们！havesb/sthdoingsth允许或容忍某人/某事（继续下去）havesb/sthdone让别人干某事（自己不干）havesbdosth使某人干某事（=makesbdosth）Savewater!Don’thaveitrunningalldaylong.节约用水哟！不要让水一天到晚地流。You’dbetterhaveyourbicyclerepairedassoonaspossible.你最好尽快请人把自行车修一下。③Theteachermademecopymycompositionagain.老师要我把作文再抄写一遍。6、Itwasnotgivingitscustomersenergy-givingfood.它提供给顾客吃的食物没有热量。WangPengfollowedLiChangintoanewly-openedsmallrestaurantattheendofthestreet.王鹏跟着李昌来到街尾一家新开张的小餐馆。energy-givingfood（复合词，食物与提供是主动关系，用-ing）anewly-openedsmallrestaurant（复合词，餐馆和包办是被动关系，用-ed）ahand-madebag手工制作的包（被动关系）meat-eatinganimals食肉动物（主动关系）练习：勤劳的工人hard-workingworkers；爱好和平的人们peace-lovingpeople；新生婴儿anew-bornbaby、Perhapshewouldbeabletoearnhislivingafterallandnothavetoclosehisrestaurant.也许他仍然能够谋生，而不必关闭自己的餐馆。earna/one’sliving=makea/one’sliving=getmoneybydoingsth谋生Asyouknow,taxidriversmake/earntheirlivingbydriving.你是知道的，的士司机靠开车过活。练习：农民靠种地过活。Farmersmakealivingbyfarming.8、Hedidnotlookforwardtobeingindebtbecausehisrestaurantwasnolongerpopular.他可不希望由于餐馆不受欢迎而负债。indebt负债introuble在困难中indanger在危险中inneed需要=indemand这些短语中的介词in表示状态语法：表示推测的情态动词（Ⅰ）“情态动词”加上havedone，推测事情已经完成；“情态动词”加上bedoing，推测事情正在进行。表示推测的情态动词（Ⅱ）musthavedonesth一定已经干了某事may/mighthavedonesth也许已经干了某事can’thavedonesth不可能已经干了某事couldhavedonesth有可能已经干了某事；本来有可能干但没干某事should/oughttohavedonesth本来应该干但没干某事needn’thavedonesth本来不必干但干了某事重点词汇1、balancen.v.平衡；权衡①Thereisanicebalancebetweenworkandplayinhislife.他把生活中的工作和娱乐控制得很平衡。②Shebalance（herself）ononefoot.她用一只脚站立。常用词组：keepone’sbalance保持平衡；loseone’sbalance失去平衡；keepthebalanceofnature保持生态平衡③Weshoulddowhatwecantokeepthebalanceofnature.我们应尽力保持生态平衡。2、energy精力；活力（能源，能量），force武力；暴力strength人力；体力，power权力；能力；电力①Youngpeopleusuallyhavemoreenergythantheold.年轻人通常比老年人有活力。②Electricity（power）isakindofenergy.电力是一种能源。③Thethieftookthemoneyfromtheoldmanbyforce.那盗贼用暴力抢走了老人的钱。④Heisbadlyillandhasnostrengthtogetoutofbed.他病得厉害，连下床的力气都没有。⑤Manisonlyanimalthathasthepowerofspeech.（=ability）人是唯一能说话的动物。⑥Herfatherisapowerinthistown.她父亲是这个镇上有权势的人。⑦I’msureChinawillbeoneofthepowersintheworld.我确信中国将成为世界强国之一。3、getaway（from）离开，逃离getawaywith拿„„潜逃；（做了坏事却逃避责罚；逍遥法外）①I’mafraidIcan’tgetawayfromthemeeting.我恐怕难从会议中抽身。②Howdidhegetawaywithcheating（不用被动语态）他欺骗人怎么未受惩罚呢③Youwillnevergetawaywithit.你永远也逃不掉惩罚。4、getridof摆脱；除去；排除=ridofgetoutof逃避；躲掉；改掉=getridof①Youmustgetridofyourbadhabit.