2019考研英语一真题及答案解析

年考研英语一及答案解SectionIUseof

Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CorDontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)TodayweliveinaworldwhereGPSsystems,digitalmaps,andothernavigationappsareavailableonoursmartphones.1ofusjustwalkstraightintothewoodswithoutaphone.Butphones2onbatteries,andbatteriescandiefasterthanwerealize.3yougetlostwithoutaphoneoracompass,andyou4can`tfindnorth,afewtrickstohelpyounavigate5tocivilization,oneofwhichistofollowtheland.Whenyoufindyourselfwell6 atrail,butnotinacomple 7area,youhavetoanswertwoquestions:Which 8isdownhill,inthisparticulararea?Andwhereisthenearestwatersource?Humansoverwhelminglyliveinvalleys,andonsoffreshwater.9,ifyouheaddownhill,andfollowanyH2Oyoufind,you seesignsofIfyou`veexploredtheareabefore,keepaneyeoutforfamiliarsights-youmay11howquicklyidentifyingadistinctiverockortreecanrestoreyourAnother12:Climbhighandlookforsignsofhumanhabitation.13,evenindenseforest,youshouldableto14gapsinthetreelineduetoroads,traintracks,andotherpathspeoplecarve15thewoods.Headtowardthese16tofindawayout.Atnight,scanthehorizonfor17lightsources,suchasfiresandstreetlights,thenwalktowardtheglowoflightpollution.,assumingyou`relostinanareahumanstendtofrequent,lookforweleaveonthelandscape.Trailblazes,tiretracks,andotherfeaturesyouto [A]Above [B]In age[D]For [B]Consequently 叫PopularScience的 ，文章题目是Howtofindyourwayoutofthewoodswithouttools—oryourphone。下面我们一起来看一下答案及解析。【答案】C【解析】此处词义辨析+上下文语境。文章首段首句为句，谈到我们生活在一个GPS，数字地图和其他导航应用程序都能在中找到的世界里。空格句：我们中的在没有的情况下走进森林。走进森林或者进森林。Without与few相呼应。Few表示几乎没有，填入符合文意。【答案】C【解析】此处词组搭配。Putonbatteries表示需要电池才能正常使用。，take，come【答案】B【解析】此处逻辑关系。空格所在句：你在没有或指南针的情况下迷路，找不到北方，我们有一些技巧可以帮助你导航文明之地。看过四个，though（，until（【答案】D【解析】此处副词词义辨析。空格所在句：如果你在没有或指南relativel（graduall（，literally（确实地，真正地）带入目标空，发现只有D选项符合文意。【答案】A【解析】此处词义辨析+上下文语境。空格所在句：如果你在没有（lost，空格句说我们有一些技巧帮助你文明【答案】B：当你发现自己正好一条小径，而不是在完全地形中时，你必须回答 宜正常路线，迷迹的时候。B选项远离，离开符合句意。【答案】D【解析】此处词义辨析。空格所在后半句出现了but这个很重要很明显的转uncrowde（unchange（【答案】C【解析】此处词义辨析+上下文语境。当你发现自己远离一条小径，而不是在完全陌生的地形中时，你必须回答两个问题：在这个特定的地区，哪个是poin（place【答案】A【解析】此处逻辑连接词。空格前一句：山谷中的人基本上靠饮用淡水为生，紧接着空格句：你下山沿着水走就会发现人类活动的迹象明显前后两句之间是因果的逻辑关系，ASo【答案】D走，你发现人类活动的迹象所填入的副词需要与语境相符，D，itntonlyunexpectedl（【答案】A【答案】B【解析】这里提到了一个another，所以说明它所指代的内容在上文中提方法，所以只有option最合适。【答案】DFor【答案】C答案只能是spot,而bridgethegap是弥补代沟，其他几个意思不符。【答案】B以through最合适。【答案】Dthese,所以内容肯定有所指代，根据前文动词carve开辟，能得出大概意思为岔路口，符合题意的就是breaks,post标杆，link联系，shade阴影都不符合。【答案】A天然的，而是人工artificial完美符合。mysterious神秘的，hidden隐藏的，limited有限的均不符合。【答案】A【解析】此处上下文逻辑关系。可以先看选项finally最终地，consequently一句之间说的是另外一种情况，而得出的另一种说法，所以finally更合适。【答案】B【解析】本题逻辑关系。根据原文语境“…lookforthe…weleaveonthelandscape.”“假设你迷失在一个人类常去的地方，寻找我们在风景上留下的……”。既然迷失了，肯定是寻找记号，答案marks最合适。【答案】C【解析】搭配Trailblazes,tiretracks,andotherfeaturescan…youtocivilization山火、轮胎痕迹和其他特征可以……你现代文明社会。只有“带你”最符合，所以选择lead，而restrict限制，adopt采取，收养，expose，Part

Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.（40points）TextFinancialregulatorsinBritainhaveimposedaratherunusualruleonthebossesofbigbanks.Startingnextyear,anyguaranteedbonusoftopexecutivescouldbedelayed10yearsiftheirbanksareunderinvestigationforwrongng.Themainpurposeofthis“clawback”ruleistoholdbankersaccountableforharmfulrisk-takingandtorestorepublictrustinfinancialinstitution.Yetofficialsalsohopeforamuchlargerbenefit:morelongtermdecision-makingnotonlybybanksbutbyallcorporations,tobuildastrongereconomyforfuturegenerations.“Short-termism”orthedesireforquickprofits,hasworsenedinpubliclytradedcompanies,saystheBankofEngland’stopeconomist.AndrewHaldane.Hequotesagiantofclassicaleconomics,AlfredMarshall,indescribingthisfinancialimpatienceasactinglike“Childrenwhopicktheplumsoutoftheirpuddingtoeatthematonce”ratherthanputtingthemasidetobeeatenlast.TheaveragetimeforholdingastockinboththeUnitedStatesandBritain,henotes,hasdroppedfromsevenyearstosevenmonthsinrecentdecades.Transientinvestors,whodemandhighquarterlyprofitsfromcompanies,canhinderafirm’seffortstoinvestinlong-termresearchortobuildupcustomerloyalty.Thishasbeendubbed“quarterlycapitalism”Inaddition,newdigitaltechnologieshaveallowedmorerapidtradingofequities,quickeruseofinformation,andthusshortersattentionspansinfinancialmarkets."Thereseemstobeapredominanceofshort-termthinkingattheexpenseoflong-terminvesting,”saidCommissionerDanielGallagheroftheUSSecuritiesandExchangeCommissioninaspeechthisweek.IntheUS,theSarbanes-OxleyAclof2002haspushedmostpubliccompaniestodeferperformancebonusesforseniorexecutivesbyaboutayear,slightlyhelreduce“short-termism.”InitslatestsurveyofCEOpay,TheWallStreetJournalfindsthat“asubstantialpart”ofexecutivepayisnowtiedtoperformance.Muorecouldbedonetoencourage“long-termism，”suchaschangesintaxcodeandquickerdisclosureofstockacquisitions.InFrance,shareholderswhoholdontoacompanyinvestmentforatleasttwoyearscansometimesearnmorevotingrightsinacompany.Withincompanies,therightcompensationdesigncanprovideincentivesforexecutivestothinkbeyondtheirowntimeatthecompanyandonbehalfofallstakeholders.Britain'snewruleisaremindertobankersthatsocietyhasaninterestintheirperformance,notjustfortheshorttermbutforthelongterm.AccordingtoParagraph1,onemotiveinimposingthenewruleisenhancebankers’senseofhelpcorporationsachievelargerbuildanewsystemoffinancialguaranteethebonusesoftopAlfredMarshallisquotedtotheconditionsforgeneratingquickernments’impatienceindecision-thesolidstructureofpubliclytraded“short-termism”ineconomicItisarguedthattheinfluenceoftransientinvestmentonpubliccompaniescanTheUSandFranceexamplesandusedtotheobstaclestopreventing“short-thesignificanceoflong-termtheapproachestopromoting“long-theprevalenceofshort-termWhichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitlefortheFailureofQuarterlyPatienceasaCorporateDecisivenessRequiredofTopFrustrationofRisk-taking答案【Aenhancebankers’senseofimposingthenewrule定位到第一段第三句。Themainpurposeofthis“clawback”ruleistoholdbankersaccountableforharmfulrisk-takingandtorestorepublictrustinfinancialinstitution.这项“回扣”规则的主要目的是让银行家为有害的风险承担责任，并恢复公众对金融机构的信任。