有效银行监管的核心原则课件

CorePrinciplesforEffectiveBankingSupervision

有效银行监管的核心原则CorePrinciplesforEffectiveWhataretheCorePrinciples?

什么是核心原则？TheCorePrinciplesareasetofsupervisoryguidelinesorprinciplesaimedatprovidingageneralframeworkforeffectivebankingsupervision.TheyareintendedforG-10aswellasnon-G-10countries

核心原则是旨在提供有效银行监管总体框架的一套监管指引或原则，该原则主要为十国集团设计，对其他国家也适用Tobeusedasareferencedocumentbynationalsupervisorsandinternationalinstitutions

可供银行监管当局和国际金融机构参考ContributionoftheBaselCommitteetotheobjectiveof“strengtheningsupervisorystandardsinemerginganddevelopingcountries”

是巴塞尔委员会为实现“强化新兴国家和发展中国家监管标准”目标而设计的2WhataretheCorePrinciples?

WhattheCorePrinciplesarenot

核心原则不是Aremedyforeconomicmismanagement

经济管理不善的补救措施Aguaranteethatnobankwillfail

银行不会倒闭的保证Arigidsetofstandards一套僵化的标准A“quickfix”一套能立竿见影的标准3WhattheCorePrinciplesarenTheCorePrinciplescoverabroadrangeoftopics

核心原则涉及一系列问题Preconditionsforeffectivebankingsupervision

有效银行监管的先决条件Licensingprocessandapprovalforchangesinstructure

发照程序和结构变化的审批Arrangementsforongoingbankingsupervision

对银行实施持续监管的安排Formalpowersofsupervisors监管者享有的法定权力Cross-borderbanking跨境银行业4TheCorePrinciplescoverabrTheCorePrinciples核心原则Generalbutcomprehensive

具有概括性和全面性OnmanyissuesexistenceofaBaselCommitteedocument

对于许多问题，巴塞尔委员会已有文件Onotherissuesdocumentscontainingmoredetailedguidancearebeingdeveloped

对于其他问题，详细的指引文件正在研究制定5TheCorePrinciples核心原则GeneraTheCompendium纲要6TheCompendium纲要6SupervisorsCanNotDoItAlone!!

仅靠监管者并不能做到Soundandsustainablemacro-economicpolicies

良好的可持续的宏观经济政策Awell-developedpublicinfrastructure

完善的公共基础设施Effectivemarketdiscipline有效的市场规则Proceduresforefficientresolutionofproblemsinbanks

有效解决银行问题的程序Mechanismsforprovidinganappropriatelevelofsystemicprotection(orpublicsafetynet)

提供良好系统保护的机制（或公共安全网）7SupervisorsCanNotDoItAlonPreconditionsforEffectiveBankingSupervision:

有效银行监管的先决条件Clearresponsibilitiesandobjectivesforeachagency

每个机构都有明确的职责和目标Operationalindependenceandadequateresources

独立运作并有足够的资源Asuitablelegalframeworkforbankingsupervision

合适的银行监管法律框架Arrangementsforinformation-sharingamongsupervisors

监管者信息共享的安排8PreconditionsforEffectiveBaLicensingProcess发照程序Thelicensingprocessiscriticaltoensuringthatparticipantsinthebankingsystemhavethenecessaryqualifications.Althoughthelicensingprocesscannotguaranteethatabankwillbewellrunafteritopens,itcanbeaneffectivemethodforreducingthenumberofunstableinstitutionsthatenterthebankingsystem.Clearandobjectivecriteriareducethepotentialforpoliticalinterferenceinthelicensingprocess.发照程序对确保银行系统的参与者具备必要的条件至关重要。尽管它不能保证银行开业后的良好运作，但却是减少银行系统中不稳定机构的有效手段。清晰和客观的标准有助于降低发放过程中政治干预的可能性。Supervisorsshouldalsomonitorsignificantchangesinownershipstructureaswellassignificantchangesinactivities(includingacquisitionsandinvestments).监管者在监督重要的业务变化（包括收购和投资）的同时，还应该监督重大的所有权结构的变动。9LicensingProcess发照程序TheliceItemstoconsider需要考虑的事项proposedownershipstructure所有权结构operatingplan经营计划suitabilityofdirectorsandseniormanagers(fitandpropertest)

