商务合同翻译技巧课件

汉英翻译教程华桥外国语学院应用英语学院汉英翻译教程华桥外国语学院1商务合同翻译商务合同翻译2

I.商务合同的种类按格式繁简的不同，分为正式合同Contract协议书Agreement确议书Confirmation备忘录Memorandum意向书LetterofintentI.商务合同的种类按格式繁简的不同，分为3中文的合同开头一般先罗列当事人的名称、姓名、住所或营业场所，然后是合同正文，结尾是当事人印章、授权代表签字、职务及日期。英文合同一般以下面这类句式开头：ThisCONTRACTismadethis_______dayof_________in(placeofsignature)byandbetween

(nameofoneparty),acorporationdulyorganizedandexistingunderthelawsof(nameofthecountry)withitsdomicileat(address)

(hereinafterreferredtoasPartyA)and(nameoftheotherparty)acorporationdulyorganizedandexistingunderthelawsof(nameofthecountry)

withitsdomicileat(address)(hereinafter,referredtoasPartyB).II

商务合同的结构中文的合同开头一般先罗列当事人的名称、姓名、住所或营业场所，4

然后是

WHEREAS……THEREFORE….Itisherebyagreedasfollows或WITNESSETH,WHEREAS….NOWTHEREFORE,forandinconsiderationofthemutualcovenantsandagreementscontainedherein,thepartiesherebycovenantandagreeasfollows.接着是正文最后是证明部分：

INWITNESSWHEREOF，thepartiesheretohavehereuntosettheirhandsthedayandyearsfirstabovewritten.（双方于文首日期签署本协议，特此为证）随后还包括当事人和见证人的签字。然后是51.合同名称(Title)如SalesContract,TechnologyTransferAgreement,SharePurchaseAgreement2.前文（前言）(Preamble)1)Date&placeofsigning2)Signingparties,nationalitiesandprincipalplaceofbusinessorresidenceaddress3)Eachparty’sauthority(当事人的合法依据）

如：acompanydulyorganizedandexistingunderthelawsof…..

商务合同的具体构成部分1.合同名称(Title)商务合同的具体构成部分64)RecitalsorWHEREASclause(定约缘由）

WHEREAS,Sellerisengagedindealingof(product)anddesirestosell(product)toBuyer,WHEREAS,Buyerdesirestopurchase(product)fromSellers,Now,THEREFORE,itisagreedasfollows:

WhereasPartyAiswillingtoemployPartyBandPartyBagreestodoasPartyA’sengineerinBeijing,itisherebyagreesasfollows.

鉴于甲方愿聘请乙方,乙方同意应聘为甲方在北京的工程师,双方协议如下:Inconsiderationofthemutualcovenantsandagreementhereincontained,thepartiesagreeasfollows.

双方考虑到在此提出的契约和协议,同意如下条款.4)RecitalsorWHEREASc73.正文（Body)定义条款（Definitionclause)基本条款（Basicconditions)一般条款（Generaltermsandconditions)合同有效期限（Duration)终止(Termination)不可抗力（ForceMajeure)合同的让与（Assignment)仲裁（Arbitration)适用法律（Governinglaw)诉讼管辖（Jurisdiction)通知手续（Notice)合同的修改（Amendment)其他（Others)3.正文（Body)84.结尾条款（Witnessclause)结尾语包括合同的分数、使用的文字和效力等（Concludingsentence)，有时还包括对合同进行修改或补充的内容和附件。签名（Signature)盖印（Seal)4.结尾条款（Witnessclause)9III合同翻译原则

准确严谨

首先是用词的准确性。如：Shippingadvice和shippinginstruction表面上差不多，但前者是“装运通知”，后者是“装运指示”。符合规范

译文必须要体现法律语言的特点和契约文体的特点。（略）III合同翻译原则准确严谨101

多使用正式或法律上的用词（formal&professional）

试比较下列用词terminate,stopcommence,beginbedeemedto,beregardedasinlieuof,inplaceofpriorto,beforewhatsoever,whatevercommencement,start/begin；ceasetodo，stoptodo；

