whitmananddickinson美国文学课件

EmilyDickinson(1830-1886)*AmajorAmericanpoet*Thesecondwaveoffeminismheraldedherasthe“greatestwomanpoetinEnglishLanguage”*"Ifnothingelsehadcomeoutofourlifebutthisstrangepoetry,weshouldfeelthatintheworkofEmilyDickinson,America,orNewEnglandrather,hadmadeadistinctiveadditiontotheliteratureoftheworld,andcouldnotbeleftoutofanyrecordofit."WilliamDeanHowellsEmilyDickinson(1830-1886)*A1Life*BorninDecember10,1830,inaCalvinistfamily,thefirstgirlinthethreechildren;Austin,Emily,Lavinia*Fatherisstern,butpassionate,motherisratherindifferent*AttendedAmherstAcademyatten,spendingsevenyearsthere*Aftergraduationshelivedquietlyatherfather’shomeuntilshewastwenty-fouryearsold.*Exceptathree-weektravelinWashingtonD.C.,spendingallofherlifereclusively,gardeningandwritingpoets*Experiencedsuccessivedeathsduringherlife,whichaffectedherdeeply*diedatfifty-five,lessthanadozenpoemspublishedoutofnearlyeighteenhundred“IffamebelongedtomeIcould,notescapeher.”Life“Iffamebelongedtome22.WritingStyles①Catchtheinstantcharmsofobjects;evendropthethingitselfAnarrowFellowintheGrassOccasionallyrides—YoumayhavemetHim—didyounotHisnoticesuddenis—TheGrassdividesaswithaComb—Aspottedshaftisseen—AndthenitclosesatyourfeetAndopensfurtheron–

ANarrowFellowintheGrass2.WritingStyles3②acourageousexperimentalista.theidiosyncraticvocabularyandimagery

*Theextensiveuseofdashesandunconventionalcapitalization*aboundsintellingimages:“abodyingforthbymeansofconcreteimages”ofaninspiredthought;theprecursorofImagismb.economyofexpression*theapplicationofbrevity,directness,plainestwords*usuallybeginwithadeclarationordefinitioninthefirstlinewhichisfollowedbyametaphoricalchangeoftheoriginalpremiseinthesecondline“ThefactthatEarthisHeavenWhetherHeavenisHeavenornot”c.freeverse,useofrhythm.Canbeeasilysettomusic②acourageousexperimentalist43.Themes①innerreligiousconflicts*Calvinismbackgroundtragicbasictone*religiousuncertaintypoeticsublimation(suspiciousofGod)“Godgavealoaftoeverybird,

Butjustacrumbtome;”

“Godpermitindustriousangels

Afternoonstoplay.”

②death°andimmortality*Deathleadstoimmortality.“BecauseIcouldnotstopforDeath,Hekindlystoppedforme;”*skepticalaboutachievingimmortality.3.Themes①innerreligiouscon5

IheardaFlybuzz—whenIdied—IheardaFlybuzz—whenIdied—TheStillnessintheRoomWasliketheStillnessintheAir—BetweentheheavesofStorm—TheEyesaround—hadwrungthemdry—AndBreathsweregatheringfirmForthatlastOnset—whentheKingBewitnessed—intheRoom—Iwilledmykeepsakes—signedawayWhatportionofmebeAssignable—andthenitwasThereinterposedaFly—WithBlue-uncertainstumblingBuzz—Betweenthelight—andme—AndthentheWindowsfailed—andthenIcouldnotseetosee—IheardaFlybuzz—whenIdie6③originalandidiosyncraticexpressionsoflove°

Heart,WeWillforgethimHeart,wewillforgethim,

YouandI,tonight!Youmustforgetthewarmthhegave,

Iwillforgetthelight.

Whenyouhavedonepraytellme,

ThenI,mythoughts,willdim.

