英语二讲义.7.6写完翻

碎语深——By回首身后串串赞启篇：考研英语之英试卷结构中，英语知识运用提供的文章组成为：20个空格的未知信息+给定篇章已知信息，也就是英语知识运用的考点就在于需要借助文章提供的已知信息，推导未知信息最终题过程中，考生要寻找各种各样的线索，从蛛丝马迹中，找到解题的方法和技巧。2010TheoutbreakofswinefluthatwasdetectedinMexicowasdeclaredaglobalepidemiconJune11,2009.Itistheworldwideepidemic1bytheWorldHealthOrganizationin41years.Theheightenedalert2anemergencymeetingwithfluexpertsinGenevathatassembledafterasharpriseincasesinAustralia,andrising3inBritain,Japan,ChileandButtheepidemicis“4”inseverity,accordingtoMargaretChan,theorganization’sdirectorgeneral,5theoverwhelmingmajorityofpatientsexperiencingonlymildsymptomsandafullrecovery,ofteninthe6ofanymedicaltreatment.Theoutbreakcametoglobal7inlateApril2009,whenMexicanauthoritiesnotedanunusuallylargenumberofhospitalizationsanddeaths8healthyadults.AsmuchofMexicoCityshutdownattheheightofapanic,casesbeganto9inNewYorkCity,thesouthwesternUnitedStatesandaroundtheworld.IntheUnitedStates,newcasesseemedtofade10warmerweatherarrived.ButinlateSeptember2009,officialsreportedtherewas11fluactivityinalmosteverystateandthatvirtuallyallthe12testedarethenewswineflu,alsoknownas(A),notseasonalflu.IntheU.S.,ithas13morethanonemillionpeople,andcausedmorethan600deathsandmorethan6,000hospitalizations.Federalhealthofficials14Tamifluforchildrenfromthenationalstockpileand15ordersfromthestatesforthenewswinefluvaccine.Thenewvaccine,whichisdifferentfromtheannualfluvaccine,is16aheadofexpectations.MorethanthreemilliondosesweretobemadeavailableinearlyOctober2009,thoughmostofthose17doseswereoftheFluMistnasalspraytype,whichisnot18forpregnantwomen,peopleover50orthosewithbreathingdifficulties,heartdiseaseorseveralother19.Butitwasstillpossibletovaccinatepeopleinotherhigh-riskgroups:healthcareworkers,people20infantsandhealthyyoung1.[A][D]2.[A][D]3.[A][D]4.[A][D]5.[A][D]6.[A][D]7.[A][D]8.[A][D]9.[A]staycropfill[D]cover10.[A][D]11.[A][D]12.[A][D]13.[A][D]14.[A][D]15.[A][D]16.[A][D]17.[A][D]18.[A][D]19.[A][D]20.[A]involved [B]caringfor[C]concernedwith[D]wardingTheInternetaffordsanonymitytoitsusers,ablessingtoprivacyandfreedomofspeech.Butthatveryanonymityisalsobehindtheexplosionofcyber-crimethathas acrosstheWeb.Canprivacybep2 bringingasemblanceofsafetyandsecuritytoaworldthatseemsincreasingly Lastmonth,HowardS idt,thenation’scyber-czar,offeredtheObama ernmenta tomaketheWebasaferplace—a“voluntarytrustedidentity”systemthatwouldbethehigh-5ofaphysicalkey,fingerprintandaphotoIDcard,allrolled6one.Thesystemmightuseasmartidentitycard,oradigitalcredential7toaspecificcomputer,andwouldauthenticateusersatarangeofonlineservices.Theideaisto8afederationofprivateonlineidentitysystems.Userscould9whichsystemtojoin,andonlyregistereduserswhoseidentitieshavebeenauthenticatedcouldnavigatethosesystems.TheapproachcontrastswithonethatwouldrequireanInternetdriver’slicense10bytheernment.andareamongcompaniesthatalreadyhave“singlesign-on”systemsthatmakeitpossibleforusersto11justoncebutusemanydifferentservices.12,theapproachwouldcreatea“walledgarden”insafe“neighborhoods”andbright“streetlights”toestablishasenseof13community.Mr.Sidtdescribeditasa“voluntaryecosystem”inwhich“individualsandorganizationscancompleteonlinetransactionswith14,trustingtheidentitiesofeachotherandinfrastructurethatthetransactionruns15Still,theadministration’splanhas16privacyrightsactivists.Someapplaudtheapproach;othersareconcerned.Itseemsclearthatsuchaschemeisaninitiativepushtowardwhatwould17beacompulsoryInternet“driver’slicense”mentality.Theplanhasalsobeengreetedwith18bysomecomputersecurityexperts,whoworrythatthe“voluntaryecosystem”envisionedbyMr.SidtwouldstillleavemuchoftheInternet19.TheyarguethatallInternetusersshouldbe20toregisterandidentifythemselves,inthesamewaythatdriversmustbelicensedtodriveonpublicroads.1.[A] [B][C][D]2.[A][B][C][D]3.[A][B][C][D]4.[A][B][C][D]5.[A][B][C][D]6.[A][B][C][D]7.[A][B][C][D]8.[A][B][C][D]9.[A][B][C][D]10.[A][B][C][D]11.[A]carry[B]linger[C]set[D]log12.[A]In[B]In[C]In[D]In13.[A][B][C][D]14.[A][B][C][D]15.[A][B][C][D]16.[A][B][C][D]17.[A][B][C][D]18.[A][B][C][D]19.[A][B][C][D]20.