2019高考英语二轮专项-语法高频语法词汇详解

2019高考英语二轮专项--语法高频语法词汇详解【1】that1.引导名词性从句，只起连接作用，无具体意义。AstorygoesthatElizabethIofEnglandlikednothingmorethanbeingsurroundedbycleverandqualifiednoblemenatcourt.（上海2004NMET）关系代词，用于限制性定语从句。如：Isthisthereasonthatheexplainedatthemeetingforhiscarelessnessinhiswork?（上海春2002NMET）程度副词，等于so.如：Sometimesitwasabitboringtoworktherebecausetherewasn'talwaysthatmuchtodo.〔广东2004NMET〕用于强调句型中，起连接作用。如：Why!Ihavenothingtoconfess.Whatisitthatyouwantmetosay?（上海2004NMET）5•替代词，既可替代可数名词，表特指；又可替代不可数名词，后接of。如：I'mmovingtocountrysidebecausetheairthereismuchfresherthanthatinthecity.江（苏2005NMET）【2】what引导名词性从句，担任句子成分。如：Amoderncityhasbeensetupinwhatwasawastelandtenyearsago.（天津2004NMET）疑问代词，指不定范围的“什么”。如：WhatdoyouthinkIshoulddotomakeupforthelosttime?whatever引导名词性从句和让步状语从句。如：ThesewildflowersaresospecialthatIwoulddowhateverIcantosavethem.（北京春2000NMET）用于感叹句中。如：Whatterribleweatherwe'vebeenhavingthesedays!（NMET1992）在情景交际中的用法：Whatfor?〔表原因，译作“为何”What'sup?〔相当于What'shappening?〕Sowhat?〔表“是……又怎么样呢？”Whatashame!〔表遗憾〕What'smore.〔表递进〕What'swrong?〔表焦虑〕•What?〔请对方部分重复时常用的表达用语。还可表示惊奇，对方不必作答。〕如：---Susan,willyoupleasegoandemptythatdrawer?---Whatfor?（NMET2004）【3】where从属连词，引导地点状语从句。如：Thefamousscientistgrewupwherehewasbornandin1930hecametoShanghai.（上海春2002NMET）关系副词。用于定语从句。如：Thereweredirtymarksonhertrouserswhereshehadwipedherhands.连接副词，用于名词性从句。如：YouaresayingthateveryoneshouldbeequalandthisiswhereIdisagree.（NMET2004）【4】which疑问代词，指一定范围的“什么”，常译作“哪一个”。如：Whichdoyouprefertokillyoursparetime---watchingTVorreading?2•关系代词，也可指代整个句子，但有别于as,不能置于句首；“介词+which”用法一直是高考热点。如：Thefactoryproduceshalfamillionpairsofshoeseveryyear,80%ofwhicharesoldabroad.〔辽宁2004〕连接代词，用于名词性从句中。如：Ireadaboutitinsomebookorother,doesitmatterwhichitwas?〔北京春2001〕【5】it替代词it，替代同一事物而非同类事物，也可指代前面整个句子。如:Tom'smotherkepttellinghimthatheshouldworkharder,butitdidn'thelp.(NMET1993)先行词it,用于名词性从句中，作形式主语或宾语。如：Ilikeitintheautumiwhentheweatherisclearandbright.(NMET2004)3•引导词it,用于强调句型中。如：Itwasnotuntilmidnightthathewentbackhomeaftertheexperiment.〔广东2004〕4•虚意it,无具体意义，用来指时间、距离、天气等或较笼统、较模糊的情况。如：I'dliketotakeaweek'sholiday.Forgetit.We'retoobusy.〔NMET2004〕5•人称代词it,指动物或无生命的东西，如：Bill'saimistoinformtheviewersthatcigaretteadvertisingonTVisillegal,isn'tit?【6】when引导时间状语从句。如：Don'tbeafraidofaskingforhelpwhenitisneeded.类似并列连词，表atthattime,常用于beabouttodo...when,hardly...when等句型中。