Haste!‘lestwhileyou’relagging

Imayrememberhim!③originalandidiosyncratice7④nature:benevolentaswellascruelApparentlywithNoSurpriseApparentlywithnosurpriseToanyhappyFlowerTheFrostbeheadsitatitsplay—Inaccidentalpower—TheblondeAssassinpasseson—ThesunproceedsunmovedTomeasureoffanotherDayForanApprovingGod⑤atranscendentalmanGeorgeF.Whicher:“HersolefunctionwastotesttheTranscendentalethicinitsapplicationtotheinnerlife.”*immortalspiritsatisfiestheclaimofDeath.°“DeathisaDialogueBetween”*criticismonmaterialism④nature:benevolentaswella8

ItookmyPowerinmyHand

ItookmyPowerinmyHand-

AndwentagainsttheWorld-

'TwasnotsomuchasDavid-had-

ButI-wastwiceasbold-IaimedbyPebble-butMyself

Wasalltheonethatfell-

WasitGoliath-wastoolarge-

Orwasmyself-toosmall?③beauty,truthandgoodness°

“IdiedforBeauty—butwasscarceAdjustedintheTombWhenOnewhodiedforTruth,waslainInanadjoiningRoom—”IdiedforBeauty—butwasscarceItookmyPowerinmyHand③9WaltWhitman(1819-1892)·anAmericanpoet,essayist,journalist,andhumanist·partofthetransitionbetweenTranscendentalismandrealism:seethefailureofdemocracyandthesocialaswellasmoralcorruptioninAmerica·oneofthemostinfluentialpoetsintheAmericancanon,“amountaininAmericanliteraryhistory.Youmaygoaroundhimifyoulike,butyoucannotpretendthatheisnotthere.”·thefatheroffreeverse·poemcontroversialfortheirovertsexuality,especiallyLeavesofGrassWaltWhitman(1819-1892)·an10Life☆bornonMay31,1819,LongIsland,thesecondofninesons☆duetothepooreconomicstatus,hisfamilymovedfrequently,anrestlesschildhood☆startedtoworkat11,anofficeboytoalawyerandthenapprenticedtoaprinter☆Taughtschoolat17,andseveraltimeslaterhislife☆Editorsofseveralnewspaper,notablythatofTheBrooklynEagle,arespectednewspaper,butwasfiredforhisoutspokenoppositiontoslavery.☆aCivilWarnurse.☆lifegreatlyinfluencedbyLeavesofGrass∞Life11☆FriendshipwithEmerson★“Iwassimmering,simmering,simmering,”hesaid,“Emersonbroughtmetoaboil.”★EmersoncalledLeavesofGrass“themostextraordinarypieceofwitandwisdomthatanAmericanhasyetcontributed.”∞★aestheticssharedwithEmerson1.“Americaisapoem”“IhearAmericasinging”2.thepoetisa“universalman”,“aseer…individual,completeinhimself.”3.theorganicprincipleArtshouldderivefromnature.

4.freedomofexpressions☆FriendshipwithEmerson12IHearAmericaSingingIhearAmericasinging,thevariedcarolsIhear,Thoseofmechanics,eachonesinginghisasitshouldbeblitheandstrong,Thecarpentersinginghisashemeasureshisplankorbeam,Themasonsinginghisashemakesreadyforwork,orleavesoffwork,Theboatmansingingwhatbelongstohiminhisboat,thedeckhandsingingonthesteamboatdeck,Theshoemakersingingashesitsonhisbench,thehattersingingashestands,Thewood-cutter’ssong,theploughboy’sonhiswayinthemooring,oratnoonintermissionoratsundown,Thedelicioussingingofthemother,oroftheyoungwifeatwork,orofthegirlsewingorwashing,Eachsingingwhatbelongstohimorherandtononeelse,Thedaywhatbelongstotheday—atnightthePartyofyoungfellows,robust,friendly,Singingwithopenmouthstheirstrongmelodioussongs.whitmananddickinson美国文学课件132.LeavesofGrass☆nineeditions:1855thefirstand1892thelast°☆ThetitleLeavesofGrasswasapun."Grass"wasatermgivenbypublisherstoworksofminorvalueand"leaves"isanothernameforthepagesonwhichtheywereprinted.