正确答案A的enhancebankers’senseofresponsibility增强银行家的责任感是原文的同义表达。干扰项B的helpcorporationsachievelargerprofits帮助公司获得更大的利润，并未提及，是Dguaranteethebonusesoftopexecutives保证管理的奖金与原文提到的anyguaranteedbonusoftopexecutivescouldbedelayed10years任何有保证的高管奖金都可能推迟10年，表述相反，属于正反。答案【D“short-termism”ineconomicdesireforquickprofits,hasworsenedinpubliclytradedcompanies“短期主义”或对ineconomicactivitiesshort-termism是原文的Atheconditionsforgeneratingquickprofits快速获利的条件，并非论点内容。选项B决策缺乏耐心，无关内容。选项Cthesolidstructureofpubliclytradedcompanies上市公司稳健结构，原文并未提及。答案【B解析：本题目为细节题，具体细节内容。根据题干theinfluenceoftransientinvestmentonpubliccompanies定位到原文第三段第二句，.Transientinvestors,whodemandhighquarterlyprofitsfromcompanies,canhinderafirm’seffortstoinvestinlong-termresearchortobuildupcustomerloyalty.会妨碍公司投adverse不利的，AindirectCminima极小值Dtemporary暂时的，因此只有B正确。答案【C】theapproachestopromotinglong-解析：本题目为例证题，论点论据内容。根据题干USandFrance句承前启后过渡到Muorecouldbedonetoencourage“long-termism，”要鼓励“长期主义”，还有很多工作要做。正确选项Ctheapproachestopromoting25答案【BPatienceasaCorporate解析：本题目为主旨题，全文的主旨要义。纵观全文，文章围绕西方国家的出话题。第二段介绍英国短期主义占主流，三段短期主义的弊端，四段介绍longtemisim,corporate原文多次出现，为本文的，选项AFailureofQuarterlyCapitalism季度 选项CDecisivenessRequiredofTopExecutives高管需要决断力DFrustrationofRisk-takingBankers银行家的挫败感，都不能概括全文，只有B选项正确TextGradeinflation—thegradualincreasei ageGPAs(grade-pointaverages)overthepastfewdecades—isoftenconsideredaproductofaconsumererainhighereducation,inwhichstudentsaretreatedlikecustomerstobepleased.Butanother,relatedforce—apolicyoftenburieddeepincoursecatalogscalled"gradeforgiveness"—ishelraiseGPAs.Gradeforgivenessallowsstudentstoretakeacourseinwhichtheyreceivedalowgrade,andthemostrecentgradeorthehighestgradeistheonlyonethatcountsincalculatingastudent’soverallGPA.Theuseofthislittle-knownpracticehasacceleratedinrecentyears,ascollegescontinuetodotheirutmosttokeepstudentsinschool(andpayingtuition)andimprovetheirgraduationrates.Whenthispracticefirststarteddecadesago,itwasusuallylimitedtofreshmen,togivethemasecondchancetotakeaclassintheirfirstyeariftheystruggledintheirtransitiontocollege-levelcourses.Butnowmostcolleges,saveformanyselectivecampuses,allowallundergraduates,andevengraduatestudents,togettheirlowgradesforgiven.Collegeofficialstendtoemphasizethatthegoalofgradeforgivenessislessaboutthegradeitselfandmoreaboutencouragingstudentstoretakecoursescriticaltotheirdegreeprogramandgraduationwithoutincurringabigpenalty.“Untimely,”saidJackMiner,OhioStateUniversity’sregistrar,“weseestudentsachievemoresuccessbecausetheyretakeacourseanddobetterinsubsequentcontentsormasterthecontentthatallowsthemtograduateontime.”Thatsaid,thereisawayinwhichgradeforgivenesssatisfiescolleges’ownneedsaswell.Forpublicinstitutions,statefundsaresometimestiedpartlytotheirsuccessonmetricssuchasgraduationratesandstudentretention—sobettergradescan,byboostingfigureslikethose,meanmoremoney.AndanythingthatraisesGPAswilllikelymakestudents—who,atoftheday,arepayingthebill—feelthey’vegottenabettervaluefortheirtuitiondollars