如：Wewereswimminginthelakewhensuddenlythestormstarted.表原因，同since。如：Whydoyouwantanewjobwhenyduvegotsuchagoodonealready?(NMET1998)连接副词，用于名词性从句中。如：Irememberwhenthisusedtobeaquietvillage.(NMET1993)关系副词，用于定语从句中。如：ThefilmbroughtthehoursbacktomewhenIwastakengoodcareofinthatfar-awayvillage.(NMET2001)whenever引导名词性从句和让步状语从句。如：Youcaneatfoodfreeinmyrestaurantwheneveryoulike.(重庆2004)表让步，同evenif.如：Theenemyheldoutwhentheymusthaveknowntherewasnohope.【7】an/a/the结合语境，分析特指与泛指。2•表示类别，分清整体和个体。The表示“人或物整体的一类”；a/an表示“一类人或物中的任何一个。”换言之，the是从种类整体讲的，而a/an那么是从种类个体的角度讲的。注意名词，分清抽象与具体。【8】while引导时间状语从句，从句谓语动词为延续性动词。如：I'mgoingtothepostoffice.---Whileyou'rethere,canyougetmesomestamps?(NMET1999)并列连词，表两相对照。如：ThecostoflivinginGlasgowisamongthelowestinBritain,whilethequalityoflifeisprobablyoneofthehighest.(天津2006)引导让步状语从句，表“部分接受，并非全部”如：WhileIacceptthatheisnotperfect,Idoactuallyliketheperson.(江苏2006)【9】as关系代词，引导限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。如：Asisoftenthecase,wehaveworkedouttheproductionplan.〔江苏2004〕2•用作介词，表“作为”或用在动词treat,recognize等之后。如：Ifeelthatoneofmymaindutiesasateacheristohelpthestudentstobecomebetterlearners.〔广东2004〕从属连词，引导状语从句，表“让步、时间、方式、比较、原因等。如：MotherwasworriedbecauselittleAlicewasill,especiallyasfatherwasawayinFrance.Asthedaywenton,theweathergotworse.(NMET1990)ItisreportedthattheUnitedStatesusestwiceasmuchenergyasthewholeofEurope.as常见搭配：asgoodas(与一样好；实际上，几乎等于)aswell(as)他；与一样好)，asmuch〔如此〕，asfaras〔据〕notsomuchas〔不如〕等。如:AslongasIknowthemoneyissafe,Ishallnotworryaboutit.〔北京2003〕Howfarapartdotheylive?AsfarasIknow,theyliveinthesameneighbourhood.〔上海2003〕Johnplaysfootballaswellas,ifnotbetterthan,David.〔NMET1994〕【10】before引导时间状语从句，“在之前”常见于“Itwillbe...(long)before....”句型。如:ItwaseveningbeforewereachedthelittletownofWinchester.〔天津2004〕Itwillnotbelongbeforeweknowtheresultoftheexperiment.〔上海2002〕用于祈使句中，既表时间，又表隐含条件，可译作“要不然、否那么”，近似or。如：Getoutbeforeitgotworse.〔北京2003〕Putbackthebookwhereitisbeforeitgetstorn.从属连词，“宁愿与其”用法近似于wouldrather...than...如：Hewilldiebeforehetellsthesecret.从属连词，有“不知不觉某事已经完成”的意思，常见于“...beforeIknowit”。如：Wehadcometothestorebeforeweknowit.副词，“从前，以前”，常与完成时连用。如：Theyhaveknowneachotherlongbefore.【11】but并列连词，用法类似于yet,但在“Excuseme/I'msorry...but”结构中，只能使用but。如：Excusemeforbreakingin,butIhavesomenewsforyou.(NMET2002)2•用作介词，表“除了”，但不同于besides,后可接动词不定式。假设前有do的适当形式，后续动词前要省略to。