=Youmustridyourselfofthebadhabit.你必须克服这些坏习惯。②HowcanIgetridofthefliesinthekitchen我怎样才能把厨房的苍蝇消灭掉③ItwasraininghardwhenIwasgettingoutoftheclassroom.我从教室出来的时候正下大雨。④Ican’tgetoutofwakingatsixinthemorning.=Ican’tgetridofwakingatsixinthemorning.我早晨六点钟醒的习惯改不了。5、lookat看；眺望stareat注视；盯着看glareat怒视；炫耀①Helookedangrilyatme.他愤怒地看着我。②It’srudetostareatpeople.盯着人看是不礼貌的。Theydidn’tfight,butstoodthereglaringatoneanother.他们并没有动手，只是站在那里怒目相视。Unit3TheMillionPoundBankNote1、Arichpersongivesyoualargeamountofmoneytouseasyoulike.Whatwillyoudowithit一个有钱人给了你一大笔钱让你随意花，你会拿它做些什么dowith对待；处理；处置（与what连用）dealwith对待；处理；与„„交易（与how连用）Thenewteacherdidn’tknowwhattodowiththeclass.=Thenewteacherdidn’tknowhowtodealwiththeclass.那位新老师不知道如何对付他班上的学生。②Idon’tknowwhat（Ishould）todowiththewastepaper.=Idon’tknowhow（Ishould）todealwiththewastepaper.我不知道如何处理这些废纸。2、HaveyouevermadeabetwithafriendIfso,whatdidyoubeton你和朋友打过赌吗如果打过，赌的是什么makeabeton=betonbet-bet-betorbet-betted-betted-betting①Theymadea5-dollarbetonwhowouldwinthegame.=Theybet5dollarsonwhowouldwinthegame.他们押了5元赌金赌谁会在比赛中获胜。②win/loseabet赌赢（输）了相关链接makeachoice=choosemakeafoolofsb=foolsbmakeadecision=decidedmakeareplytosb=replytosbmakeanapologytosbforsth=apologisetosbforsth3、Nowladiesandgentleman,you’reabouttohearthemostincredibletale.女士们，先生们，你们将要听到一个最令人难以置信的故事。sbwas/were（just）abouttodo...when...某人正要干„„这时„„=sbwas/wereonthepointofdoing...when...Wewere（just）abouttostartwhenitbegantorain.=Wewereonthepointofstartingwhenitbegantorain.我们正要出发，这时下起雨来了。相关链接sbwas/weredoing...when...某人正在干„„这时„„sbhadjustdone...when...某人刚刚干了„„这时„„Ihadjustlaindownwhenthetelephonerang.我刚刚躺下，这时电话铃响了。4、HeislostinLondon.他在伦敦迷路了。“迷路”的三种表达方法他们在森林里迷路了。①Theywerelostintheforest.②Theylostthemselvesintheforest.③Theylosttheirwayintheforest.5、Permitmetoleadtheway,sir.先生，请让我来带路吧。注意permitsbtodosth=permitdoingsthallowsbtodosth=allowdoingsthadvisesbtodosth=advisedoingsthforbid（禁止）sbtodosth=forbiddoingsth①Wedon’tallowanybodytosmokeinourroom.=Wedon’tallowsmokinginourroom.我们不允许任何人在我们房间抽烟。Headvisedustodomorereadinginoursparetime.=Headviseddoingmorereadinginoursparetime.他建议我们业余时间多读书。6、Asamatteroffact,IlandedinBritainbyaccident.事实上，我在英国上岸是偶然的。asamatteroffact=infact=ineffect=inpractice事实上byaccident=bychance=accidentally偶然地Infact,Imethiminthestreetbychance.