托福写作方法指引

托福写作法（1）段写法首段法首首段是阅卷人重点关注的部分之一。独立作文的引言部分指文章的首段，一个好的引言段落完成下的几项任务：引读者的兴趣告诉读者本文总的话题告诉读者本文的主题为了在考试中获得高分，首先，文章要使用一些能吸引读者注意力的手段，其次，要交代关于本话题的一些背景信息；最后，要以一句话陈述本文的主题，而且如果合适的话，在主题陈述句中预览本文的主要观。例如，Schoolstoteachers.Doyouandtoyour首段UniversitiesintheUShavelonghadqualityastotoItaquestionofwhetherorteachersbuttowhatextent.Asfarconcerned,Ifullytherequire’上述段落作为首段，达到了上面所说的对首段的要求：第一句话交代了关于本文话题——学生评老师的一些背景信息，吸引读者的注意力；第二句话复述了题目，最后一句做了主题陈述。综合来说，比较符合TS提的高分标准。要达到ETS提出的首段写作标准，必须做到三点第一点是使用一些能引起读者兴趣的首段。这一点极为重要。果阅卷者一开始就觉得文章过于老套与平淡，很难拿到高分。要求学生在首段就要将阅卷人的注意抓住。在英语中，这种方法被形象称为hook要有五种：漏斗鱼钩（hook）问题鱼钩（hook）驳斥鱼钩（refutationhook叙事鱼钩（hook）引语鱼钩（）漏斗钩作为引起读者兴趣的手段，写作按照从大范围到小范围，从概括到具体的“漏斗型”模式展开。章开始的时候提供概括性背景信息，接着过渡到本文的具体话题。注意两点：第一，开始的背景信息不能过于宽泛统；第二，讨论本文的具体话题时要紧贴题目的要求。此方法适用于描述解释型、比较对比型、二选一型。具体的法是交代一些与题目相关的背景，然后用自己的话复述题目。注意：不能完全照抄题目，尤其是题目很长时更不要字照搬，否则会给阅卷老师留下懒惰和表达能力差的印象。Ingeneral,now.Discussandtoyouressay.首段：ItinmostworldhavealifeexpectancythaninespeciallytruedevelopingpeopleenjoyAfewcontribute这是一篇描述解释型文章，首段使用了“漏斗鱼钩”，两句简单交代了背景，复述了题目，第三句给出了主题陈述。Thisistrueofnationsasitisofindividuals.“Whataresomequalitiesgoodparent?Usespecificanswer.首段wantshavegoodnoteveryparentisgoodfortheirchildren.Itwashavegreatparents,itnotmetomakearelove,respecttheirItthatabuiltinneighborhood.supportorthisplan?Why?Usespecificreasonsandtoanswer.首段WhethertheresidentsaneighborhoodthebuildinghomeswoulddependofIfitwererestaurantproducedincompatiblewithinarea,thenopposeifitwereaproducedandwaswiththenmostweresupportrestaurant.thatthesecondcategory,Irestaurant.这是一篇比较型文章，首段使用漏斗鱼钩，首先是一句老生常谈的背景交代，然后根据背景中包的两种情况进行论述，末句为主题陈述。peoplethatshouldspendaspossibleondisagreethisshouldonmorebasicWhichdoagreewith?Usespecificreasonsdetailssupportyour首段Governmentalitisfordevelopingtechnologyorbuyingit,needalwaysatofneeds.twoarealwaysforcingoneWithdecisions,canbeaccomplished.If,onewerechoosebetweentheneeds,thatdevelopingorpurchasingversusmoreIbelievemostpeoplepeoplesmoreneeds这是一篇二选一的文章，首段使用漏斗鱼钩，交代大的背景，然后复述题目，最后给出主题陈述Itbetterfortogrowinthecountrysidethaninbigcity.Doandtoyouressay.首段astheistochildren,itbettertoraisetheminthecityorinthesometimesjobmaydictatewhereraiseafamily,ifIhadtheIchoosemychildreninbigcity.这是一篇二选一的文章，首段使用漏斗鱼钩，交代大的背景，然后复述题目，最后给出主题陈述问题钩问题鱼钩以提问的方式引起阅卷者对主题的思考，这一方法较为容易使用，适用于三大题型。使时要注意：问句不宜过多，一般不能超过三个，而且要紧扣题目。Itbeen“Noteverythingisinbooks”.Compareknowledgeexperiencewithfrombooks.Inyourwhichmore首段WeallcraveespeciallyAgeofbutisbestsourceoftobelieveCamus,“Thewetogetin?Orareweservedfollowingscounselthat“Theonlyofknowledgeis?Althoughbooksplacelearning,thereisnosubstituteforexperience;itisexperiencethatthesourceof这是一篇比较型文章，首段以三个问题开始，每个问题都紧扣题目——经验知识和书本知识重要的比较。段末做了主题陈述，经验知识更为重要。