如：Sandycoulddonothingbutadmittohisteacherthathewaswrong.〔上海春2001〕3.从属连词，表“无一例外，，用于否定句中，如：Neverdoesadaypassbutweneedfood.【12】so程度副词，表“十分，很，常置于“so+adj.+a/an+n.，“notso+adj./adv.+(冠词+名词)as+...，“so+(adj./adv)that，结构中。如：Canyoubelievethatinsucharichcountrythereshouldbesomanypoorpeople?(NMET1995)HespeaksEnglishwellindeed,butofcoursenotsofluentlyasanativespeaker.(上海2004)SodifficultdidIfeelittoliveinanEnglish-speakingcountrythatIdeterminedtolearnEnglish.从句性替代词，用于“sodidI,Ididso,soIdid”以及“Ihopeso”等结构中表肯定替代。如：Father,Youpromised!Well,soIdid.Butitwasyouwhodid'ntkeepyourwordfirst.〔湖北2005〕并列连词表因果。如:Theshopdoesn'topenuntil11a.m.soitlosesalotofbusiness.〔北京春2004〕固定搭配，常见于ifso,evenso,orso,soasto等短语中。如：Youruncleseemstobeagooddriver;evenso,Iwouldn'tdaretotravelinhiscar.〔江西2005〕AllthesegiftsmustbemailedimmediatelysoastobereceivedintimeforChristmas.〔辽宁2005〕Myparentswillmovebackintotowninayearorso.〔NMET2005〕【13】all1•代词，指三者以上的人或物。not与all连用表部分否定，如:IhadtobuyallthesebooksbecauseIdidn'tknowwhichonewasthebest.〔上海2004〕用作先行词，后接定语从句，that可省略。如:Allyoueverwanttodoisgoingshopping.〔北京春2002〕all为前位限定词，应置于所有修饰语最前面，如:Thehusbandgavehiswifeallhisincomeeverymonthinordertopleaseher.〔重庆2004〕常见搭配有：inall〔总计，总而言之〕，afterall(毕竟，别忘了)，aboveall〔尤其，首先〕，allthesame〔尽管如此〕等。如：I'dliketobuyahouse—modern,comfortableandaboveallinaquietneighborhood.〔福建2002〕PeoplemayhavedifferentopinionsaboutKaren,butIadmireher.Afterall,sheisagreatmusician.(NMET2004)【14】over1•指时间，过完一段时间，经历，从事……之际。如：Theyhadapleasantchatoveracupofcoffee.〔北京2003〕指数目：超过。如：Childrenover16areallowedtoenteralone.3•指空间；越过，掠过；在……正上方；超越；覆盖。如：Youcan'twearabluejacketoverthatshirt---it'lllookterrible.〔湖南2004〕表方式：用电话、收音机等。如：Idon'twanttotalkaboutitoverthetelephone.表比较：等级高、权利大。如：Ican'tmakethedecision.Heisovermeintheoffice.【15】by表地点或趋向：路过，途经。如：Theycameinbythebackdoor.表时间：不迟于、在之前；乘着，在时，类似when。如：Thetrainleavesat6:00p.m.SoIhavetobeatthestationby5:40p.m.atthelatest.(NMET1997)It'saspecialexperiencetovisitthelakebynight.表程度。如：Luckily,thebulletnarrowlymissedthecaptainbyaninch.〔上海2002〕Thenumberoftheemployeeshasgrownfrom1,000to1,200.Thismeansithasrisenby20percent.4•表方位，被接触身体的一部分，与冠词the连用，常与表“抓、握、击、打”类动词连用。如：Hetookherbythearmandledheracrossthestreet.5•以……为单位计量，与定冠词the连用，形成时间、长度、重量等副词短语。如：Asarule,domesticservantsdoingoddjobsarepaidbythehour.〔上海春2004〕表方式，强调使动对象，常用于被动语态中的动词后；使用某种手段或方法，使用某种交通工具等。