☆notableforitsdelightinandpraiseofthesensesduringatimewhensuchcandiddisplayswereconsideredimmoral,exaltingthebodyandthematerialworld,whilenotdiminishingtheroleofthemindorthespirit

☆praisesnatureandtheindividualhuman'sroleinit☆severelycriticizedbyitsovertdescriptionofhomosexuality∞2.LeavesofGrass☆nineediti14inga.Fatheroffreeverse:Adaringexperimentalist①parallelism,orarhythmofthought②phoneticrecurrence,thesystematicrepetitionofwordsandphrasesatthebeginningoftheline,inthemiddleorattheend.“Clearandsweetismysoul,andclearandsweetisallthatisnotmysoul.”--SongofMyself☆Freeverseisaformofpoetrywhichdoesn’trefrainsfromconsistentmeterpatterns,rhyme,oranyothermusicalpattern.∞inga.Fatheroffreeverse:A15b.Miscellaneousthemes∞SongofMyself1Icelebratemyself,andsingmyself,AndwhatIassumeyoushallassume,Foreveryatombelongingtomeasgoodbelongstoyou.Iloafeandinvitemysoul,Ileanandloafeatmyeaseobservingaspearofsummergrass.Mytongue,everyatomofmyblood,form’dfromthissoil,thisair,Bornhereofparentsbornherefromparentsthesame,andtheirparentsThesame,I,nowthirty-seventyyearsoldinperfecthealthbegin,Hopingtoceasenottilldeath.①thetranscendental“I”☆“I”,adivineomnisciencebeholdingnatureandmanalike.☆“Iamdeathless.”;“IexistasIam.”;“Iamlarge,Icontainmultitudes.”b.Miscellaneousthemes∞Songo16Creedsandschoolsinabeyance,Retiringbackawhilesufficedatwhattheyare,butneverforgot-ten,Iharborforgoodorbad,Ipermittospeakateveryhazard,Naturewithoutcheckwithoriginalenergy.②thecycleoflife—Deathisthebeginningofanewlife.OutoftheCradleEndlesslyRockingOutofthecradleendlesslyrocking,

Outofthemocking-bird'sthroat,themusicalshuttle,

OutoftheNinth-monthmidnight,

Overthesterilesandsandthefieldsbeyond,wherethechild

leavinghisbedwander'dalone,bareheaded,barefoot,

Downfromtheshower'dhalo,

Upfromthemysticplayofshadowstwiningandtwistingasifthey

werealive,

Outfromthepatchesofbriersandblackberries,

Fromthememoriesofthebirdthatchantedtome,

Fromyourmemoriessadbrother,fromthefitfulrisingsandfallingsIheard,

Creedsandschoolsinabeyance17Fromunderthatyellowhalf-moonlate-risenandswollenasifwithtears,

Fromthosebeginningnotesofyearningandlovethereinthemist,

Fromthethousandresponsesofmyheartnevertocease,

Fromthemyriadthence-arous'dwords,

Fromthewordstrongerandmoredeliciousthanany,

Fromsuchasnowtheystartthescenerevisiting,

Asaflock,twittering,rising,oroverheadpassing,

Bornehither,erealleludesme,hurriedly,

Aman,yetbythesetearsalittleboyagain,

Throwingmyselfonthesand,confrontingthewaves,

I,chanterofpainsandjoys,uniterofhereandhereafter,

Takingallhintstousethem,butswiftlyleapingbeyondthem,

Areminiscencesing.OncePaumanok,

Whenthelilac-scentwasintheairandFifth-monthgrasswasgrowing,

Upthisseashoreinsomebriers,

Twofeather'dguestsfromAlabama,twotogether,

Andtheirnest,andfourlight-greeneggsspottedwithbrown,

Andeverydaythehe-birdtoandfronearathand,

Andeverydaytheshe-birdcrouch'donhernest,silent,withbrighteyes,

Fromunderthatyellowhalf-mo18AndeverydayI,acuriousboy,nevertooclose,neverdisturbingthem,

Cautiouslypeering,absorbing,translating.Shine!shine!shine!

Pourdownyourwarmth,greatsun.'

Whilewebask,wetwotogetherTwotogether!