IV.英文合同的语言特色1多使用正式或法律上的用词（formal&p11byvirtueof/duetobecauseof；atthecloseofthefiscalyear，intheendofthefiscalyear；asregards/concerning,relatingto，about；ineffect，infact；Themeetingshallbeconvenedandpresidedbysb.hold或call，convene；；miscellaneous,othermatters/events；construeacontract,comprehendacontract，understandacontract;deem，consider，think/believe；byvirtueof/dueto121）AttherequestofPartyB,PartyAagreestosendtechnicianstoassistPartyBtoinstalltheequipment.应乙方要求，甲方同意派遣技术员帮助乙方安装设备(help)2）PartyAshallrepatriatethepatienttoChinaandbearthecostofhispassagetoBeijing.甲方应将病人遣返中国，负责病人回到北京的旅费。（sendback)3)Theterm“Effectivedate”meansthedateonwhichthisAgreementisdulyexecutedbythepartieshereto.“生效日”的意思是指本协议经订约双方签字的日子。（signed）1）AttherequestofPartyB,13注意合同本身的法律术语词汇和一般用语的区别：examples一般文本含义法律文本含义Action行动措施或诉讼Limitation限制时效Prejudice偏见损害Royalties皇室、王权特许权使用费；版税Negligence疏忽过失Avoidance逃避宣告无效Satisfaction满意清偿、补偿grace优雅宽限期注意合同本身的法律术语词汇和一般用语的区别：examples142用语力求准确、明白、严密

PartyAshallsendtechnicians

atPartyB’sexpense

totrainParty

B’spersonnel

within

30daysaftersigningtheContract.

甲方应于签约后三十天内派遣技术员培训乙方的人员，有关费用由乙方承担。

ThisContractcanonlybe

altered,amendedorsupplementedinaccordancewithdocumentssignedandsealedby

authorizedrepresentatives

ofbothparties.

本合同的变更、修改和补充应按双方授权代表签名盖章的文件，才能进行。2用语力求准确、明白、严密153多使用老式词汇

把here,there,where加后缀(after,by,in,of,on,to,under,upon,orwithafterhere,there,orwhere)

hereafter＝afterthistime;inthefuture今后

hereby＝bymeansof兹herein＝inthis此中，于此hereinafter＝laterinthiscontract

hereinbefore＝inaprecedingpartofthiscontract

hereof＝ofthis

hereto＝tothis

herebefore＝untilnow

hereunder＝underthis

hereupon＝atthispoint;inconsequenceofthis

herewith＝withthis

3多使用老式词汇16thereafter＝afterwards

thereby＝bythatmeans;inthatconnection

therefrom＝fromthat

therein＝inthat;inthatparticular

thereinafter＝laterinthesamecontract

thereinbefore＝inaprecedingpartofthesamecontract

thereon＝onthat

thereof＝ofthat;fromthatsource

thereto＝tothat

thereunder=underthat

thereupon＝then;astheresultofthat

therewith＝withthatorit

whereas=consideringthat;but鉴于whereby=bywhat;bywhich

wherein=inwhat;inwhich

whereof=ofwhat;ofwhich

whereon=onwhat;onwhich关于那，在其上

thereafter＝afterwards

thereby17Inconfirmationhereofweattachabankstatement.

为作这方面的确认我们附上银行结单。ThecorrespondenceattachedheretoformpartoftheContract.

合同文件以及其来往文件均应被视为本合同的一部份。AlloftheobligationsoftheGuarantorhereundershallbejointandseveral.担保人在本担保书项下承担的所有义务均应是连带的。Lossescausedasaresultthereofshallbebornebytheviolator.由此而造成的损失，由违反者承担。（belongingtothat）Inconcludingacontract,thepartiestheretoshallimplementtheprincipleofgoodfaith.

（tothat）当事人订立合同，应执行诚实信用原则。Inwitnesswhereof,Isetmyhand.

我作为证人签字。TheundersignedherebyagreesthatthenewproductswheretothistradenameismoreappropriatearemadeinChina.