=Asamatteroffact,Icameacrosshiminthestreet.=Ineffect,Ihappenedtomeethiminthestreet.我在街上碰巧遇见了他。7、Well,tobehonest,Ihavenone.哦，老实说，我一分钱都没有了。tobehonest=totellyouthetruth老实说；说实话none一个（件）也没有（指人或物，可与of连用）noone一个也没有（只能指人，不能与of连用）①Tobehonest,noonewasontheplayground.=Totellyouthetruth,therewasnoneontheplayground.实话实说，操场上一个人也没有。②Tohonest,noneofthedesksisnew.（此处不能用noone）说实话，没有一张桌子是新的。语法：宾语从句和表语从句（Nounclauseastheobjectandpredicative）宾语从句的特点是注意四个字：语序，时态；宾语从句常位于及物动词、介词或少数形容词之后。①Idon’tknowhowoldheis.（动词之后，语序变化）我不知道他多大了。②Iwasinterestedinwhathesaid.（介词之后，时态变化）我对他说的很感兴趣。③I’msure（that）youwillsucceed.我确信你会成功。形容词后接宾语从句常见的有：’mafraid...；I’mglad...和I’msure...等句型。表语从句位于系动词之后，常见的系动词有be，look，seem等，表语从句的语序也是陈述句语序。①Thequestioniswheresheworks.问题是她在哪工作。②Itlooksasifitisgoingtorain.看起来要下雨了。重点词汇1、account认为；说明accountfor导致；做出解释（accountvi.）onaccountof=becauseof因为（accountn.）①Iaccounthimlucky.=Iaccounthimaluckyman.我认为他很幸运。②Howcanyouaccountforthisaccident你如何说明这个事故③Thetrainwaslateonaccountofsnow.=Thetrainwaslatebecauseofsnow.火车因下雪延误了。2、berudetosb对某人粗鲁It’srudeofhimtospeaktohisfatherthatway.=It’sbadmannersforhimtospeaktohisfatherthatway.他那样与他的父亲讲话是不礼貌的。相关链接becrueltosb对某人残忍；befriendlytosb对某人友好bekindtosb对某人善良；bepolitetosb对某人有礼貌bestrictwithsb对某人严格；bepatientwithsb对某人耐心behardonsb对某人苛刻3、evenif=eventhough即使；纵使两者的意思差不多，但evenif引导的从句含有很强的假设性；而eventhough引导的只是一个条件。①Evenifheisverypoor,sheloveshim.=Hemaybeverypoor,yetsheloveshim.即使他很穷，她还是爱他。（再穷也爱他）②Eventhoughheisverypoor,sheloveshim.=Hisverypoor,yetsheloveshim.尽管他很穷，但她还是爱他。（穷已是事实）4、manner礼貌；风格；方式①Theydealtwiththeprobleminaverydifferentmanner.他们处理问题的方式很不一样。②Holdyourknifeandforkinthismanner.这样拿刀叉。（用这种方式拿）③Everybodylikesaboywithgoodmanners.大家都喜欢讲礼貌的男孩。相关链接bythis/thesemeans用这种（这些）方法；teaching/learningmethods教（学）法5、servev.当仆人；服务；服役；供职；招待；供应servicen.服务；服役servantn.仆人①Heservedthefamilyasacookforfifteenyears.他在那户人家当了15年之久的厨师。②Thewaiterserveduswithwine.=Thewaiterservedwinetous.服务生为我们倒酒。③Themanonceservedinthearmy,butlaterheservedasentenceforfiveyears（inprison）.这人当过兵，但后来又经服刑5年。④Thisservantiswell-knownforgoodservice.这个仆人（公务员）以优质服务而闻名。Unit4Astronomy:thescienceofthestars1、Itexplodedloudlywithfireandrock,theywereintimetoproducethewatervapor,...地球猛烈的爆炸喷出了烈火和岩石，最终产生了水蒸气、„„intime=soonerorlater迟早=notlateorwithoutdelay（ontime准时）Goodlucktohim,thedoctorarrivedthereintimeandtheboywassaved.