Windsblowsouth,orwindsblownorth,

Daycomewhite,ornightcomeblack,

Home,orriversandmountainsfromhome,

Singingalltime,mindingnotime,

Whilewetwokeeptogether.Tillofasudden,

May-bekill'd,unknowntohermate,

Oneforenoontheshe-birdcrouch'dnotonthenest,

Norreturn'dthatafternoon,northenext,

Noreverappear'dagain.AndeverydayI,acuriousboy19Andthenceforwardallsummerinthesoundofthesea,

Andatnightunderthefullofthemoonincalmerweather,

Overthehoarsesurgingofthesea,

Orflittingfrombriertobrierbyday,

Isaw,Iheardatintervalstheremainingone,thehe-bird,

ThesolitaryguestfromAlabama.Blow!blow!blow!

Blowupsea-windsalongPaumanok'sshore;

IwaitandIwaittillyoublowmymatetome.Yes,whenthestarsglisten'd,

Allnightlongontheprongofamoss-scallop'dstake,

Downalmostamidtheslappingwaves,

Satthelonesingerwonderfulcausingtears.

Hecall'donhismate,

Hepour'dforththemeaningswhichIofallmenknow.

Andthenceforwardallsummeri20YesmybrotherIknow,

Therestmightnot,butIhavetreasur'deverynote,

Formorethanoncedimlydowntothebeachgliding,

Silent,avoidingthemoonbeams,blendingmyselfwiththeshadows,

Recallingnowtheobscureshapes,theechoes,thesoundsandsights

aftertheirsorts,

Thewhitearmsoutinthebreakerstirelesslytossing,

I,withbarefeet,achild,thewindwaftingmyhair,

Listen'dlongandlong.Listen'dtokeep,tosing,nowtranslatingthenotes,

Followingyoumybrother

Soothe!soothe!soothe!

Closeonitswavesoothesthewavebehind,

Andagainanotherbehindembracingandlapping,everyoneclose,

Butmylovesoothesnotme,notme.

Lowhangsthemoon,itroselate,

Itislagging--OIthinkitisheavywithlove,withloveYesmybrotherIknow,

Theres21Omadlytheseapushesupontheland,

Withlove,withlove.Onight!doInotseemyloveflutteringoutamongthebreakers?

WhatisthatlittleblackthingIseethereinthewhite?Loud!loud!loud!

LoudIcalltoyou,mylove!

HighandclearIshootmyvoiceoverthewaves,

Surelyyoumustknowwhoishere,ishere,

YoumustknowwhoIam,mylove.Low-hangingmoon!

Whatisthatduskyspotinyourbrownyellow?

Oitistheshape,theshapeofmymate.'

Omoondonotkeepherfrommeanylonger.Land!land!Oland!

WhicheverwayIturn,OIthinkyoucouldgivememymatebackagain

ifyouonlywould,

ForIamalmostsureIseeherdimlywhicheverwayIlook.Omadlytheseapushesuponth22Orisingstars!

PerhapstheoneIwantsomuchwillrise,willrisewithsomeofyou.Othroat!Otremblingthroat!

Soundclearerthroughtheatmosphere!

Piercethewoods,theearth,

SomewherelisteningtocatchyoumustbetheoneIwant.Shakeoutcarols!

Solitaryhere,thenight'scarols!

Carolsoflonesomelove!death'scarols!

Carolsunderthatlagging,yellow,waningmoon!

Ounderthatmoonwhereshedroopsalmostdownintothesea!

Orecklessdespairingcarols.Butsoft!sinklow!

Soft!letmejustmurmur,

Anddoyouwaitamomentyouhusky-nois'dsea,

ForsomewhereIbelieveIheardmymaterespondingtome,

Sofaint,Imustbestill,bestilltolisten,

Butnotaltogetherstill,forthenshemightnotcomeimmediatelytome.

Orisingstars!

Perhapstheon23Hithermylove!/HereIam!here!

Withthisjust-sustain'dnoteIannouncemyselftoyou,

Thisgentlecallisforyoumylove,foryou.Donotbedecoy'delsewhere,

Thatisthewhistleofthewind,itisnotmyvoice,

Thatisthefluttering,theflutteringofthespray,

Thosearetheshadowsofleaves.Odarkness!Oinvain!