合适的董事及高管人员（资格测试）financialprojections,includingcapital

包括资本金在内的财务预测forforeignbanks,thepriorapprovalofthehomecountrysupervisor

对外国银行，首先应获得母国监管当局的批准LicensingProcess发照程序10Itemstoconsider需要考虑的事项LicenArrangementsforOngoingBankingSupervision(SectionIV)

持续监管的安排（第四部分）Thissectioncontains16ofthe25principlesandcoverstheessenceofongoingsupervision.Therearethreeprimarycomponents该部分包括16条原则，论述了持续监管的基本内容。主要有以下三个方面：Prudentialregulationsandrequirements审慎规定及要求Methodsofongoingbankingsupervision持续监管的手段Informationrequirements信息要求11ArrangementsforOngoingBankiPrudentialRegulationsandRequirements

审慎规定及要求Capitaladequacy资本充足率Creditriskmanagement信用风险管理Marketriskmanagement市场风险管理“Other”riskmanagement其他风险管理Internalcontrols内部控制12PrudentialRegulationsandReqMethodsofOngoingBankingSupervision

持续监管的手段On-siteandoff-sitesupervision现场和非现场检查Regularcontactwithbankmanagement

与银行管理层保持经常性接触Meansofcollecting,reviewingandanalyzingprudentialreportsandstatisticalreturnsonasoloandconsolidatedbasis

在单个和并表的基础上收集、评估和分析审慎报告和统计报表的手段Meansofindependentvalidation独立核实的手段Abilityofsupervisorstosuperviseconsolidatedentity

监管者有能力对集团进行并表监管13MethodsofOngoingBankingSupInformationRequirements信息要求Accountingstandards会计准则Scopeandfrequencyofreporting报告的范围和频率Confirmationoftheaccuracyofinformationsubmitted确认上报信息的准确性Disclosure信息披露14InformationRequirements信息要求AFormalPowersofSupervisors(SectionV)监管者的法定权力（第五部分）Bankingsupervisorsmusthaveattheirdisposaladequatesupervisorymeasurestobringabouttimelycorrectiveactionwhenbanksfailtomeetprudentialrequirements,whenthereareregulatoryviolations,orwheredepositorsarethreatenedinanyotherway.银行监管者必须掌握完善的监管手段，以便在银行违背审慎要求、违法违规或者存款人受到威胁时，能够及时采取纠正措施Variouscorrectivemeasures(thepunishmentshouldfitthecrime)不同的纠正措施（惩罚应与罪行相符）Mild(extrareporting,specialaudits,etc.)温和处理（特别报告，专项审计等）Morepunitive(fines,replacementofmanagers,suspensionofdividends)更具惩罚性的处理（罚款、更换管理人员、暂停分红）Revocationoflicense吊销执照15FormalPowersofSupervisors(Cross-borderBanking(SectionVI)

跨国银行（第六部分）Obligationsofhomecountrysupervisors

母国监管当局的职责Obligationsofhostcountrysupervisors

东道国监管当局的职责BasedonconceptscontainedintheBaselConcordatandthedocument“Thesupervisionofcross-borderbanking”

以巴塞尔协议和“跨国银行监管”等文件中的相关概念为基础16Cross-borderBanking(SectionThechallengeforsupervisorsisQUALITYimplementationoftheCorePrinciples

对监管者而言，面临的挑战是如何高质量地实施核心原则TheCorePrinciplesareprovidingthenecessaryfoundationtoachieveasoundsupervisorysystem

核心原则为打造良好的监管系统提供了必要的基础LocalcharacteristicsneedtobetakenintoaccountinthespecificwayinwhichthePrinciplesareimplemented

实施核心原则应考虑本国国情ThePrinciplesmaynotbesufficient,ontheirown,inmanycountries

对许多国家而言，核心原则也许并不足够EachcountryshouldthereforeconsidertowhatextentthePrinciplesneedtobesupplementedtoaddressparticularconditionsorrisksprevailinginthelocalmarket

因此，每个国家都应该思考如何完善这些原则，以便解决本国特有的一些问题17ThechallengeforsupervisorsInmanycountriesQUALITYimplementationwillbealongprocess,asitrequires