,whichisanotherbigconcernforIndeed,gradeforgivenessisjustanotherwaythatuniversitiesarerespondingtoconsumers’expectationsforhighereducation.Sincestudentsandparentsexpectacollegedegreetoleadtoajob,itisinthebestinterestofaschooltoturnoutgraduateswhoareasqualifiedaspossible—oratleastappeartobe.Onthis,students’andcolleges'incentivesseemtobealigned.WhatiscommonlyregardedasthecauseofgradeThechangeofcourseStudents'indifferencetoColleges'neglectofTheinfluenceofconsumerWhatwastheoriginalpurposeofgradeTohelpfreshmenadapttocollegeTomaintaincolleges'graduationTopreparegraduatesforachallengingToincrease efromAccordingtoParagraph5,gradeforgivenessenablescollegesobtainmorefinancialboosttheirstudentimprovetheirteachingmeetlocalernments'Whatdoesthephrase"tobealigned"(Line5,Para.6)mostprobablyTocounterbalanceeachTocomplementeachTobeidenticalwitheachTobecontradictorytoeachTheauthorexaminesthepracticeofgradeforgivenessassessingitsyzingthecausesbehindcomparingdifferentviewsonlistingitslong-run答案【D】Theinfluenceofconsumer解析：本题目为原因细节题，具体细节。根据题干gradeinflation定位到第一段第一句。Gradeinflationisoftenconsideredaproductofaconsumererainhighereducation，inwhichstudentsaretreatedlikecustomerstobepleased通常被认为是高等教育消费时代的产物在这个时代，学生被当作顾客来对待。确答案DTheinfluenceofconsumerculture.顾客文化的影响，为原文的同意替换，consumer为原词。AThechangeofcoursecatalogs.课程的变更，原文indifferencetoGPAS.学生对GPAS莫不关心和选项CColleges'neglectofGPAS学生忽视GPAS，为无关信息；答案【A】Tohelpfreshmenadapttocollegeforgivenessthispracticegradeforgiveness，itwasusuallylimitedtofreshmen,togivethemasecondchancetotakeaclassintheirfirstyear...给她们第二次机会去上课，.正确选项ATohelpfreshmenadapttocollegelearning.帮助新生适应大学学习为原文的同意表达选项B colleges'graduationrates.维持大学毕业率，选项CTopreparegraduatesforachallengingfuture为毕业生准备迎接充满的未来。选项DToincrease efromtuition.增加大学学费收入，均不正确答案【Aobtainmorefinancial解析：本题目为细节题，具体细节。根据题干Paragraph5,gradewhichgradeforgivenesssatisfiescollegesownneedsaswell.满足了大学生自己Forpublicinstitutionsstatefundsaresometimestiedpartlytotheirsuccessonmetricssuchasgraduationratesandstudentretention对于选项Aobtainmorefinancialsupport.获得财政上的支持，financial替换moremoney答案【CTobeidenticalwitheach解析：本题目为猜词题，学生对上下文的理解。根据题干信息Line5,Para.6 知，学校和学生有着共同的目标，CTobeidenticalwitheachother彼此一致，ATocounterbalanceeachother.互相制衡。B互相补充DTobecontradictorytoeachother互相，只有C符合原文。30答案【B yzingthecausesbehindisawayinwhichgradeforgivenesssatisfiescolleges’ownneedsaswell也是说正确选项B yzingthecausesbehindit.分析了背后的原因。TextThisyearmarksexactlytwocenturiessincethepublicationofFrankenstein;or,TheModernPrometheus,byMarySey.Evenbeforetheinventionoftheelectriclightbulb,theauthorproducedaremarkableworkofspeculativefictionthatwouldforeshadowmanyethicalquestionstoberaisedbytechnologiesyettocome.Todaytherapidgrowthofartificialinligence(AI)raisesfundamentalquestions:“Whatisinligence,identity,orconsciousness?WhatmakeshumansWhatisbeingcalledartificialgeneralinligence,machinesthatwouldimitatethewayhumansthink,continuestoevadescientists.Yethumansremainfascinatedbytheideaofrobotsthatwouldlook,move,andrespondlikehumans,similartothoserecentlydepictedonpopularsci-fiTVseriessuchas“Westworld”and“Humans”.Justhowpeoplethinkisstillfartoocomplextobeunderstood,letalonereproduced,saysDavidEagleman,aStanfordUniversityneuroscientist.