下述签署人同意在中国制造新产品，其品牌以此为合适。Inconfirmationhereofweatta184

多用并列的同义词anyandall全部termsandconditions条件nullandvoid无效freeandclearof无costandexpenses各种费用rightsandinterests权益ableandwilling能够并愿意covenantsandagreements合同、协议anyduties,obligationsorliabilities所有责任applicablelaws,regulations,decrees,directives,andrules适用法律法规4多用并列的同义词19ThisAgreement

madeandenteredinto

byandbetweenABCCo.andXYZCo.ABC公司和XYZ公司双方签订本协议。Alldocuments,letters,telegramsandtelexesinterchangedbetweenbothpartiesbeforethesigningoftheContractshallbecomenullandvoid

automaticallyfromthedateonwhichthe

Contractcomesintoforce.双方在签约前交换的所有文件、书信、电报和电传，应从本合同生效之日开始自动失效。ThepartieshaveagreedtovarytheManagement

onthetermsandsubjecttotheconditions

containedherein.(都表示“依照本协议的条款规定”。)ThisAgreementmadeandentere205多用拉丁词(loanwords)比例税率：用proratetaxrate（要比proportionaltaxrate多）从事慈善性服务的律师：probonolawyer，（不怎么用lawyerengagedincharitablelegalassistance）委托代理人：agentadlitem。善意bonafide（goodfaith）反之亦然viceversa单方的exparte（fromoneside）不可抗力forcemajeure代替inlieuof(insteadof)事实上defacto不在现场的证明alibi按比例的prorata5多用拉丁词(loanwords)216多用情态动词shall,should,may,will在合同中用这些词时要极其谨慎。权利义务的约见定部分构成了合同的主体，这几个词如选用不当，可能会引起纠纷。Shall约定当事人的义务（应当做什么时候），英语法律条文中，表示强制性的“必须”的语义时，要用shall，而不是should.may旨在约定当事人的权利（可以做什么）must用于强制性义务（必须做什么）.maynot(或shallnot)用于禁止性义务（不得做什么）。6多用情态动词shall,should,may,w22Thepartiesheretoshall,firstofall,settleanydisputearisingfromorinconnectionwiththecontractbyfriendlynegotiations.Shouldsuchnegotiationsfail,suchdisputemaybereferredtothePeople'sCourthavingjurisdictiononsuchdisputeforsettlementintheabsenceofanyarbitrationclauseinthedisputedcontractorindefaultofagreementreachedaftersuchdisputeoccurs.双方首先应通过友好协商，解决因合同而发生的或与合同有关的争议。如果协商未果，合同中又无仲裁条款约定或争议发生后未就仲裁达成协议的，可将争议提交有管辖权的人民法院解决。ItisherebyagreedthatPartyBshallhavenoobligationtopayforthecostsofsuchtraining,otherthantopayfortheirtravelingexpensestoandfromUSAandtheirsalaries.双方特此协议,乙方除支付受训人员赴美国的往返旅费及其薪金外，不负担此类培训费用.Thepartiesheretoshall,firs237经常用一些特殊的表达方式一些在普通英语中很少出现的连词经常在合同中出现。如:

Notwithstanding,providedthat,subjectto,forthepurposeof,inrespectof,inrespectthereof,intheeventof,intheeventthat,includingbutnotlimitedto,unlessanduntil,ifandonlyif,unlessotherwise,whereinthecase,untilotherwise,otherwiseor,beliableto,inTestimonywhereof,inWitnesswhereof7经常用一些特殊的表达方式24Theworksshallbemeasured,notwithstandinganygeneralorlocalcustom,exceptwhereotherwisespecificallydescribedorprescribedintheContract.除合同另有规定外，即使有一般或当地习惯，工程也应当被计算。InstructiongivenbytheEngineershallbeinwriting,providedthatifforanyreasontheEngineerconsideritnecessarytogiveanysuchinstruction.若工程师认为由于某种原因有必要发出任何指示，工程师应以书面形式发出此类指示。SubjecttotheClause17,novariationinormodificationofthetermstotheContractshallbemadeexceptbywrittenamendmentsignedbytheparties.根据第17条规定，合同的任何变更或修改，必须以双方签订的修改文本为准。Theworksshallbemeasured,n25合同英语句法特点：

结构严谨，句式较长，从句等附加成分多，但位置明显，对主句意义进行解释、限制和补充。主要是为了体现庄严，另外为了避免歧义和引发争端。

例如：货物抵达目的港15天内，买方可以凭有信誉的公共检验员出示的检验证明向卖方提出短重索赔。TheBuyersmay，within15daysafterarrivalofthegoodsatthedestination，lodgeaclaimagainstthesellersforshort-weightbeingsupportedbyInspectionCertificateissuedbyareputablepublicsurveyor.

合同英语句法特点：26买方须于本合同签字并生效后30天内通过出口地银行开立以卖方为受益人的不可撤销信用证支付全部货款计30000美元。Within30daysafterthesigningandcomingintoeffectofthiscontract，theBuyershallproceedtopaythepriceforthegoodstotheSellerbyopeninganirrevocableL/CforthefullamountofUSD30，000infavoroftheSellerthroughabankatexportport.