对许多国家而言，高质量地实施核心原则将是一个长期过程，因为它需要Acompetentandmotivatedbodyofprofessionalsupervisors一支高素质的专业监管队伍Abankingregulatoryframeworkthatsupportssoundbankingpractices一个推动银行稳健经营的监管框架Asoundcreditculturethatincludesreasonablelendingpractices包含合理贷款实践的良好信用文化Adequateaccounting,reportinganddisclosurerequirementsthatsupportfinancialtransparency有助于提高财务透明度的会计、报告和信息披露要求18InmanycountriesQUALITYimplWhathasbeenhappeningsince1997?

1997年以来发生了什么？"L'éxécutionc'esttout"–Napoleon“执行就是一切”—拿破仑19WhathasbeenhappeningsinceStepstoAchievingImplementation

实施步骤Firststep:factfinding-identificationofareaswherechangeswillbenecessary第一步：实况调查—确认必须变革的领域Inmanycountries,substantivechangesinthelegislativeframeworkarenecessary(thiscanbealengthyprocessasitisinthehandsofthepoliticians!)许多国家还有必要对法律框架进行重大变革（由于立法掌控在政治家手中，因此这一过程可能比较漫长）Establishmentofatimetable确立时间表Externalpressures(especiallymarketforces)外部压力（特别是市场力量）20StepstoAchievingImplementatRoleoftheBaselCommitteeintheimplementationprocess

巴塞尔委员会在实施过程中的作用CreationoftheCorePrinciplesLiaisonGroup建立核心原则联络小组1998Survey(andfollow-upsurveys)1998年调查（以及随后的调查）FurtherdetailedpaperstoprovidesupporttotheCorePrinciples为支持核心原则，进一步细化了有关文件Developmentofcriteriafordeterminingadequacyofimplementation(“CorePrinciplesMethodology”)制定了确定充分实施程度的标准（核心原则方法论）CreationoftheFSI创立了FSIIssuanceoftheSelf-AssessmentGuide发布了自我评估指引21RoleoftheBaselCommitteeinRoleoftheBaselCommitteeintheimplementationprocess

巴塞尔委员会在实施过程中的作用TheCorePrinciplesLiaisonGroupconsistsof:核心原则联络小组包括：representativesfrom7G-10countries(France,Germany,Italy,Japan,theNetherlands,theUnitedKingdomandtheUnitedStates)

10国集团中7个成员国的代表（法、德、意、日、荷、英、美）representativesfrom15non-G-10countries(Argentina,Australia,Brazil,Chile,ChinaandHongKong,theCzechRepublic,Korea,India,Mexico,Russia,SaudiArabia,Singapore,SouthAfricaandWestAfrica)

非10国集团15个国家代表（阿根廷、澳大利亚、巴西、智利、中国和香港、捷克、韩国、印度、墨西哥、俄罗斯、沙特、新加坡、南非和西非）representativesfromtheIMFandWorldBank国际货币基金组织和世行的代表TheLiaisonGroupprovidescriticalfeedbackonimplementationissues联络小组对实施中遇到的问题提供重要的反馈22RoleoftheBaselCommitteeinRoleoftheBaselCommitteeintheimplementationprocess

巴塞尔委员会在实施过程中的作用1998Survey-127countriesresponded(80%responserate)1998年的调查—共有127个国家给予了反馈（反馈率为80%）Problemswithselfassessments自我评估遇到问题Qualityofresponsesvariedgreatly反馈质量参差不齐Lackofdirectiononwhatconstitutes“implementation”缺乏对于如何“实施”的指导Significantchangesarepresentlytakingplaceinthemajorityofsupervisorysystems目前，大多数国家的监管体系正历经着重大变革Needforadequateresources,training需要充足的资源和培训23RoleoftheBaselCommitteeinFurtherdetailedpaperstoprovidesupporttotheCorePrinciples为支持核心原则，对有关文件进行了细化Internalcontrols内部控制Creditriskmanagement信用风险管理Liquidityriskmanagement流动性风险管理Corporategovernance公司治理Accountingstandards会计准则RoleoftheBaselCommitteeintheimplementationprocess