幸运的是，医生及时赶到，男孩得救了。②You’llunderstanditintime.（=soonerorlater）你迟早会明白这件事的。*betodo常用来表示不可避免将要发生的事或必须要做的事。①Thisdiscoverywastohaveamajoreffectonthetreatmentofheartdisease.这个发现对心脏病的治疗产生了重大影响。②Mr.Clarksaidtohisdaughter,“Youaretobehomeby10o’clockatthelatest.”克拉克先生对他的女儿说，“你必须在10点以前到家。”③Iwas（about）toleavewhenmyunclecamein.（此时betodo=beabouttodo）我正要出发，这时叔叔进来了。2、Itallowedtheearthtodissolveharmfulgases,whichhadbecomepartoftheearth’satmosphere,intotheoceansandseas.它使地球把曾经存在于大气层中的有害气体溶解在海洋里。allowsbtodo允许某人做某事allowdoing准许做某事①Wedon’tallowanybodytosmokeinourbedroom.=Wedon’tallowsmokinginourbedroom.我们不允许（任何人）在我们寝室抽烟。②Herparentswon’tallowherCoutmorethan11:00intheevening.AstayBwillstayCtostayDstayingpermitsbtodo=permitdoing允许（某人）干advisesbtodo=advisedoing建议（某人）干forbidsbtodo=forbiddoing禁止（某人）干3、Theyproducedyounggenerallybylayingeggs.它们一般是通过孵蛋来繁衍后代的。bydoingsth=bymeansofdoingsth用于说明做某事的手段、方法。①Wehavenochoicebuttomakealivingbyworkinghardeveryday.=Wehavenochoicebuttomakealivingbymeansofworkinghardeveryday.我们别无选择，只有靠每天拼命工作来谋生。②Idon’tthinkshecanhelphimbyjustgivinghimmoney.我认为光靠给钱，她是帮不了他的。相关链接：bythismeans靠这种方法bythesemeans靠这些方法4、Theyareputtingtoomuchcarbondioxideintotheatmosphere,whichpreventheatfromescapingfromtheearthintospace.它们把过多的二氧化碳释放到大气层中，这使得地球上的热不能释放到太空中去。prevent...（from）doing=stop...（from）doing=keep...fromdoing这三个短语都有“阻止某人做某事”的意思，但要注意介词from的省略用法。keep...fromdoing不能省略介词from，因为keepsbdoingsth的意思是“让某人连续（持续）做某事”。①Theheavyraincouldn’tBChimgoingthere.（多项选择）AkeepBstopCpreventDprotect②I’msorryIhaveCyouwaitingforsolongtime.（单项选择）AstoppedBpreventedCkeptDmade5、Whetherlifewillcontinueontheearthformillionsofyearstocomewilldependonwhetherthisproblemcanbesolved.在未来的数百万年中，生命能否在地球上延续取决于这个问题能否解决。dependon取决于；决定于①—Willyougoswimmingthisafternoon—Well.ItallAD.（哪两个答案不对）AdependsonBdependsCdependsontheweatherDdependstheweather②我们年龄够大了，要靠我们自己。Weareoldenoughtodependonourselves.6、Icheeredupimmediatelyfloatedweightlesslyaroundinourspaceshipcabinwatchingtheearthbecomesmallerandthemoonlarger.我立刻感到很高兴，由于失重我在太空舱里飘来飘去，我望着（身后）地球越来越小，而月球在逐渐变大。cheerup欢呼；喝彩；高兴watchsbdosth观看某人做某事（强调全过程或经常性动作）watchsbdoingsth观看某人正在做某事①Wecheeredupwhenwesawourwomen’svolleyballteamwinthefinalgame.当我们看到中国女排最终赢得决赛时高兴得不得了（欢呼雀跃）。②Everydayastheywatchedtheplantgrow,theirheartswerefilledwithhope.