买方须于本合同签字并生效后30天内通过出口地银行开立以卖方为27买方须于中国银行收到卖方下列单据，并经审核证实无误后的20天内向卖方支付350000美元，但此款项的支付不得早于合同工厂第一次达到附件Ⅵ所规定之质量保证指标的95%以后的12个月，或本合同签字后的65个月，以早到的日期为准。TheBuyershallpaytheSellerUS350，000within20daysaftertheBankofChinahasreceivedthefollowingdocumentsfromtheSellerandfoundtheminorder，butnotearlierthan12(twelve)monthsafterthedatetheContractPlantforthefirsttimereached95%ofguaranteedcapacityofthewholeContractPlantaccordingtotheguaranteedqualityindicesasperAnnexVItotheContractor65monthsafterthedateofsigningthecontract，whicheverisearlier.

买方须于中国银行收到卖方下列单据，并经审核证实无误后的20天28注意前后照应，对一些汉语词要正确理解。合营企业各方可以现金、实物、工业产权等进行投资。Eachpartytoajointventuremaymakeitsinvestmentincash,inkindorinindustrialpropertyrights,etc.外国合营者作为投资的技术和设备，必须确实是适合我国需要的先进技术和设备。Thetechnologyand/or?equipmentcontributedbyanyforeignparticipantasinvestmentshallbetrulyadvancedandappropriatetoChina'sneeds.注意前后照应，对一些汉语词要正确理解。29ThankYou！ThankYou！30汉英翻译教程华桥外国语学院应用英语学院汉英翻译教程华桥外国语学院31商务合同翻译商务合同翻译32

I.商务合同的种类按格式繁简的不同，分为正式合同Contract协议书Agreement确议书Confirmation备忘录Memorandum意向书LetterofintentI.商务合同的种类按格式繁简的不同，分为33中文的合同开头一般先罗列当事人的名称、姓名、住所或营业场所，然后是合同正文，结尾是当事人印章、授权代表签字、职务及日期。英文合同一般以下面这类句式开头：ThisCONTRACTismadethis_______dayof_________in(placeofsignature)byandbetween

(nameofoneparty),acorporationdulyorganizedandexistingunderthelawsof(nameofthecountry)withitsdomicileat(address)

(hereinafterreferredtoasPartyA)and(nameoftheotherparty)acorporationdulyorganizedandexistingunderthelawsof(nameofthecountry)

withitsdomicileat(address)(hereinafter,referredtoasPartyB).II

商务合同的结构中文的合同开头一般先罗列当事人的名称、姓名、住所或营业场所，34

然后是

WHEREAS……THEREFORE….Itisherebyagreedasfollows或WITNESSETH,WHEREAS….NOWTHEREFORE,forandinconsiderationofthemutualcovenantsandagreementscontainedherein,thepartiesherebycovenantandagreeasfollows.接着是正文最后是证明部分：

INWITNESSWHEREOF，thepartiesheretohavehereuntosettheirhandsthedayandyearsfirstabovewritten.（双方于文首日期签署本协议，特此为证）随后还包括当事人和见证人的签字。然后是351.合同名称(Title)如SalesContract,TechnologyTransferAgreement,SharePurchaseAgreement2.前文（前言）(Preamble)1)Date&placeofsigning2)Signingparties,nationalitiesandprincipalplaceofbusinessorresidenceaddress3)Eachparty’sauthority(当事人的合法依据）

如：acompanydulyorganizedandexistingunderthelawsof…..

商务合同的具体构成部分1.合同名称(Title)商务合同的具体构成部分364)RecitalsorWHEREASclause(定约缘由）

WHEREAS,Sellerisengagedindealingof(product)anddesirestosell(product)toBuyer,WHEREAS,Buyerdesirestopurchase(product)fromSellers,Now,THEREFORE,itisagreedasfollows:

WhereasPartyAiswillingtoemployPartyBandPartyBagreestodoasPartyA’sengineerinBeijing,itisherebyagreesasfollows.

鉴于甲方愿聘请乙方,乙方同意应聘为甲方在北京的工程师,双方协议如下:Inconsiderationofthemutualcovenantsandagreementhereincontained,thepartiesagreeasfollows.