这个问题鱼钩使用的十分巧妙，引发读者对主题——经验知识与本知识相对重要性的思考。YourenoughmoneytoforstudentsfortheWhichyourschoolbuybooks?examplestoyour首段youaccessedvastinviainyouryoucheckedyourviainthehallwayoutsideofyouryouyouruntiringlyviaacomputertothemlookIfonehasonewouldcomputersareinWhydoyousometoordangerousreasonsandtoanswer.首段ofbungeeyouhadexcitementofcarNowadaysnumberofpeopleareflockingforavarietyloveof驳鱼钩驳斥鱼钩在议论文中使用的非常普遍尤其适用于有争议的话题独作文而言其“二选目包括agreeprefer都以使用驳斥鱼钩开头。所谓驳斥鱼钩就是在处理有争议话题的时候，以让步的方引出自己的观点。这意味着先总结对立的观点与意见，先承认对方观点一定的合理性，然后驳斥对方的观点并在主题陈述中明确表达自己的观点。Insometeenagersjobswhiletheyarestillstudents.youisaidea?首段teenagerIenjoyedhavingaitprovidedmewithmoneyIformyschooling.anIcantrulythepressureateenagerhisorstudyandafter-classjob.IthinkjobasteenagerrelativelydifficultshouldhaveorpeoplesaythatexercisearequiredparteveryschoolOtherpeoplebelieveshouldtheonacademicstudies.WhichyouagreeIttruethatphysicalisimportant.example,itreducestress,loseweightandperformance.itofatooffertrainingtoitsShouldexercisepartofprogram,iteffortforfollowing叙事钩叙事鱼钩是一种常见的文章开头，描述一个具有戏剧性的故事或者场景，引发读者的兴趣。peoplespendtheirentirelivesinoneplace.anumberofthroughoutlives,forbetterjob,community,orevenWhichonedoyouprefer:stayingplaceorinsearchofanotherplace?Itnotuncommonrepresentspendingtheirlivesinoneplace,othersaroundthroughouttheMybrotherandwifehavelivedinsamehousefor22yearsbrotherandIhadto,andthanatimes.Therethreemainforthis使用自己亲身经历，紧扣问题又具有戏剧性。段末做了一个简单的主题陈述。Imagineyoufortoyourhomeforatoandpersonalcareoneadditionalthing.why?IwashomeforlongInotlonely,Ihadbroughtallmyfavoritewithme.Inmysparetime,IreadfavoriteonebyandalmostallbooksIhadagothatalifeformeonethatforThus,inatripforahome,IwillbringsomethatIlovebuthavethetimetoreadathome,forexample,theChinese引语钩使用专家的话，或者使用谚语，前者增加讨论的可能性，后者可以使讨论更具可信度，缩短读者作者之间的距离。要注意引文的准确性，Itsometimessaidthatborrowingfriendharmordamagethefriendship.youagree?Shakespeareputit,NeitheranoralenderForoftandfriend,dullsedgeofhusbandry…”Inmyexperience,oppositeabusinessdealfromfriendorrelativearelationship.morethreeworthofessentiallyabusinesstheseofsituation,Iconcurborrowingfriendharmor开始引用莎士比亚关于借钱伤害友谊的话，紧扣题目。youdisagreewiththefollowingAllstudentsshouldstudyartinsecondaryInPresidentLyndonB.Johnson“isnationmostitinworksrevealandtotheguidesusanation.”IagreeshouldcurriculumartandmusicinsecondaryAvideknowledgenecessaryforentertainpeopleinmanyandhelpustolearnothertypesofknowledge.本段引用了美国总统Johnson关艺术重要性的话，紧扣主题，增加了讨论的权威性。（）主体段写法段落=题句（分论点+支持句发展原则：每个主体段都必须包含一个明确的主题句，明确分论点支持句必须围绕主题句展开例：peopleareinhurryandthingsOtherpeopleprefertheirandlivelifeaslowerpace.Whichyouprefer?Usespecificreasonssupportanswer.lifeaslowerpacehasallowedmepaytoworkthroughatthoroughly.BeforeIwasthroughreadingandmyconcentrationwasnotverystrong.clubsandIalotAfterIdecidedridofsomeofmoreinvolvedactivitiesIhadmoretofocusresultsinmy确立分论点：方法一：针个人：健康（空气、医疗条件、生活压力、运动、温饱„„）乐趣（人多的乐趣、人少的乐趣、娱乐项目的乐趣、技术进步的乐趣„„）成就感（成功/誉感/财富/自信压力/动力）生活质量（设施、工作压力„„）交流（交流技巧//朋友同/领/友）品质（善良坚韧/乐观刻苦/责任心强）