巴塞尔委员会在实施过程中的作用24FurtherdetailedpaperstoproTheAssessmentProcessand

theCorePrinciplesMethodology

评估程序和核心原则方法论

25TheAssessmentProcessand

theInitialProblemswithAssessments

评估的基本问题Self-assessmentsfoundtobeunsatisfactory发现自我评估不尽如意BaselCommitteelackedwillingnessandresourcestodoassessments巴塞尔委员会缺乏进行评估所需的意愿和资源Peerreviewwaspoliticallycharged同行评估被认为具有政治目的Privateconsultantscouldnotbestrictlyobjective私人顾问不可能非常客观IMFandWorldBanktookontheresponsibilityofconductingassessmentsbuttheirinitialassessmentsrevealedadditionalproblem国际货币基金组织和世界银行承担了评估职责，但是他们初步评估揭露出其他问题26InitialProblemswithAssessmeProblemsencounteredbyIMFandWorldBank

国际货币基金组织和世行遇到的问题ToomanyPrinciplesweresubjecttointerpretation太多的原则需要解释Comparabilityamongassessmentslacking评估缺乏可比性Non-supervisorsneededmoreguidanceinmakingdeterminations非监管人员在决策时需要更多的指导Noclearmethodforpresentingtheirfindings没有明确的展现结果的方法So,CPMethodologywasagreed因此，核心原则方法论被接受27ProblemsencounteredbyIMFanTheCorePrinciplesMethodology

核心原则方法论Developmentofcriteriafordeterminingadequacyofimplementation制定确定充分实施程度的标准Criteriadividedintotwocategories:标准分为两类Essentialcriteria基本标准Additionalcriteria附加标准IMF/WorldBankagreementonapproachtoassessments国际货币基金组织/世行同意评估的方法28TheCorePrinciplesMethodologObjectivesoftheIMF/WorldBankCorePrinciplesAssessments:

国际货币基金组织/世行核心原则评估的目标

Determinewhetherbankingsupervisorsareabletosupervisethebankingindustryinanadequateandeffectivemanner确定银行监管者是否能够以充分有效的方式对银行业实施监管Proposeacourseofactiontoaddressidentifiedweaknesses建议采取一系列行动去解决发现的薄弱环节29ObjectivesoftheIMF/WorldBaRequirementsforAssessors

对评估人员的要求Foureyesprincipleamust必须具备四只眼原则Atleastonehighlyexperiencedsupervisor至少有一位经验丰富的监管人员Thesecondmusthavesomesupervisoryknowledge另外一名人员必须有一定的监管知识Knowledgeoflanguageandculturealsoimportant语言和文化知识也很重要30RequirementsforAssessors

对评估KeyElementsoftheAssessmentProcess

评估程序的关键要素Genuinecooperationofsupervisoryauthorityiscritical监管机构的诚意合作至关重要Assessmentsmusttakeintoaccountthespecificsofeachcountry评估必须考虑各国的特点Theassessmentconsistsofacombinationofoff-siteandon-siteanalysis评估包括非现场和现场分析AssessmentisdonePrinciplebyPrinciplewithNOoverallassessmentorgradegiven评估应该按照原则逐条进行，不进行总体评估和评级IFIsdonotwanttobecomeratingagenciesIFIs不想成为评级机构Overallassessmentcanbeverypolitical总体评估可能政治化31KeyElementsoftheAssessmentTheFiveBuildingBlocks五个基础Legalframework法律框架Prudentialregulatoryframework审慎监管框架Organization组织Resources资源Enforcement执行32TheFiveBuildingBlocks五个基础LAssessmentCategories评估结果Compliant合规Largelycompliant,andeffortstoachievefullcomplianceunderway大部分合规，正向完全合规方面努力Largelycompliant大部分合规Materiallynon-compliant,andeffortstoachievecomplianceunderway基本不合规，正向合规方向努力Materiallynon-compliant基本不合规Non-compliant,andeffortstoachievecomplianceunderway不合规，正向合规方向努力Non-compliant不合规[Notapplicable][不适用]33AssessmentCategories评估结果CompReportofFindings评估结果报告Assessors’viewsoncapacityandwillingnesstocomply评估人员对合规能力和意愿的评价Mainaspectsofcomplianceandnon-compliance合规和不合规的主要内容Actionplanproposed对行动计划的建议Supervisoryagency’sviewsonassessmentissues监管机构对评估问题的意见Resultsofassessmentsareconsideredthe“property”ofthecountrybeingassessed-disclosureispermittedonavoluntarybasis评估结果视为被评估国家的“财产”—自主决定是否对其进行披露34ReportofFindings评估结果报告AssesIMF/WorldBankObservationstoDate