他们每天都在观察这棵植物的生长，心里充满了希望。（表示经常与全过程）③Thelittlegirlcouldn’thelpjumpingwhenshesawhermothercoming.当女孩看到她妈妈到来时，禁不住跳了起来。（正在进行）相关链接hearsbdosth听见某人做某事hearsbdoingsth听见某人正在做某事seesbdosth看见某人做某事seesbdoingsth看见某人正在做某事noticesbdosth注意到某人做某事noticesbdoingsth注意到某人正在做某事listentosbdosth听见某人做某事listentosbdoingsth听见某人正在做某事lookatsbdosth看到某人做某事lookatsbdoingsth看到某人正在做某事7、“Oh,dear,”Icried,“walkingdoesneedabitofpracticenowthatgravityhaschanged.”“天哪，”我大声地说，“重力改变了，看来走路也的确需要练一练了。”now（that）既然；由于=since/becauseofthefactthat①Now（that）everybodyishere,let’sbeginourmeeting.既然大家都到了，我们开会吧。②Now（that）you’vegrownup,youcandecideityourself.既然你已经长大了，可以自己决定（它）了。语法：主语从句（Nounclausesasthesubject）主语从句的特点是：整个句子作主语。①Whatyousaidisquiteright.②Whentheywillarrivehereisunknown.但是，如果主语从句太长，可以用it作形式主语而主语从句后移。③Thatourmonitoroftenhelpsanoldladyeveryafternoonistrue.=Itistruethatourmonitoroftenhelpsanoldladyeveryafternoon.重点词汇1、harmful有害的harmvt.&n.有害；害处doharmtosb对某人有害Smokingisharmfultoourhealth.=Smokingharmsourhealth.=Smokingdoesharmtoourhealth.抽烟对我们的身体有害。2、developvt.&n.发展；开发；冲洗（底片）developedadj.发达的developingadj.发展中的①Hebelievesthatsportscandevelopmindandbody.他相信运动有益于身心发展。②Inmyopinion,developedcountriesoughttohelpdevelopingcountries.我认为，发达国家应该帮助发展中国家。③Withthedevelopmentofagriculturalandindustry,welivebetterandbetter.随着工农业的发展，我们的生活越来越好。3、presencen.出席；当场presentadj.出席；当场；礼物；赠送（读音有别）①IattendedthediscussionbutIdidn’tnoticeherpresence.我参加了讨论会，但没有看到她。②Allthepeoplepresentagreedtoourplan.（作形容词时放在被修饰的词后面）所有当场的人都同意我们的计划。③Almosteverybodywhowaspresentatyesterday’smeetinggotapresent.差不多所有参加昨天会议的人都得到了一份礼物。4、disappointvt.使失望disappointmentn.失望disappointedadj.失望的disappointingadj.令人失望的①Toourgreatdisappointment,ourfootballteamfailedagain.使我们特别失望的是，我们的足球队又输了。②Thisnewswasdisappointingandwewereverydisappointed.这个消息令人失望，我们（感到）失望极了。=Thisnewsdiddisappointallofus.这个消息的确使我们大失所望。5、forcen.力量；暴力vt.强制；逼迫forcesbtodosth强迫某人做某事byforce靠武力；强迫airforce空军①Theyforcedhimtosignthepaper.=Theymadehimsignthepaperbyforce.他们强迫他在文件上签字。②Shewasforcedoutoftheracebyakneeinjury.由于膝盖受伤，她被迫离开比赛。Unit5Canada—“ThetrueNorth”1、Ratherthantaketheaeroplanealltheway,theydecidedtoflyfromChinatoVancouverandtotakethetrainfromwesttoeastacrossCanadainSeptember.她们不想一路乘飞机，她们决定九月从中国飞到温哥华，再从西海岸乘火车横穿加拿大到达东海岸。ratherthanprep.