双方考虑到在此提出的契约和协议,同意如下条款.4)RecitalsorWHEREASc373.正文（Body)定义条款（Definitionclause)基本条款（Basicconditions)一般条款（Generaltermsandconditions)合同有效期限（Duration)终止(Termination)不可抗力（ForceMajeure)合同的让与（Assignment)仲裁（Arbitration)适用法律（Governinglaw)诉讼管辖（Jurisdiction)通知手续（Notice)合同的修改（Amendment)其他（Others)3.正文（Body)384.结尾条款（Witnessclause)结尾语包括合同的分数、使用的文字和效力等（Concludingsentence)，有时还包括对合同进行修改或补充的内容和附件。签名（Signature)盖印（Seal)4.结尾条款（Witnessclause)39III合同翻译原则

准确严谨

首先是用词的准确性。如：Shippingadvice和shippinginstruction表面上差不多，但前者是“装运通知”，后者是“装运指示”。符合规范

译文必须要体现法律语言的特点和契约文体的特点。（略）III合同翻译原则准确严谨401

多使用正式或法律上的用词（formal&professional）

试比较下列用词terminate,stopcommence,beginbedeemedto,beregardedasinlieuof,inplaceofpriorto,beforewhatsoever,whatevercommencement,start/begin；ceasetodo，stoptodo；

IV.英文合同的语言特色1多使用正式或法律上的用词（formal&p41byvirtueof/duetobecauseof；atthecloseofthefiscalyear，intheendofthefiscalyear；asregards/concerning,relatingto，about；ineffect，infact；Themeetingshallbeconvenedandpresidedbysb.hold或call，convene；；miscellaneous,othermatters/events；construeacontract,comprehendacontract，understandacontract;deem，consider，think/believe；byvirtueof/dueto421）AttherequestofPartyB,PartyAagreestosendtechnicianstoassistPartyBtoinstalltheequipment.应乙方要求，甲方同意派遣技术员帮助乙方安装设备(help)2）PartyAshallrepatriatethepatienttoChinaandbearthecostofhispassagetoBeijing.甲方应将病人遣返中国，负责病人回到北京的旅费。（sendback)3)Theterm“Effectivedate”meansthedateonwhichthisAgreementisdulyexecutedbythepartieshereto.“生效日”的意思是指本协议经订约双方签字的日子。（signed）1）AttherequestofPartyB,43注意合同本身的法律术语词汇和一般用语的区别：examples一般文本含义法律文本含义Action行动措施或诉讼Limitation限制时效Prejudice偏见损害Royalties皇室、王权特许权使用费；版税Negligence疏忽过失Avoidance逃避宣告无效Satisfaction满意清偿、补偿grace优雅宽限期注意合同本身的法律术语词汇和一般用语的区别：examples442用语力求准确、明白、严密

PartyAshallsendtechnicians

atPartyB’sexpense

totrainParty

B’spersonnel

within

30daysaftersigningtheContract.

甲方应于签约后三十天内派遣技术员培训乙方的人员，有关费用由乙方承担。

ThisContractcanonlybe

altered,amendedorsupplementedinaccordancewithdocumentssignedandsealedby

authorizedrepresentatives

ofbothparties.

本合同的变更、修改和补充应按双方授权代表签名盖章的文件，才能进行。2用语力求准确、明白、严密453多使用老式词汇

把here,there,where加后缀(after,by,in,of,on,to,under,upon,orwithafterhere,there,orwhere)

hereafter＝afterthistime;inthefuture今后

hereby＝bymeansof兹herein＝inthis此中，于此hereinafter＝laterinthiscontract

hereinbefore＝inaprecedingpartofthiscontract

hereof＝ofthis

hereto＝tothis

herebefore＝untilnow

hereunder＝underthis

hereupon＝atthispoint;inconsequenceofthis

herewith＝withthis

3多使用老式词汇46thereafter＝afterwards

thereby＝bythatmeans;inthatconnection

therefrom＝fromthat

therein＝inthat;inthatparticular

thereinafter＝laterinthesamecontract

thereinbefore＝inaprecedingpartofthesamecontract

thereon＝onthat

thereof＝ofthat;fromthatsource

thereto＝tothat

thereunder=underthat

thereupon＝then;astheresultofthat

therewith＝withthatorit

whereas=consideringthat;but鉴于whereby=bywhat;bywhich

wherein=inwhat;inwhich

whereof=ofwhat;ofwhich

whereon=onwhat;onwhich关于那，在其上

thereafter＝afterwards

thereby47Inconfirmationhereofweattachabankstatement.