国际货币基金组织/世行目前的发现Regulatoryframeworksneedfurtherimprovements监管框架需要进一步改进Keepingupwithindustrychangesiskey与银行业改革保持一致是关键Supervisionistoooftencompliance-orientedandinsufficientlyrisk-based银行监管经常以合规性为基础，而不是以风险为基础Enforcementisweak:supervisorsoftenlackauthorityand/orcredibility执行不力：监管者缺少权威和/或可信度Inadequatestaffingandstaffcapacityisamajorconcern人员缺乏或能力不足是大问题ITsystemsneedmajorupgrading信息系统需要大幅更新35IMF/WorldBankObservationstoFrequentlyAskedQuestions常见问题WilltheCorePrinciplesbeamendedperiodically?核心原则会定期修改吗？Supervisorsareworriedaboutthegoalpostsmoving监管者担心监管目标变动ThereismorepossibilityforchangesintheMethodologydocument方法文件更有可能发生变化AresomePrinciplesmoreimportantthanothers?各条原则的重要性是否一样？Willtheresultsoftheexternalassessmentseverbemadepublic?外部评估结果是否会公开？Whatarethemostcommonimpedimentstofullimplementation?全面实施的最常见阻碍是什么？Lackofresources,training,autonomy缺少资源，培训和自主权36FrequentlyAskedQuestions常见问CorePrinciplesforEffectiveBankingSupervision

有效银行监管的核心原则CorePrinciplesforEffectiveWhataretheCorePrinciples?

什么是核心原则？TheCorePrinciplesareasetofsupervisoryguidelinesorprinciplesaimedatprovidingageneralframeworkforeffectivebankingsupervision.TheyareintendedforG-10aswellasnon-G-10countries

核心原则是旨在提供有效银行监管总体框架的一套监管指引或原则，该原则主要为十国集团设计，对其他国家也适用Tobeusedasareferencedocumentbynationalsupervisorsandinternationalinstitutions

可供银行监管当局和国际金融机构参考ContributionoftheBaselCommitteetotheobjectiveof“strengtheningsupervisorystandardsinemerginganddevelopingcountries”

是巴塞尔委员会为实现“强化新兴国家和发展中国家监管标准”目标而设计的38WhataretheCorePrinciples?

WhattheCorePrinciplesarenot

核心原则不是Aremedyforeconomicmismanagement

经济管理不善的补救措施Aguaranteethatnobankwillfail

银行不会倒闭的保证Arigidsetofstandards一套僵化的标准A“quickfix”一套能立竿见影的标准39WhattheCorePrinciplesarenTheCorePrinciplescoverabroadrangeoftopics

核心原则涉及一系列问题Preconditionsforeffectivebankingsupervision

有效银行监管的先决条件Licensingprocessandapprovalforchangesinstructure

发照程序和结构变化的审批Arrangementsforongoingbankingsupervision

对银行实施持续监管的安排Formalpowersofsupervisors监管者享有的法定权力Cross-borderbanking跨境银行业40TheCorePrinciplescoverabrTheCorePrinciples核心原则Generalbutcomprehensive

具有概括性和全面性OnmanyissuesexistenceofaBaselCommitteedocument

对于许多问题，巴塞尔委员会已有文件Onotherissuesdocumentscontainingmoredetailedguidancearebeingdeveloped

对于其他问题，详细的指引文件正在研究制定41TheCorePrinciples核心原则GeneraTheCompendium纲要42TheCompendium纲要6SupervisorsCanNotDoItAlone!!