针对国家和社会经济（农业、工业、贸易、收入、旅游、证券市场、通货膨胀、物价、失业）政治（法律、民主自由）文化（艺术、传统）技术进步（交通、通信、太空探险）资源与环境（能源节约、环境污染、人与自然的和谐）二者都适合有效率（节约时间）方便（步骤少，麻烦少）省钱安全（不威胁健康、不威胁生不怕坏人、不含放射、不具有摧毁力、抗灾害能力强）（5耐久（保存时间长）（6环保（污染少）方法二：具体化、分情况、分领域直接拆分：具化题目中的某个抽象概念从而形成拆分：•Peopleshoulddothingsthattheynotenjoydoing.分析：在这个题目中们不喜欢做的事”是一个抽象概念，可以细分为“作业三个层面去谈。•Progressisalways分析：在这道题目中步”是一个抽象概念，可以细分为“方便食品交通讯”三个层面去谈。

分情况、分领域讨论：•Parentsarebestteachers.分析：在这道题目中，很难直接考虑家长是不是最好的老师，所以可以换个思维，考虑“在什情况下”或者“遇到什么问题时如“设计独立旅行的安全问题时会进步太快，价值观出现变化家长在某一领域有一技之长时•Manypeoplehaverelationshipwiththeirpets.peopletreattheircats,asmembersoftheirfamily.youraregood?分析：在这道题目中，很难直接考虑宠物和人的关系对人好不好，因此可以换个思维，考虑“于小孩子来讲年轻夫妇来讲年人来讲”三个角度。注：论点容易展开．擅长．不可脱离实际生活．不能触及政治敏感话题．不能涉及宗教争端．不要过于具体（）尾段写法重立例：Itforpeopletoachievewithoutsacrificingimportantaspectsofafulfillingpersonal结尾：Inconclusion,givengrowingdemandsofcareerontodayprofessionals,afulfillingpersonalliferemainsbyworkingbypriorities,andbymakingcareerchoices.重立+结由例：andtechnologybecomingmoremoreessentialsociety,schoolsshoulddevotetimescienceandtheartsandhumanities.结尾conclusion,schoolsnothumanities.areasofinmathematicsandwellasrichnessofourentirelegacywhileustoit.Moreover,withinthehumanitiesprovideandforevaluatingtechnologyandforproperdirection.让+申场例：andsalaryonnotservice.foryearsofservicediscouragesfrommaintainingconsistentlyhighproductivity.结尾：Inthefinalanalysis,statementidentifiesjobperformanceasbestforsalaryjobsecurity.However,thegoestoofar,itignoresrewardingfortheirnotonlyenhancesloyaltyand,intheproductivity,alsoisrequiredby重立+申展（出议深意等例：asupervisorincriticizingtheperformanceofhighlymanagersbeenknowntoonverbalintimidation.DoyouthisaneffectivemeansIfshoulduseindealingwithsomeonewhoseissatisfactory?结尾：Inconclusion,avoidusingandThesemethodsdegradesubordinates,theyaretothebestinlongrun.Itisrespectful,tocasesofsubstandardworkwithclear,honestfeedback.七．作的连贯与衔“：首先：firstly,firstall,beginwith,inthefirsttostartwith,inbeginning,一方面：onhand…ontheotherhand)one…,for一般说来：generallyingeneral现在，目前currently最近：“”第二/第三：secondly/thirdly此外：besides,infurthermore,whatsmore,inadditionmoreover而且：also,例如：forforexample,asanotherexample即，也就是说：inotherwords,(Inwords,mustgiveup换言之她须放弃唱歌。)itmeans同样地：insamesimilarly（于句首=后来：on,on,afterfewdays,afterawhile,与此同时：此时：不久：因此：consequently,同样重要：“”虽然：尽管：nevertheless（后面跟句子despite,inof（后面加名词或代词）但是：yet，however即使：evenif（面加从句）相反：onthe（反地，倒地,than,insteadof另一方面：onother不幸地：unfortunately仍然：still与不同：unlike“”因此：so,forthisasaresult总之：ininbrief,insummary,最终：eventually,如我所说：asIhasbeen于是：accordinglye.g.wastoldspeakbriefly;cuthis人家叫他说话简,于他就长话短说了。