如：Noonehelpedme.Ididitallbymyself.(NMET2005)表原因，“由于”常见于byaccident(偶然)，bymistake(由于疏忽)等。如：Wehadn'tplannedtomeet.Wemetbychance.(NMET2005)【16】with1•表方式或状态，用于“with+宾语+补语”结构中。如：Itwasapitythatthegreatwriterdiedwithhisworksunfinished.〔福建2004〕Withtwoexamstoworryabout,Ihavetoworkreallyhardthisweekend.〔北京2004〕Theprisonerwasbroughtin,withhishandstiedbehindthisback.(NMET1991)2•表伴随关系，“和……”“与……同时”。如:Americanwomenusuallyidentifytheirbestfriendassomeonewithwhomtheycantalkfrequently.具有。如：Haveyoufoundthebookwithagreencover?Ineedtouseitnow.表原因，“随……而”，侧重心理变化。如：Rosewaswildwithjoyattheresultoftheexamination.〔上海春2001〕表方式，使用某种工具。如：Didshegetthepenwithwhichshewasgoingtowritealetter?对于、关于。如：--Whatdoyouwantwiththoseoldboxes?---ToputthingsinwhenImovetothenewflat.〔北京02〕表比较，常见于comparedwith,aswith等。如：Aswithrunning,learningEnglishneedswill.【17】beyond表方向，“在……那一边”，而off表距离，“距离……不远处”。如:Ilivebeyondthemainroadwhilehecomesbeyondthesea.表时间，“超过，晚于”，after较常见。如：Sheneverstaysoutbeyond9o'clock.3•表程度，“因太突出而超出……”“因太惊奇而出乎……”“因太难而能力所不及”。如:Iamsorryit'sbeyondmypowertomakeafinaldecisionontheproject.〔上海春2004〕It'squitebeyondmewhysuchthingshavebeenallowedtohappen.〔安徽2006〕4•表除去，“除之外”，不用于肯定句中。如：Theyhavenothingincommonbeyondtheirhobbiesofcollectingstamps.【18】should表应该，侧重说话者的主观意志，表建议或规劝。如：IshouldpayTracyavisit,butI'mnotsurewhetherlwillhavetimethisSunday.〔浙江2004〕表懊悔、责备等，shouldhavedone表本应该做却没做，其否定形式shouldnothavedone那么表本不该做但已做了。如：Iwasreallyanxiousaboutyou.Youshouldn'thavelefthomewithoutaword.(NMET2001)表推测，shouldnot表“也不应该”为否定推测，而should为肯定推测，表“也该”如：Thereshouldn'tbeanydifficultyaboutpassingtheroadtestsinceyouhavepracticedalotinthedrivingschool.〔上海2005〕It'snearlyseveno'clock,Jackshouldbehereatanymoment.〔NMET1995〕用于虚拟语气中，常省略。如：Don'tyouthinkitnecessarythathenotbesenttoMiamibuttoNewYork?Iagree,buttheproblemisthathehasrefusedto.〔江苏2005〕5•表惋惜、惊讶等感情色彩，译作“竟”用于that从句中或why/how引导的疑问句中。如：Youcan'timaginethatawell-behavedgentlemanshouldbesorudetoalady.〔上海2001〕【19】can1•表能力，在肯定句中指过去做某事的能力，泛指一般能力用could,只表具备做某事的能力，但并不说明是否干成。如：IfIcouldplantodoanythingIwantedto,I'dliketogotoTibetandtravelthroughasmuchofitaspossible.〔湖北2005〕2•表懊悔、遗憾，couldhavedone表过去未曾实现的动作，即本能够干好的事却没干好。如:Hepaidforaseat,whenhecouldhaveenteredfree.〔山东2005〕Icouldhavefinishedthejobinthegiventimebutthecomputerdidn'twork.表惊讶等感情色彩，仅用于疑问句、否定句和感叹句中。如：Howcanyousaythatyoureallyunderstandthewholestoryifyouhavecoveredonlypartofthearticle?