“Wearejustinasituationwheretherearenogoodtheoriesexplainingwhatconsciousnessactuallyisandhowyoucouldeverbuildamachinetogetthere.”Butthatdoesn’tmeancrucialethicalissuesinvolvingAIaren’tathand.Thecominguseofautonomousvehicles,forexample,posesthornyethicalquestions.Humandriverssometimesmustmakesplit-seconddecisions.Theirreactionsmaybeacomplexcombinationofinstantreflexes,inputfrompastdrivingexperiences,andwhattheireyesandearsltheminthatmoment.AI“vision”todayisnotnearlyassophisticatedasthatofhumans.Andtoanticipateeveryimaginabledrivingsituationisadifficultprogrammingproblem.Wheneverdecisionsarebasedonmassesofdata,“youquicklygetintoalotofethicalquestions,”notes iatHow,chiefexecutiveofaSingapore-basedagencythatisheltheernmentdevelopavoluntarycodefortheethicaluseofAI.AlongwithSingapore,otherernmentsandmega-corporationsarebeginningtoestablishtheirownguidelines.Britainissettingupadataethicscenter.releaseditsAIethicsstrategythisspring.OnJune7pledgednotto“designordeployAl”thatwouldcause“overallharm,”ortodevelopAl-directedweaponsoruseAIforsurveillancethatwouldviolateinternationalnorms.ItalsopledgednottodeployAIwhoseusewouldviolateinternationallawsor.Whilethestatementisvague,itrepresentsonestartingpoint.SodoestheideathatdecisionsmadebyAIsystemsshouldbeexplainable,transparent,andfair.Toputitanotherway:Howcanwemakesurethatthethinkingofinligentmachinesreflectshumanity’shighestvalues?OnlythenwilltheybeusefulservantsandnotFrankenstein’sout-of-controlmonster.MarySey'snovelFrankensteinismentionedbecausefascinatesAlscientistsalloverthehasremainedpopularforaslongas200involvessomeconcernsraisedbyAlhassparkedseriousethicalInDavidEagleman'sopinion,ourcurrentknowledgeofhelpsexplainartificialincanbemisleadingtorobotinspirespopularsci-fiTVistoolimitedforustoreproduceThesolutiontotheethicalissuesbroughtbyautonomouscanhardlyeverbeisstillbeyondourcauseslittlepublichasarousedmuchTheauthor'sattitudetoward'spledgesisoneWhichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitlefortheAl'sFuture:IntheHandsofTechFrankenstein,theNovelPredictingofTheConscienceofAI:ComplexButAIShallBeKillersOnceOutof答案【CinvolvessomeconcernsraisedbyAltopic部举世瞩目的推测性小说“thatwouldforeshadowmanyethicalquestionstoberaisedbytechnologiesyettocome”这部小说预示了很多即将到来的技术所带来的很多道德方面的问题，这句话对应了选项C.involvessomeconcernsraisedbyAltoday涉及了一些今天AI人工智能带来的担忧。A.fascinatesAlscientistsallovertheworld使全世界的人工智能科学家着迷、以及B.hasremainedpopularforaslongas200years长达200一直很受欢迎”都未提及。D.hassparkedseriousethicalcontroversies已经已发了严重的们现在提出了关于方面的一些问题。【D】istoolimitedforustoreproduceDavidEagleman找到定位点第四段第二行，“Wearejustinasituationwheretherearenogoodtheoriesexplainingwhatconsciousnessactuallyisandhowyoucouldeverbuildamachinetogetthere.”我们D.istoolimitedforustoreproduceit对于我们来说我们能力太【B】isstillbeyondour解析：本题目为细节题。