OIamverysickandsorrowfulObrownhalointheskynearthemoon,droopinguponthesea!

Otroubledreflectioninthesea!

Othroat!Othrobbingheart!

AndIsinginguselessly,uselesslyallthenight.Opast!Ohappylife!Osongsofjoy!

Intheair,inthewoods,overfields,

Loved!loved!loved!loved!loved!

Butmymatenomore,nomorewithme!

Wetwotogethernomore.

Hithermylove!/HereIam!h24Theariasinking,

Allelsecontinuing,thestarsshining,

Thewindsblowing,thenotesofthebirdcontinuousechoing,

Withangrymoansthefierceoldmotherincessantlymoaning,

OnthesandsofPaumanok'sshoregrayandrustling,

Theyellowhalf-moonenlarged,saggingdown,drooping,thefaceof

theseaalmosttouching,

Theboyecstatic,withhisbarefeetthewaves,withhishairthe

atmospheredallying,

Theloveintheheartlongpent,nowloose,nowatlasttumultuously

bursting,

Thearia'smeaning,theears,thesoul,swiftlydepositing,

Thestrangetearsdownthecheekscoursing,

Thecolloquythere,thetrio,eachuttering,

Theundertone,thesavageoldmotherincessantlycrying,

Totheboy'ssoul'squestionssullenlytiming,somedrown'dsecrethissing,

Totheoutsettingbard.Theariasinking,

Allelsecon25Demonorbird!(saidtheboy'ssoul,)

Isitindeedtowardyourmateyousing?orisitreallytome?

ForI,thatwasachild,mytongue'susesleeping,nowIhaveheardyou,

NowinamomentIknowwhatIamfor,Iawake,

Andalreadyathousandsingers,athousandsongs,clearer,louder

andmoresorrowfulthanyours,

Athousandwarblingechoeshavestartedtolifewithinme,nevertodie.Oyousingersolitary,singingbyyourself,projectingme,

Osolitarymelistening,nevermoreshallIceaseperpetuatingyou,

NevermoreshallIescape,nevermorethereverberations,

Nevermorethecriesofunsatisfiedlovebeabsentfromme,

NeveragainleavemetobethepeacefulchildIwasbeforewhat

thereinthenight,

Bytheseaundertheyellowandsaggingmoon,

Themessengertherearous'd,thefire,thesweethellwithin,

Theunknownwant,thedestinyofme.Demonorbird!(saidtheboy's26Ogivemetheclue!(itlurksinthenightheresomewhere,)

OifIamtohavesomuch,letmehavemore!Awordthen,(forIwillconquerit,)

Thewordfinal,superiortoall,

Subtle,sentup--whatisit?--Ilisten;

Areyouwhisperingit,andhavebeenallthetime,yousea-waves?

Isthatitfromyourliquidrimsandwetsands?Wheretoanswering,thesea,

Delayingnot,hurryingnot,

Whisper'dmethroughthenight,andveryplainlybeforedaybreak,

Lisp'dtomethelowanddeliciousworddeath,

Andagaindeath,death,death,death

Hissingmelodious,neitherlikethebirdnorlikemyarous'dchild'sheart,

Butedgingnearasprivatelyformerustlingatmyfeet,

Creepingthencesteadilyuptomyearsandlavingmesoftlyallover,

Death,death,death,death,death.Ogivemetheclue!(itlurks27WhichIdonotforget.

Butfusethesongofmyduskydemonandbrother,

ThathesangtomeinthemoonlightonPaumanok'sgraybeach,

Withthethousandresponsivesongsatrandom,

Myownsongsawakedfromthathour,

Andwiththemthekey,thewordupfromthewaves,

Thewordofthesweetestsongandallsongs,

Thatstronganddeliciouswordwhich,creepingtomyfeet,

(Orlikesomeoldcronerockingthecradle,swathedinsweet

garments,bendingaside,)

Theseawhisper'dme.WhichIdonotforget.

Butfus28③inmemoryofPresidentLincoln☆InLincoln’slife,Whitmansawthecomprehensive,all-directingsoulhehadlongbeenseeking.