仅靠监管者并不能做到Soundandsustainablemacro-economicpolicies

良好的可持续的宏观经济政策Awell-developedpublicinfrastructure

完善的公共基础设施Effectivemarketdiscipline有效的市场规则Proceduresforefficientresolutionofproblemsinbanks

有效解决银行问题的程序Mechanismsforprovidinganappropriatelevelofsystemicprotection(orpublicsafetynet)

提供良好系统保护的机制（或公共安全网）43SupervisorsCanNotDoItAlonPreconditionsforEffectiveBankingSupervision:

有效银行监管的先决条件Clearresponsibilitiesandobjectivesforeachagency

每个机构都有明确的职责和目标Operationalindependenceandadequateresources

独立运作并有足够的资源Asuitablelegalframeworkforbankingsupervision

合适的银行监管法律框架Arrangementsforinformation-sharingamongsupervisors

监管者信息共享的安排44PreconditionsforEffectiveBaLicensingProcess发照程序Thelicensingprocessiscriticaltoensuringthatparticipantsinthebankingsystemhavethenecessaryqualifications.Althoughthelicensingprocesscannotguaranteethatabankwillbewellrunafteritopens,itcanbeaneffectivemethodforreducingthenumberofunstableinstitutionsthatenterthebankingsystem.Clearandobjectivecriteriareducethepotentialforpoliticalinterferenceinthelicensingprocess.发照程序对确保银行系统的参与者具备必要的条件至关重要。尽管它不能保证银行开业后的良好运作，但却是减少银行系统中不稳定机构的有效手段。清晰和客观的标准有助于降低发放过程中政治干预的可能性。Supervisorsshouldalsomonitorsignificantchangesinownershipstructureaswellassignificantchangesinactivities(includingacquisitionsandinvestments).监管者在监督重要的业务变化（包括收购和投资）的同时，还应该监督重大的所有权结构的变动。45LicensingProcess发照程序TheliceItemstoconsider需要考虑的事项proposedownershipstructure所有权结构operatingplan经营计划suitabilityofdirectorsandseniormanagers(fitandpropertest)

合适的董事及高管人员（资格测试）financialprojections,includingcapital

包括资本金在内的财务预测forforeignbanks,thepriorapprovalofthehomecountrysupervisor

对外国银行，首先应获得母国监管当局的批准LicensingProcess发照程序46Itemstoconsider需要考虑的事项LicenArrangementsforOngoingBankingSupervision(SectionIV)

持续监管的安排（第四部分）Thissectioncontains16ofthe25principlesandcoverstheessenceofongoingsupervision.Therearethreeprimarycomponents该部分包括16条原则，论述了持续监管的基本内容。主要有以下三个方面：Prudentialregulationsandrequirements审慎规定及要求Methodsofongoingbankingsupervision持续监管的手段Informationrequirements信息要求47ArrangementsforOngoingBankiPrudentialRegulationsandRequirements

审慎规定及要求Capitaladequacy资本充足率Creditriskmanagement信用风险管理Marketriskmanagement市场风险管理“Other”riskmanagement其他风险管理Internalcontrols内部控制48PrudentialRegulationsandReqMethodsofOngoingBankingSupervision

持续监管的手段On-siteandoff-sitesupervision现场和非现场检查Regularcontactwithbankmanagement

与银行管理层保持经常性接触Meansofcollecting,reviewingandanalyzingprudentialreportsandstatisticalreturnsonasoloandconsolidatedbasis

在单个和并表的基础上收集、评估和分析审慎报告和统计报表的手段Meansofindependentvalidation独立核实的手段Abilityofsupervisorstosuperviseconsolidatedentity

监管者有能力对集团进行并表监管49MethodsofOngoingBankingSupInformationRequirements信息要求Accountingstandards会计准则Scopeandfrequencyofreporting报告的范围和频率Confirmationoftheaccuracyofinformationsubmitted确认上报信息的准确性Disclosure信息披露50InformationRequirements信息要求AFormalPowersofSupervisors(SectionV)监管者的法定权力（第五部分）Bankingsupervisorsmusthaveattheirdisposaladequatesupervisorymeasurestobringabouttimelycorrectiveactionwhenbanksfailtomeetprudentialrequirements,whenthereareregulatoryviolations,orwheredepositorsarethreatenedinanyotherway.银行监管者必须掌握完善的监管手段，以便在银行违背审慎要求、违法违规或者存款人受到威胁时，能够及时采取纠正措施Variouscorrectivemeasures(thepunishmentshouldfitthecrime)不同的纠正措施（惩罚应与罪行相符）Mild(extrareporting,specialaudits,etc.)温和处理（特别报告，专项审计等）Morepunitive(fines,replacementofmanagers,suspensionofdividends)更具惩罚性的处理（罚款、更换管理人员、暂停分红）Revocationoflicense吊销执照51FormalPowersofSupervisors(Cross-borderBanking(SectionVI)