根据题干信息“autonomousvehicles自动驾驶汽车”找最后总结“AI“vision”todayisnotnearlyassophisticatedasthatofhumans.Andtoanticipateeveryimaginabledrivingsituationisadifficultprogrammingproblem.”今天人工智能的这种“vision想象力"还不能像人类一样复杂。并且去预测每一个可capacity仍然了我们的能力。干扰项A.canhardlyeverbefound.几乎难以被发现，在原文中Butthatdoesn’tmeancrucialethicalissuesinvolvingAIaren’tathand.这句话表达了问题即将AC.causeslittlepublicconcern.几乎没有引起公众关注【A】解析：本题目为细节题。根据题干信息'spledges找到定位点第七段，但Whilethestatementisvagueitrepresentsonestartingpoint虽然这个陈述是有点模糊的，但是它代表了一个开始。【C】TheConscienceofAIComplexBut中心词：conscience，ethicalissueofAI，所以根据这一词我们就可以选择出C.TheConscienceofAI:ComplexButInevitable人工智能的道德问题：复杂但是不可避免，该问题一直贯穿全文和ethicalissue做对应。A.Al'sFutureIntheHandsofTechGiantsAI的未来，在科技巨头的手中，故片面信息，不可做全文主旨。D.AIShallBeKillersOnceOutofControl人工智TextStateswillbeabletoforcemorepeopletopaysalestaxwhentheymakeonlinepurchasesunderaSupremeCourtdecisionThursdaythatwillleaveshopperswithlighterwalletsbutisabigfinancialwinforstates.TheSupremeCourt'sopinionThursdayoverruledapairofdecades-olddecisionsthatstatessaidcostthembillionsofdollarsinlostrevenueannually.Thedecisionsmadeitmoredifficultforstatestocollectsalestaxoncertainonlinepurchases.Thecasesthecourtoverturnedsaidthatifabusinesswasshipacustomer'spurchasetoastatewherethebusinessdidn'thaveaphysicalpresencesuchasawarehouseoroffice,thebusinessdidn'thavetocollectsalestaxforthestate.Customersweregenerallyresponsibleforpayingthesalestaxtothestatethemselvesiftheyweren'tchargedit,butmostdidn'trealizetheyoweditandfeid.JusticeAnthonyKennedywrotethatthepreviousdecisionswereflawed.“Eachyearthephysicalpresencerule esfurtherremovedfromeconomicrealityandresultsinsignificantrevenuelossestotheStates,”hewroteinanopinionjoinedbyfourotherjustices.Kennedywrotethattherule“limitedstates'abilitytoseeklong-termprosperityandhaspreventedmarketparticipantsfromcompetingonanevenplayingfield.”Therulingisavictoryforbigchainswithapresenceinmanystates,sincetheyusuallycollectsalestaxononlinepurchasesalready.Now,rivalswillbechargingsalestaxwheretheyhadn'tbefore.Bigchainshavebeencollectingsalestaxnationwidebecausetheytypicallyhavephysicalstoresinwhateverstateapurchaseisbeingshippedto. ,withitsnetworkofwarehouses,alsocollectssalestaxineverystatethatchargesit,thoughthird-partysellerswhousethesitedon'thaveto.Untilnow,manysellersthathaveaphysicalpresenceinonlyasinglestateorafewstateshavebeenabletoavoidchargingsalestaxeswhentheyshiptoaddressesoutsidethosestates.SellersthatuseeBayandEtsy,whichprovideplatformsforsmallersellers,alsohaven'tbeencollectingsalestaxnationwide.UndertherulingThursday,statescanpasslawsrequiringout-of-statesellerstocollectthestate'ssalestaxfromcustomersandsendittothestate.Retailtradegroupspraisedtheruling,sayingitlevelstheplayingfieldforlocalandonlinebusinesses.Thelosers,saidretailystNeilSaunders,areonline-onlyretailers,especiallysmallerones.Thoseretailersmayfaceheadachescomplyingwithvariousstatesalestaxlaws.TheSmallBusiness&EntrepreneurshipCounciladvocacygroupsaidinastatement,"Smallbusinessesandinternetentrepreneursarenotwellservedatallbythisdecision."TheSupremeCourtdecisionThursdayDettebusiness’revolutionswithputmostonlinebusinessinamakemoreonlineshopperspaysalesforcesomestatestocutsalesItcanbelearnedfromparagraphs2and3thattheoverruledhaveledtothedominanceof