☆Lincoln,asWhitmansawhim,wasvirtuallythelivingembodimentofthe“I”ofLeavesofGrass.☆“WhenLilacsLastintheDooryardBloom’d”“OCaptain,MyCaptain”

O,Captain,MyCaptain!

Captain!myCaptain!ourfearfultripisdone,

Theshiphasweather'deveryrack,theprizewesoughtiswon,

Theportisnear,thebellsIhear,thepeopleallexulting,

Whilefolloweyesthesteadykeel,thevesselgrimanddaring;

ButOheart!heart!heart!

Othebleedingdropsofred!

WhereonthedeckmyCaptainlies,

Fallencoldanddead.③inmemoryofPresidentLinco29OCaptain!myCaptain!riseupandhearthebells;

Riseup--foryoutheflagisflung--foryouthebugletrills,

Foryoubouquetsandribbon'dwreaths--foryoutheshorescrowding,

Foryoutheycall,theswayingmass,theireagerfacesturning;

Here,Captain!dearfather!

Thisarmbeneathyourhead;

Itissomedreamthatonthedeck

You'vefallencoldanddead.MyCaptaindoesnotanswer,hislipsarepaleandstill,

Myfatherdoesnotfeelmyarm,hehasnopulseorwill;

Theshipisanchor'dsafeandsound,itsvoyageclosedanddone;

Fromfearfultripthevictorshipcomesinwithobjectwon;

Exult,OShores!andring,Obell!

ButI,withmournfultread,

WalkthedeckmyCaptainlies,

Fallencoldanddead.OCaptain!myCaptain!riseup30EmilyDickinson(1830-1886)*AmajorAmericanpoet*Thesecondwaveoffeminismheraldedherasthe“greatestwomanpoetinEnglishLanguage”*"Ifnothingelsehadcomeoutofourlifebutthisstrangepoetry,weshouldfeelthatintheworkofEmilyDickinson,America,orNewEnglandrather,hadmadeadistinctiveadditiontotheliteratureoftheworld,andcouldnotbeleftoutofanyrecordofit."WilliamDeanHowellsEmilyDickinson(1830-1886)*A31Life*BorninDecember10,1830,inaCalvinistfamily,thefirstgirlinthethreechildren;Austin,Emily,Lavinia*Fatherisstern,butpassionate,motherisratherindifferent*AttendedAmherstAcademyatten,spendingsevenyearsthere*Aftergraduationshelivedquietlyatherfather’shomeuntilshewastwenty-fouryearsold.*Exceptathree-weektravelinWashingtonD.C.,spendingallofherlifereclusively,gardeningandwritingpoets*Experiencedsuccessivedeathsduringherlife,whichaffectedherdeeply*diedatfifty-five,lessthanadozenpoemspublishedoutofnearlyeighteenhundred“IffamebelongedtomeIcould,notescapeher.”Life“Iffamebelongedtome322.WritingStyles①Catchtheinstantcharmsofobjects;evendropthethingitselfAnarrowFellowintheGrassOccasionallyrides—YoumayhavemetHim—didyounotHisnoticesuddenis—TheGrassdividesaswithaComb—Aspottedshaftisseen—AndthenitclosesatyourfeetAndopensfurtheron–

ANarrowFellowintheGrass2.WritingStyles33②acourageousexperimentalista.theidiosyncraticvocabularyandimagery

*Theextensiveuseofdashesandunconventionalcapitalization*aboundsintellingimages:“abodyingforthbymeansofconcreteimages”ofaninspiredthought;theprecursorofImagismb.economyofexpression*theapplicationofbrevity,directness,plainestwords*usuallybeginwithadeclarationordefinitioninthefirstlinewhichisfollowedbyametaphoricalchangeoftheoriginalpremiseinthesecondline“ThefactthatEarthisHeavenWhetherHeavenisHeavenornot”c.freeverse,useofrhythm.Canbeeasilysettomusic②acourageousexperimentalist343.Themes①innerreligiousconflicts*Calvinismbackgroundtragicbasictone*religiousuncertaintypoeticsublimation(suspiciousofGod)“Godgavealoaftoeverybird,

Butjustacrumbtome;”

“Godpermitindustriousangels

Afternoonstoplay.”