跨国银行（第六部分）Obligationsofhomecountrysupervisors

母国监管当局的职责Obligationsofhostcountrysupervisors

东道国监管当局的职责BasedonconceptscontainedintheBaselConcordatandthedocument“Thesupervisionofcross-borderbanking”

以巴塞尔协议和“跨国银行监管”等文件中的相关概念为基础52Cross-borderBanking(SectionThechallengeforsupervisorsisQUALITYimplementationoftheCorePrinciples

对监管者而言，面临的挑战是如何高质量地实施核心原则TheCorePrinciplesareprovidingthenecessaryfoundationtoachieveasoundsupervisorysystem

核心原则为打造良好的监管系统提供了必要的基础LocalcharacteristicsneedtobetakenintoaccountinthespecificwayinwhichthePrinciplesareimplemented

实施核心原则应考虑本国国情ThePrinciplesmaynotbesufficient,ontheirown,inmanycountries

对许多国家而言，核心原则也许并不足够EachcountryshouldthereforeconsidertowhatextentthePrinciplesneedtobesupplementedtoaddressparticularconditionsorrisksprevailinginthelocalmarket

因此，每个国家都应该思考如何完善这些原则，以便解决本国特有的一些问题53ThechallengeforsupervisorsInmanycountriesQUALITYimplementationwillbealongprocess,asitrequires

对许多国家而言，高质量地实施核心原则将是一个长期过程，因为它需要Acompetentandmotivatedbodyofprofessionalsupervisors一支高素质的专业监管队伍Abankingregulatoryframeworkthatsupportssoundbankingpractices一个推动银行稳健经营的监管框架Asoundcreditculturethatincludesreasonablelendingpractices包含合理贷款实践的良好信用文化Adequateaccounting,reportinganddisclosurerequirementsthatsupportfinancialtransparency有助于提高财务透明度的会计、报告和信息披露要求54InmanycountriesQUALITYimplWhathasbeenhappeningsince1997?

1997年以来发生了什么？"L'éxécutionc'esttout"–Napoleon“执行就是一切”—拿破仑55WhathasbeenhappeningsinceStepstoAchievingImplementation

实施步骤Firststep:factfinding-identificationofareaswherechangeswillbenecessary第一步：实况调查—确认必须变革的领域Inmanycountries,substantivechangesinthelegislativeframeworkarenecessary(thiscanbealengthyprocessasitisinthehandsofthepoliticians!)许多国家还有必要对法律框架进行重大变革（由于立法掌控在政治家手中，因此这一过程可能比较漫长）Establishmentofatimetable确立时间表Externalpressures(especiallymarketforces)外部压力（特别是市场力量）56StepstoAchievingImplementatRoleoftheBaselCommitteeintheimplementationprocess

巴塞尔委员会在实施过程中的作用CreationoftheCorePrinciplesLiaisonGroup建立核心原则联络小组1998Survey(andfollow-upsurveys)1998年调查（以及随后的调查）FurtherdetailedpaperstoprovidesupporttotheCorePrinciples为支持核心原则，进一步细化了有关文件Developmentofcriteriafordeterminingadequacyofimplementation(“CorePrinciplesMethodology”)制定了确定充分实施程度的标准（核心原则方法论）CreationoftheFSI创立了FSIIssuanceoftheSelf-AssessmentGuide发布了自我评估指引57RoleoftheBaselCommitteeinRoleoftheBaselCommitteeintheimplementationprocess

巴塞尔委员会在实施过程中的作用TheCorePrinciplesLiaisonGroupconsistsof:核心原则联络小组包括：representativesfrom7G-10countries(France,Germany,Italy,Japan,theNetherlands,theUnitedKingdomandtheUnitedStates)