B.havecostconsumersalotovertheyearswerewidelycriticizedbyonlinewereconsiderunfavorablebyAccordingtoJusticeAnthonyKennedy,thephysicalpresencerulehinderedeconomicdevelopmentbroughtprosperitytotheharmedfairmarketboostedgrowthinstates’Whoaremostlikely etheSupremeCourtInternetenterpreneursB.Big-chainC.Third-partysellersD.SmallIndealingwiththeSupremeCourtdecisionThursday,thegivesafactualaccountofitanddiscussesitsdescribesthelongandcomplicatedprocessofitspresentsitsmainpointswithingviewsoncitessomecasesrelatedtoitandyzestheir答案【Cmakemoreonlineshopperspaysales解析：本题目为细节题，具体细节。根据题干SupremeCourtdecisionThursday定位到首段首句。StateswillbeabletoforcemorepeopletopaysalestaxwhentheymakeonlinepurchasesunderaSupremeCourtdecisionThursday当的人进行网上购物时，各州将能够迫使他们缴纳销售税。正确答案Conlineshopperstheymakeonlinepurchasespaysalestax原词。选inadilemma将大多数业务置于两难境地；原文并未提及，选项D的forcesomestatestocutsalestax迫使一些州削减销售税，偷换概念。答案【D】wereconsiderunfavorableby解析：本题目为推断。根据题干paragraphs2and3thattheoverruleddesicisuns可定位到第二段的一二句，thatstatessaidcostthembillionsofdollarsinlostrevenueannually.这些州每年他们损失了数十亿的收入。Thedecisionsmadeitmoredifficultforstatestocollectsalestaxoncertainonlinepurchases.这些说，均为负向。正确选项Dunfavorable,不好的，不利的；答案【C】harmedfairmarket解析：本题目为观点细节题，具体细节。根据题干JusticeAnthonyKennedy,thephysicalpreserncerule定位到第四段第二三句，Eachyearthephysicalpresencerule esfurtherremovedfromeconomicrealityandresultsinsignificantrevenuelossestotheStates每年，实体存在规则进一步脱离经济现实，给造成重大收入损失。Kennedywrotethattherule“limitedstates'abilitytoseeklong-termprosperityandhaspreventedmarketparticipantsfromcompetingonanevenplayingfield.”写道，这项规定“限制了州寻求长期繁荣的能力，并了市场参与者在一个公平的竞争环境中竞争。”正确选项Charmedfairmarketcompetition损害公平市场竞争，harmed替换原文prevented，marketcompetition替换原文的marketparticipantsfromcompeting。答案【BBig-chair解析：本题目为推理。根据题干mostlikelyto etheSupremeCourtruling定位到第五段第一句Therulingisavictoryforbigchains这项裁决是大型连企业家，选项CThird-partysellers第卖家，选项DSmallretailers小零售商，答案【Agivesafactualaccountofitarddiscussesits解析：本题目为主旨，文章整体脉络。题干为IndealingwiththeSupremeCourtdecisionThursday，文章首段引出通过新的裁决，征界的肯定，纵观全文作者一直在实事求是的叙述并讨论其，A为正确选项Bdescribesthelongandcomplicatedprocessofitsmaking描述其制作过程漫长而复杂选项Cpresentsitsmainpointswith ingviewsonthem以相互的观点阐述其要点。选项D与之相关的州并分析其含义，均不正确PartBThefollowingparagraphsaregiveninawrongorder.ForQuestions41-45,youarerequiredtoreorganizetheseparagraphsintoacoherentarticlebychoosingfromthelistA-Gandfillingthemintothenumberedboxes.ParagraphsCandFhavebeencorrectlyplaced.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET.(10points)Thesetoolscanhelpyouwineveryargument-notintheunhelpfulsenseofbeatingyouropponentsbutinthebettersenseoflearningabouttheissuesthatdividepeople.learningwhytheydisagreewithusandlearningtotalkandworktogetherwiththem.Ifwereadjustourviewofarguments–fromaverbalfightortennisgametoareasonedexchangethroughwhichweallgainmutualrespect,andunderstanding---thenwechangetheverynatureofwhatitmeansto“win”anOfcourse,manydiscussionsarenotsosuccessful.Still,weneedtobecarefulnottoaccuseopponentsofbadargumentstooquickly.Weneedtolearnhowtoevaluatethemproperly.Alargepartofevaluationiscallingoutbadarguments,butwealsoneedtoadmitgoodargumentsbyopponentsandtoapplythesamecriticalstandardstoourselves.Humilityrequiresyoutorecognizeweaknessinyourownargumentsandsometimesalsotoacceptreasonsontheoppositeside.Noneofthesewillbeeasybutyoucanstartevenifothersrefuseto.Nexttimeyoustateyourposition,formulateanargumentforwhatyouclaimandhonestlyaskyourselfwhetheryourargumentisanygood.Nexttimeyoutalkwithsomeonewhotakesastand,askthemtogiveyouareasonfortheirview.Spellouttheirargumentfullyandcharitably.Assessitsstrengthimpartially.Raiseobjectionsandlistencarefullytotheirreplies.Carnegiewouldberightifargumentswerefights,whichishowweoftenthinkofthem.Likephysicalfights,verbalfightscanleavebothsidesbloodied.Evenwhenyouwin,youendupnobetteroff.Yourprospectswouldbealmostasdismalifargumentswereevenjustcompetitions-like,say,tennisgames.Pairsofopponentshittheballbackandforthuntilonewinneremergesfromallwhoentered.Everybodyelseloses.Thiskindofthinkingiswhysomanypeopletrytoavoidarguments,especiallyaboutpoliticsandreligion.Inhis1936workHowtoWinFriendsandInfluencePeople,DaleCarnegiewrote:"Thereisonlyoneway...togetthebestofanargument-andthatistoavoidit."Thisaversiontoargumentsiscommon,butitdependsonamistakenviewofargumentsthatcausesprofoundproblemsforour alandsociallives-andinmanywaysmissesthepointofarguinginthefirstplace.Theseviewsofargumentsalsounderminereason.Ifyouseeaconversationasafightorcompetition,youcanwinbycheatingaslongasyoudon'tgetcaught.Youwillbehappytoconvincepeoplewithbadarguments.Youcancalltheirviewsstupid,orjokeabouthowignoranttheyare.Noneofthesetrickswillhelpyouunderstandthem,theirpositionsortheissuesthatdivideyou,buttheycanhelpyouwin-inoneThereisabetterwaytowinarguments.Imaginethatyoufavorincreasingminimumwageinourstate,andIdonot.Ifyouyell,“Yes,”andIyell.“No,”neitherofuslearnsanything.Weneitherunderstandnorrespecteachother,andwehavenobasisforcompromiseorcooperation.Incontrast,supposeyougiveareasonableargument:thatfull-timeworkersshouldnothavetoliveinpoverty.ThenIcounterwithanotherreasonableargument:thatahigherminimumwagewillforcebusinessestoemployfewerpeopleforlesstime.Nowwecanunderstandeachother'spositionsandrecognizeoursharedvalues,sincewebothcareaboutneedyworkers.E通过读各个选项第一句话排除不能做文章首段的选项。Athesetools排除，Bsosuccessful排除，C固定位置排除，F固定位置排除，Gbetterway排除，人名，并且书中观点开头，符合开头的特点，所以为第一段。D所以D应该跟着E。Gabetterway，Finoneway，形成呼应。举并列形式，B选项符合。式，C选项末尾符合，所以A在C之后。PartCTranslationReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenneatlyontheANSWERSHEET.(10ItwasonlyafterIstartedtowriteaweeklycolumnaboutthemedicalandbegan