为作这方面的确认我们附上银行结单。ThecorrespondenceattachedheretoformpartoftheContract.

合同文件以及其来往文件均应被视为本合同的一部份。AlloftheobligationsoftheGuarantorhereundershallbejointandseveral.担保人在本担保书项下承担的所有义务均应是连带的。Lossescausedasaresultthereofshallbebornebytheviolator.由此而造成的损失，由违反者承担。（belongingtothat）Inconcludingacontract,thepartiestheretoshallimplementtheprincipleofgoodfaith.

（tothat）当事人订立合同，应执行诚实信用原则。Inwitnesswhereof,Isetmyhand.

我作为证人签字。TheundersignedherebyagreesthatthenewproductswheretothistradenameismoreappropriatearemadeinChina.

下述签署人同意在中国制造新产品，其品牌以此为合适。Inconfirmationhereofweatta484

多用并列的同义词anyandall全部termsandconditions条件nullandvoid无效freeandclearof无costandexpenses各种费用rightsandinterests权益ableandwilling能够并愿意covenantsandagreements合同、协议anyduties,obligationsorliabilities所有责任applicablelaws,regulations,decrees,directives,andrules适用法律法规4多用并列的同义词49ThisAgreement

madeandenteredinto

byandbetweenABCCo.andXYZCo.ABC公司和XYZ公司双方签订本协议。Alldocuments,letters,telegramsandtelexesinterchangedbetweenbothpartiesbeforethesigningoftheContractshallbecomenullandvoid

automaticallyfromthedateonwhichthe

Contractcomesintoforce.双方在签约前交换的所有文件、书信、电报和电传，应从本合同生效之日开始自动失效。ThepartieshaveagreedtovarytheManagement

onthetermsandsubjecttotheconditions

containedherein.(都表示“依照本协议的条款规定”。)ThisAgreementmadeandentere505多用拉丁词(loanwords)比例税率：用proratetaxrate（要比proportionaltaxrate多）从事慈善性服务的律师：probonolawyer，（不怎么用lawyerengagedincharitablelegalassistance）委托代理人：agentadlitem。善意bonafide（goodfaith）反之亦然viceversa单方的exparte（fromoneside）不可抗力forcemajeure代替inlieuof(insteadof)事实上defacto不在现场的证明alibi按比例的prorata5多用拉丁词(loanwords)516多用情态动词shall,should,may,will在合同中用这些词时要极其谨慎。权利义务的约见定部分构成了合同的主体，这几个词如选用不当，可能会引起纠纷。Shall约定当事人的义务（应当做什么时候），英语法律条文中，表示强制性的“必须”的语义时，要用shall，而不是should.may旨在约定当事人的权利（可以做什么）must用于强制性义务（必须做什么）.maynot(或shallnot)用于禁止性义务（不得做什么）。6多用情态动词shall,should,may,w52Thepartiesheretoshall,firstofall,settleanydisputearisingfromorinconnectionwiththecontractbyfriendlynegotiations.Shouldsuchnegotiationsfail,suchdisputemaybereferredtothePeople'sCourthavingjurisdictiononsuchdisputeforsettlementintheabsenceofanyarbitrationclauseinthedisputedcontractorindefaultofagreementreachedaftersuchdisputeoccurs.双方首先应通过友好协商，解决因合同而发生的或与合同有关的争议。如果协商未果，合同中又无仲裁条款约定或争议发生后未就仲裁达成协议的，可将争议提交有管辖权的人民法院解决。ItisherebyagreedthatPartyBshallhavenoobligationtopayforthecostsofsuchtraining,otherthantopayfortheirtravelingexpensestoandfromUSAandtheirsalaries.双方特此协议,乙方除支付受训人员赴美国的往返旅费及其薪金外，不负担此类培训费用.Thepartiesheretoshall,firs537经常用一些特殊的表达方式一些在普通英语中很少出现的连词经常在合同中出现。如:

Notwithstanding,providedthat,subjectto,forthepurposeof,inrespectof,inrespectthereof,intheeventof,intheeventthat,includingbutnotlimitedto,unlessanduntil,ifandonlyif,unlessotherwise,whereinthecase,untilotherwise,oth