托福作文写作范文详解urin

托福作文写作范文详解ReadingLargenumbersofdinosaurfossilshavebeendiscoveredindepositsonAlaska7sNorthSlope,aregionthattodayexperiencesanextremelycold,arcticclimate.Onehundredmillionyearsago,whenthosedinosaurswerealive,theenvironmentoftheNorthSlopewasalreadyinhospitable,especiallyduringthewinterwhenitexperiencedseveralmonthsoftotaldarkness.Howdidthedinosaurssurvivethewintertime?PaleontologistshaveproposedthatoneofthemostcommonNorthSlopedinosaurs,theelephant-sizededmontosaur(Edmontosaurus),survivedthewinterbymigratingsouthtomorehospitableregions.Severalargumentssupportthemigrationhypothesis.First,theedmontosaur7sdietsupportsthemigrationhypothesis.Edmontosaursfedexclusivelyonplants.SincetherewouldhavebeennoplantsgrowingduringthecoldanddarkNorthslopewinter,itappearsthattheedmontosaurmusthaveleftforatleastpartoftheyearandmigratedtomoretemperatezonestofindfood.Second,manyedmontosaurskeletonshavebeenunearthedfromthesamesite.Thissuggeststhatedmontosaurslivedinherd.Manymodern-daymigratoryanimals,suchascaribouandbuffalo,liveandmigrateinherdsaswell.Movinginherdshelpsanimalscoordinatetheirmigration.Thefindingthatedmonotsaurslivedinherdsfurthersupportsthemigrationhypothesis.Finally,ednonosaurswerephysicallycapableofmigratinglongdistances.Toreachmorehospitableregion,theedmontosaurhadtomigrateabout1,600kilometerssouthward.Tomakesuchajourney,theedmontosaurneededtomoveataboutfivekilometersperhourforseveralweeks,whichiscertainlycoulddo.Theseanimalscouldrunveryfast,reachingspeedsupto45kilometersperhour.Itcouldhaveeasilyuseditslocomotivepowertomovetowarmerclimateduringtheharsharcticwinters.ListeningThehypothesesthattheEdmontosaurmigratedeverywinterisnotconvincing.First,theEdmontosaurdidnothavetomigratetofindfood.Onehundredmillionyearsago,thesummertemperaturesintheNorthSlopeareawerewarmerthantheyaretoday.Andremember,inarcticregionsliketheNorthSlope,thesunshines24hoursadayatthepeakofthesummer.Thewarmtemperaturesandextensivedaylightcreatedincrediblygoodgrowingconditionsforplants,somuchvegetationwasproducedduringthesummerthatwhenthevegetationdiedasthewintercame,therewasalotofnutritiousdeadvegetationaroundinthewinter.TheEdmontosaurcouldhaveeasilylivedonthedeadplantmatterduringthewinter.Second,justbecauseofEdmontosaurlivedinherdsdoesnztmeantheymigrated.Animalsliveinherdsformanyotherreasons.Livinginherds,forexample,providesanimalswithextraprotectionfrompredators.Havingextraprotectionisusefulevenfortheanimalsthatliveinthesameareathewholeyearround.AmodernexampleofthisistheRooseveltelk-alargeplant-eater.RooseveltelksliveintheforestsofthewesternUnitedStates.Theyliveinherdsbuttheydonotmigrate.Third,althoughadultEdmontosauruswerecapableofmigratinglongdistances,whataboutEdmontosaurusthatwerenotyetadults?JuvenileEdmontosauruswerenotphysicallycapableoftravelingthegreatdistancesrequiredtoreachwarmerterritoriesandwouldhaveslowedtheherdssomuchthattheherdsneverwouldhavemadeittoitsdestination.Theherdcouldnothaveleftthejuvenilesbehindbecausethejuvenileswouldnothavesurvivedontheirown.SothewholeherdhadtostaywheretheywereandsurvivethecoldNorthSlope.一、阅读听力要点概括ReadingPassageEdmontosaur(Edmontosaurus),survivedthewinterbymigratingsouthtomorehospitableregions.EdmontosaursfedexclusivelyonplantswhichcannotfindinthecoldanddarkNorthslopewinter,Manyedmontosaurskeletonshavebeenunearthedfromthesamesite,whichsuggeststhatedmontosaurslivedinherd.Ednonosaurswerephysicallycapableofmigratinglongdistances.LectureEdmontosaurmigratedeverywinterisnotconvincing.EdmontosaurdidnothavetomigratetofindfoodbecauseofonehundredmillionyearsagothesummertemperaturesintheNorthSlopeareawerewarmerthantheyaretoday.Animalslivedinherdsformanyotherreasons.Forexample,providesanimalsextraprotectionfrompredators.Juvenileedmontosaurwerenotphysicallycapableoftravellingingreatdistancesrequiredtoreachwarmerterritoriesandwouldhaveslowedtheherdssomuchthattheherdneverwouldhavemadetoitsdestination.二、范文逐段赏析Paragraph1Inthereadingmaterial,theauthorarguesthatEdmontosaurusmigratedtothesouthernpartinordertosurvivethecoldweatherintheNorthSlope.Thelecturer,however,reputesthatitisnotconvincingatallforthefollowingthreereasons.此段功能在文章首段，总结了阅读材料中的主要观点，即Edmontosaurus移民到南部是为了在NorthSlope的寒冷气候下生存。然而演讲者提出三点反驳意见，并为下文论证做好铺垫。此段结构此段为并列结构，分别指出了阅读材料和演讲的观点。Paragraph2Firstofall,thepassagepointsoutthatEdmontosaurusfedonplantsexclusivelyanditwasdifficultforthemtofindfoodincoldwinter.Yetthespeakerarguesthatwarmweatherinsummerprovidedperfectconditionforplantstogrow.SoEdmontosaurusmighthavefoundlotsofnutritiousdeadvegetationaroundduringthewinter,whichmademigrationunnecessary.此段功能本段提出第一个矛盾点，先陈述了文章的观点，即Edmontosaurus很难在寒冷的冬天找到食物。然而演讲者指出，夏天植物很好生长，冬天Edmontosaurus也可以在腐烂的蔬菜里找到很多营养，因此没有移居。此段结构此段为并列结构，分别陈述了阅读材料和演讲的观点。Paragraph3Second,unearthedskeletonsfromthesamesiteindicatedthatEdmontosauruslivedinherds.Livinginherdsmademigrationmucheasy.ButthelecturergivesanexampleofRooseveltelkstoprovethatgrouplivingmighthavevarioustypesofreasons.SoEdmontosaurusmayliveinherdsinordertoseekforextraprotection.Solivinginherdscouldnotprovideevidenceformigrationclaim.此段功能本段提出第二个矛盾点。在同一地点尚未挖掘的骨架证明Edmontosaurus是游牧居住，而游牧居住更有利于移居。而演讲者给出了Rooseveltelks的例子说明群居不一定更方面移居，也有可能是为了寻求保护。此段结构此段为并列结构，分别陈述了阅读材料和演讲的观点。Paragraph4Lastly,Edmontosaurus,inviewofthewriter,hadtheabilityoflongdistancemovementAlthoughthelectu