10国集团中7个成员国的代表（法、德、意、日、荷、英、美）representativesfrom15non-G-10countries(Argentina,Australia,Brazil,Chile,ChinaandHongKong,theCzechRepublic,Korea,India,Mexico,Russia,SaudiArabia,Singapore,SouthAfricaandWestAfrica)

非10国集团15个国家代表（阿根廷、澳大利亚、巴西、智利、中国和香港、捷克、韩国、印度、墨西哥、俄罗斯、沙特、新加坡、南非和西非）representativesfromtheIMFandWorldBank国际货币基金组织和世行的代表TheLiaisonGroupprovidescriticalfeedbackonimplementationissues联络小组对实施中遇到的问题提供重要的反馈58RoleoftheBaselCommitteeinRoleoftheBaselCommitteeintheimplementationprocess

巴塞尔委员会在实施过程中的作用1998Survey-127countriesresponded(80%responserate)1998年的调查—共有127个国家给予了反馈（反馈率为80%）Problemswithselfassessments自我评估遇到问题Qualityofresponsesvariedgreatly反馈质量参差不齐Lackofdirectiononwhatconstitutes“implementation”缺乏对于如何“实施”的指导Significantchangesarepresentlytakingplaceinthemajorityofsupervisorysystems目前，大多数国家的监管体系正历经着重大变革Needforadequateresources,training需要充足的资源和培训59RoleoftheBaselCommitteeinFurtherdetailedpaperstoprovidesupporttotheCorePrinciples为支持核心原则，对有关文件进行了细化Internalcontrols内部控制Creditriskmanagement信用风险管理Liquidityriskmanagement流动性风险管理Corporategovernance公司治理Accountingstandards会计准则RoleoftheBaselCommitteeintheimplementationprocess

巴塞尔委员会在实施过程中的作用60FurtherdetailedpaperstoproTheAssessmentProcessand

theCorePrinciplesMethodology

评估程序和核心原则方法论

61TheAssessmentProcessand

theInitialProblemswithAssessments

评估的基本问题Self-assessmentsfoundtobeunsatisfactory发现自我评估不尽如意BaselCommitteelackedwillingnessandresourcestodoassessments巴塞尔委员会缺乏进行评估所需的意愿和资源Peerreviewwaspoliticallycharged同行评估被认为具有政治目的Privateconsultantscouldnotbestrictlyobjective私人顾问不可能非常客观IMFandWorldBanktookontheresponsibilityofconductingassessmentsbuttheirinitialassessmentsrevealedadditionalproblem国际货币基金组织和世界银行承担了评估职责，但是他们初步评估揭露出其他问题62InitialProblemswithAssessmeProblemsencounteredbyIMFandWorldBank

国际货币基金组织和世行遇到的问题ToomanyPrinciplesweresubjecttointerpretation太多的原则需要解释Comparabilityamongassessmentslacking评估缺乏可比性Non-supervisorsneededmoreguidanceinmakingdeterminations非监管人员在决策时需要更多的指导Noclearmethodforpresentingtheirfindings没有明确的展现结果的方法So,CPMethodologywasagreed因此，核心原则方法论被接受63ProblemsencounteredbyIMFanTheCorePrinciplesMethodology

核心原则方法论Developmentofcriteriafordeterminingadequacyofimplementation制定确定充分实施程度的标准Criteriadividedintotwocategories:标准分为两类Essentialcriteria基本标准Additionalcriteria附加标准IMF/WorldBankagreementonapproachtoassessments国际货币基金组织/世行同意评估的方法64TheCorePrinciplesMethodologObjectivesoftheIMF/WorldBankCorePrinciplesAssessments:

国际货币基金组织/世行核心原则评估的目标

Determinewhetherbankingsupervisorsareabletosupervisethebankingindustryinanadequateandeffectivemanner确定银行监管者是否能够以充分有效的方式对银行业实施监管Proposeacourseofactiontoaddressidentifiedweaknesses建议采取一系列行动去解决发现的薄弱环节65ObjectivesoftheIMF/WorldBaRequirementsforAssessors

对评估人员的要求Foureyesprincipleamust必须具备四只眼原则Atleas