的确：Afriendinneeda患难的朋友才是真正的朋友。Truly真地Hetrulygoodman.他的确是个好人无疑：certainly显然地：obviously八．句式的样性（1the+est+名+(that)+主词++seen(known/heard/had/read,etc)themost+形词+名词+(that)+主+haveseen(heard/had/read,例句：girlI海伦是我所看过最美丽的女孩。Mr.isteacherthatI张老师是我曾经遇到最仁慈的教师。（2）Nothingis+erVNothingismore+形容词++V例句：iseducation.没有比接受教育更重要的事。（3emphasizetheimportanceof„much.(怎么强调的重要性也不为过)例句：Wecannotemphasizeimportanceofoureyestoo我们再怎么强调保护眼睛的重要性也不为过。（4）isnothat+SV...(不可否认地.例句：nodenyingthatthequalitiesofhave不可否认地，我们的生活品质已经每况愈下。（5Ituniversallyacknowledged+句(全界都知例句：Ituniversallyacknowledgedthatareto全世界都知道树木对我们是不可或缺的。（6）isnothat+句毫无疑问例句：nodoubtthatsystemtobe毫无疑问地，我们的教育制度令人不满意。（7）Anadvantageof…that+句子...优点是...)例句：advantageofit(produce)pollution.使用太阳能的优点是它不会制造任何污染。（8）Thereasonwhy+句+句(的原因.例句：ThewhygrowtreesiscanprovideuswithfreshThewhyhavetogrowisthattheycansupplyairfor我们必须种树的原因是它们能供应我们新鲜的空气。（9）So形词+be+主词+that+句子如此以至于例句：preciousthatwecan'taffordit.时间是如此珍贵，我们经不起浪费它。（10）Adj++Subject(主+S+V(虽然例句：ascountrytheofourarebymeanssatisfactory.{bynomeansinnoway=on一也}虽然我们的国家富有，我们的生活品质绝对令人不满意。（11）The+~er+++~er+V越.The+more+adj+S++more+V愈例句：Themoreprogressmake.Theread,thelearnedwe我们书读愈多，我们愈有学问。（12）By+Ving,…can(借着...，能够.例句：canhealthy.借着做运动，我们能够始终保持健康。（13）宾)V使.够.)例句：toenablesrelaxed.听音乐使我们能够感觉轻松。（14）OnnoaccountV我绝对不能（不完全倒装句）例句：nocanthe我们绝对不能忽略知识的价值。（15Itistime+S+过式该的候)（虚拟语气）例句：Itconcerned（关的相关）tosolvetrafficproblems.该是有关当局采取适当的措施来解决交通问题的时候了。（16）Those(...的人例句：violatetrafficregulations违反交通规定的人应该受处罚。（17）Thereone(没有人不...)例句：nobuttogo没有人不渴望上大学。（18）be++to+V不得不...)例句：SincethearoundtheIamcompelledgiveupdoing既然考试迫在眉睫，我不得不放弃做运动。（19Itisconceivablethat+句可想而知的)Itobviousthat+句明显的)It句显然的)例句：Itconceivablethatknowledgeaninourlife.可想而知，知识在我们的一生中扮演一个重要的角色。（20）那是...的原因)例句：istoohot.ThatIlikeit.夏天太热。那就是我不喜欢它的原因。（21Forpast+时间，+现完成式.过年来，一直...)例句：ForthepasttwoIforexamination.过两年来，我一直着准备考试。（22）Since+S+过式+现完成式。例句：Sincehehighhasworkedhard.自从他上高中，他一直很用功。（23ItV(...值得的)例句：Ittoothers.帮助别人是值得的。（24）AbeBA以B为基础）例句：Theprogressofsocietyon社会的进步是以和谐为基础的。（25）noeffortto+V不遗余力地)例句：We我应该不遗余力的美化我们的环境。（26）home人+事(让明白.事例句：Wehomepeoplethevalueofworking我们应该让人们明白努力的价值。（27）becloselyto与.息相关)例句：exerciseiscloselyhealth.做运动与健康息息相关。（28）intohabitofV-ing=itaruleto+V养成.的习惯)例句：Wegethabitofkeeping我应该养成早睡早起的习惯（29）Dueto/Thanksto+因为例句：toencouragement,Irealized因他的鼓励，我终于实现我的梦想。（30）++N+SV!=How+Adj+a+N+多么..)例句：anthingitourpromise!Howthingitourpromise!遵守诺言是多么重要的事！8.常用句型开句：下面是文章起头常用的一些句型，掌握这些句型，有助于你较快、较好地写好文章起头。say1.

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