而不是（=insteadof）①Ithoughtwecouldgotothecinemathiseveningratherthanstayathome.=Ithoughtwecouldgotothecinemathiseveninginsteadofstayingathome.我认为今晚我们可以看电影而不是呆在家里。②Hewasbusywritingaletterratherthanreadinganewspaper.他在忙着写信而不是看报纸。相关链接：①woulddo...ratherthando...宁愿干„„而不干„„=wouldratherdo...thando...Iwouldgotoseeafilmratherthanstayathome.=Iwouldrathergotoseeafilmthanstayathome.我宁愿去看一场电影也不呆在家里。②prefertodo...ratherthan（to）do...宁愿干„„而不干„„Iprefertogothemovieratherthan（to）stayathome.请比较以上句子，它们意思一样，但搭配不同。2、Itisthesecondbiggestcountryintheworldandasyougoeastward,youwillseemountains,andpassthousandsoflakes,forestsandwideriversaswellaslargecities.它是世界上第二大国家，一路向东行，你们会经过一座座山脉、上千个湖泊、森林、还有宽阔的河流和许多大城市。aswell也；另外也（位于句末）aswellas也；（除„„之外）还有；与„„一样好（位于句中）①Hesentmealetterandsomemoneyaswell.他寄给我一封信，外加一些钱。②HespeaksSpanishaswellasEnglishandFrench.他不但会讲英语和法语，还会讲西班牙语。③Mr.Smith,aswellashischildrenhascometoChina.(谓语依前不依后)史密斯先生及其孩子已经来到中国。④HespeaksChineseaswellasweChinese.他讲中文和我们中国人讲的一样好。3、Thatafternooninthetrainthecousinssettleddownintheirseats.那天下午姐妹俩才在火车上落了座。settledown安稳坐下；使某人安定下来；定居下来①Theteachertriedtosettlethestudentsdown.那位老师想使学生安静下来。②Hesettleddowninhishometown.他在故乡安顿下来。相关链接：settlevt.商定；决定；解决；定居①Let’ssettlethedateofthenextmeeting.（商定日期）②Hesettledtobuyacar.（决定）③Thequestionhasn’tbeensettledyet.（解决）④TheygotmarriedandsettledinCanada.（定居）4、Manyofthemhaveagiftforworkingwithanimalsandtheycanwinthousandsofdollarsinprizes.他们中许多人都有与兽共舞的才能，他们能赢得几千美元的奖金。haveagiftforsthorfordoingsth在某方面有天赋（天分）①Thegirlhasagiftformusicandshewillbecomewell-knownsoonerorlater.这女孩有音乐天赋,迟早会出名的。②Hehasagiftforlearninglanguages.他有学语言的天赋。5、Theywentthroughawheat-growingprovinceandsawfarmsthatwerethousandsofsquarekilometersinsize.火车穿过一个种植小麦的省份，她们看到了面积有数千平方公里的农场。insize（尺寸）大小上；面积上相关链接：inlength长度上inheight高度上inwidth宽度上incolour颜色上①Thesetworoomsarequitedifferentinsize.这两个房间大小完全不一样。②Thisbridgeisthreehundredmetersinlength.=Thisbridgeisthreehundredmeterslong.这座桥有三百米长。③Youlookpaleincolourtoday,why你今天气色不太好，什么原因④Thisstreetisaswideasthatone.=Thisstreetisthesameasthatoneinwidth.这座桥与那座桥一样宽。6、Inthedistance,theycouldseemistycloudthatrosefromthegreatNiagaraFalls,whichisonthesouthsideofthelake.远处，她们可以看到在湖的南边尼亚加拉大瀑布上方升腾着的雾霜。inthedistance在远方；atadistance隔一段距离（空间，时间）①Isawsomesmokeinthedistance.我看到远处有些烟。②Hewasrunningafterme,atadistanceofabo