〔上海2003〕表推测，常不用于肯定句中，假设用于肯定句中那么表偶尔一时的特征，译作“有时会”；而can't表不可能。如：TheWorldWideWebissometimesjokinglycalledtheWorldWideWaitbecauseitcanbeveryslow.〔浙江2005〕Isn'tthatAnn'shusbandoverthere?No,itcan'tbehim.I'msurehedoesn'twearglasses.(NMET2004)5•表许可，在请求对方许可时，can在口语中常用；在准许对方做某事时，答语用can,不用could。如：Aleft-luggageofficeisaplacewherebagscanbeleftforashorttime,especiallyatarailwaystation.〔NMET2003〕CouldIborrowyourdictionary?Yes,ofcourseyoucan.(NMET1992)【20】must表推测，仅用于肯定句中，语气最为肯定；对过去的推测用musthavedone；mustn't表禁止，不用于表推测。如：Tom,youmustn'tleaveallyourclothesonthefloorlikethis!(NMET2005)Hemusthavecompletedhiswork;otherwise,hewouldn'tbeenjoyinghimselfbytheseaside.〔北京2005〕2•表必须，语气强于should，侧重于说话人的主观意志，译作“一定，务必”，用于肯定句中或否定句中。如：Childrenunder12yearsofageinthatcountrymustbeunderadultsupervisionwheninapubliclibrary.3.表固执，译作“非要”，所发生之事往往不受欢迎或不需要。如：John,lookatthetime.Mustyouplaythepianoatsuchalatehour?（NMET2005）【21】may/might1•表许可：在请求对方许可时，may较正式，might较may委婉；在准许对方做某事时，答语用may,而不用might。如：Ihearyou'vegotasetofvaluableAustraliancoins.Maylhavealook?Yes,certainly.（北京2002）表推测，might比may更不肯定；maynot不合写，表“可能不”。如：Excuseme.IsthistherightwaytotheSummerPalace?Sorry,Iamnotsure.Butitmightbe.（湖北2004）Youmightjustaswelltellthemanufacturethatmalecustomersmaynotlikethedesignofthefurniture.〔上海春2004〕【22】shall用于【二】三人称表允诺、命令、警告、强制等，是说话者的意志而不是句子主语的意志。此用法也常见于法律文书中。如：“Theinterestshallbedividedintofiveparts,accordingtotheagreementmadebybothsides”‘declaredthejudge.（重庆2004）Ithasbeenannouncedthatcandidatesshallremainintheirseatsuntilallthepapershavebeencollected.〔上海2002〕shall用于【一】三人称疑问句中表征询对方的意见。如：Theroomissodirty.Shallwecleanit?Ofcourse.〔北京2003〕其否定形式shan't表禁止或威胁。如：Excuseme,butIwanttouseyourcomputertotypeareport.Youshan'thavemycomputerifyoudon'ttakecareofit.〔湖南2004〕【23】will1•表将来。通常不用于时间、条件的状语从句，而用一般现在时代替。但表意志的will是if所引导从句中的主语的意志、好意、主动等。Ifyourun,youmaybeintime.〔跑步的话，你可能来得及。〕Ifyou'lllistentome,I'lltellyouthetruth.〔假如你愿意听我说，我就告诉你实情。〕2•表主语的强烈意志、主张。译作“无论如何，总要……”如:Iwillmarryyouwhateverhappens.Thisdoorwon'tshut.表推测。“当是，似为”。如:Thatwillbeyourbook.Youwillhaveheardofit.表习惯、习性、倾向。译作“常……，易于……，毕竟……”Mycarwillsometimesbreakdown.Boyswillbeboys.表可能性、能力。译作“能”。Thishallwillseatfivehundred.Thatwilldo.6•表即时决定。译作“就……”。如:Whowillturnoffthelights.Iwill.【24】until“延续性动词〔肯定式〕+until”表示“直到才”如：Helivedwithhisparentsuntilhegraduatedfromcoll