②death°andimmortality*Deathleadstoimmortality.“BecauseIcouldnotstopforDeath,Hekindlystoppedforme;”*skepticalaboutachievingimmortality.3.Themes①innerreligiouscon35

IheardaFlybuzz—whenIdied—IheardaFlybuzz—whenIdied—TheStillnessintheRoomWasliketheStillnessintheAir—BetweentheheavesofStorm—TheEyesaround—hadwrungthemdry—AndBreathsweregatheringfirmForthatlastOnset—whentheKingBewitnessed—intheRoom—Iwilledmykeepsakes—signedawayWhatportionofmebeAssignable—andthenitwasThereinterposedaFly—WithBlue-uncertainstumblingBuzz—Betweenthelight—andme—AndthentheWindowsfailed—andthenIcouldnotseetosee—IheardaFlybuzz—whenIdie36③originalandidiosyncraticexpressionsoflove°

Heart,WeWillforgethimHeart,wewillforgethim,

YouandI,tonight!Youmustforgetthewarmthhegave,

Iwillforgetthelight.

Whenyouhavedonepraytellme,

ThenI,mythoughts,willdim.

Haste!‘lestwhileyou’relagging

Imayrememberhim!③originalandidiosyncratice37④nature:benevolentaswellascruelApparentlywithNoSurpriseApparentlywithnosurpriseToanyhappyFlowerTheFrostbeheadsitatitsplay—Inaccidentalpower—TheblondeAssassinpasseson—ThesunproceedsunmovedTomeasureoffanotherDayForanApprovingGod⑤atranscendentalmanGeorgeF.Whicher:“HersolefunctionwastotesttheTranscendentalethicinitsapplicationtotheinnerlife.”*immortalspiritsatisfiestheclaimofDeath.°“DeathisaDialogueBetween”*criticismonmaterialism④nature:benevolentaswella38

ItookmyPowerinmyHand

ItookmyPowerinmyHand-

AndwentagainsttheWorld-

'TwasnotsomuchasDavid-had-

ButI-wastwiceasbold-IaimedbyPebble-butMyself

Wasalltheonethatfell-

WasitGoliath-wastoolarge-

Orwasmyself-toosmall?③beauty,truthandgoodness°

“IdiedforBeauty—butwasscarceAdjustedintheTombWhenOnewhodiedforTruth,waslainInanadjoiningRoom—”IdiedforBeauty—butwasscarceItookmyPowerinmyHand③39WaltWhitman(1819-1892)·anAmericanpoet,essayist,journalist,andhumanist·partofthetransitionbetweenTranscendentalismandrealism:seethefailureofdemocracyandthesocialaswellasmoralcorruptioninAmerica·oneofthemostinfluentialpoetsintheAmericancanon,“amountaininAmericanliteraryhistory.Youmaygoaroundhimifyoulike,butyoucannotpretendthatheisnotthere.”·thefatheroffreeverse·poemcontroversialfortheirovertsexuality,especiallyLeavesofGrassWaltWhitman(1819-1892)·an40Life☆bornonMay31,1819,LongIsland,thesecondofninesons☆duetothepooreconomicstatus,hisfamilymovedfrequently,anrestlesschildhood☆startedtoworkat11,anofficeboytoalawyerandthenapprenticedtoaprinter☆Taughtschoolat17,andseveraltimeslaterhislife☆Editorsofseveralnewspaper,notablythatofTheBrooklynEagle,arespectednewspaper,butwasfiredforhisoutspokenoppositiontoslavery.☆aCivilWarnurse.☆lifegreatlyinfluencedbyLeavesofGrass∞Life41☆FriendshipwithEmerson★“Iwassimmering,simmering,simmering,”hesaid,“Emersonbroughtmetoaboil.”★EmersoncalledLeavesofGrass“themostextraordinarypieceofwitandwisdomthatanAmericanhasyetcontributed.”∞★aestheticssharedwithEmerson1.“Americaisapoem”“IhearAmericasinging