[A][B][C][D]2012MillionsofAmericansandforeignersseeG.I.Joeasamindlesswartoy,thesymbolofAmericanmilitaryadventurism,butthat’snothowitusedtobe.Tothemenandwomenwho1inWorldWarⅡandthepeopletheyliberated,theG.I.wasthe2mangrownintohero,thepoorfarmkidtornawayfromhishome,theguywho3alltheburdensofbattle,whosleptincoldfoxholes,whowentwithoutthe4offoodandshelter,whostuckitoutanddrovebacktheNazireignofmurder.Thiswasnotavolunteersoldier,notsomeonewellpaid,5averageguy,up6thebesttrained,bestequipped,fiercest,mostbrutalenemiesseeninHisnameisnotmuch.G.I.isjustamilitaryabbreviation7 ernmentIssue,anditwasonallofthearticles8tosoldiers.AndJoe?Acommonnameforaguywhonever9ittothetop.JoeBlow,JoePalooka,JoeMagrac…aworkingclassname.TheUnitedStateshas10hadaorvice-orsecretaryofstateG.I.Joehada11careerfightingGerman,Japanese,andKoreantroops.Heappearsasacharacterora12ofAmericanalities,inthe1945movieTheStoryofG.I.Joe,basedonthelastdaysofwarcorrespondentErniePyle.SomeofthesoldiersPyle13portrayedthemselvesinthefilm.Pylewasfamousforcoveringthe14sideofthewar,writingaboutthedirt-snow-and-mudsoldiers,nothowmany were15orwhattownswerecapturedorliberated.Hisreports16the“Willie”cartoonsoffamedStarsandStripesartistBillMaulden.Bothmen17thedirtandexhaustionofwar,the18ofcivilizationthatthesoldierssharedwitheachotherandthecivilians:coffee,tobacco,whiskey,shelter,19Egypt,France,andadozenmorecountries,G.I.JoewasanyAmericansoldier,themostintheir1.[A][B][C][D]2.[A][B][C][D]3.[A][B][C][D]4.[A][B][C][D]5.[A][B][C][D]6.[A][B][C][D]7.[A][B][C][D]8.[A]handed[B]turned[C]brought[D]passed9.[A][B][C][D]10.[A][B][C][D]11.[A][B][C][D]12.[A][B][C][D]13.[A][B][C][D]14.[A][B][C][D]15.[A][B][C][D]16.[A][B][C][D]17.[A][B][C][D]18.[A][B][C][D]19.[A][D]20.[A]onthe[B]bythis[C]fromthe[D]atthat2013Giventheadvantagesofelectronicmoney,youmightthinkthatwewouldmovequicklytothecashlesssocietyinwhichallpaymentsaremadeelectronically. ,atruecashlesssocietyisprobablynotaroundthecorner.Indeed,predictionshavebeen fortwodecadesbuthavenotyetcometofruition.Forexample,BusinessWeekpredictedin1975tha meansofpaymentwouldsoon“revolutionizethevery ofmoneyitself,”onlyto itselfseveralyearslater.Whyhasthemovementtoacashlesssocietybeen inAlthoughelectronicmeansofpaymentmaybemoreefficientthanapaymentssystembasedonpaper,severalfactors thedisappearanceofthepaper ,itis7tosetupthecomputer,cardreader,and municationsnetworksnecessarytomakeelectronicmoneythe8formofpayment.Second,papercheckshavetheadvantagethatthey9receipts,somethingthatmanyconsumersareunwillingto10.Third,theuseofpaperchecksgivesconsumersseveraldaysof“float”—ittakesseveralday11acheckiscashedandfundsare12fromtheissuer’saccount,whieansthatthewriterofthecheckcankeeonthefundsintheme .13electronicpaymentsareimmediate,theyeliminatethefloatfortheconsumer.Fourth,electronicmeansofpaymentmay14securityandprivacyconcerns.Weoftenhearmediareportsthatanunauthorizedhackerhasbeenabletoaccessacomputerdatabaseandtoalterinformation15there.Thefactthatthisisnotan16occurrencemeansthat smightbeabletoaccessbankaccountsinelectronicpaymentssystems17fromsomeoneelse’saccounts.The18ofthistypeoffraudisnoeasytask,andanewfieldofcomputerscienceisdeveloto19securityissues.Afurtherconcernisthattheuseofelectronicmeansofpaymentleavesanelectronic20thatcontainsalargeamount aldata.Thereareconcernsthaternment,employers,andmarketersmightbeabletoaccessthesedata,therebyviolatingourprivacy.1.[A][B][D]2.[A][B][C][D]3.[A][B][C][D]4.[A][B][C][D]5.[A][B][C][D]6.[A][B][C][D]7.[A][B][C][D]8.[A][B][C][D]9.[A][B][C][D]10.[A]give[B]take[C]bring[D]pass11.[A][B][C][D]12.[A][B][C][D]13.[A][B][C][D]14.[A][B][C]15.[A][B][C][D]16.[A] [B] [D]17.[A][B][C][D]18.[A][B][C][D]19.[A]cope[B]fight[C]adapt[D]call20.[A][B][C][D]2014Thinnerisn’talwaysbetter.Anumberofstudieshave1thatnormal-weightpeopleareinfactathigherriskofsomediseasescomparedtothosewhoareoverweight.Andtherearehealthconditionsforwhichbeinerweightisactually2.Forexample,heavierwomenarelesslikelytodevelopcalciumdeficiencythanthinwomen.3,amongtheelderly,beingsomewhatoverweightisoftenan4ofgoodhealth.Ofevengreater5isthefactthatobesityturnsouttobeverydifficulttodefine.Itisoftendefined6bodymassindex,orBMI.BMI7bodymassdividedbythesquareofheight.AnadultwithaBMIof18to25isoftenconsideredtobenormalweight.Between25and30isoverweight.Andover30isconsideredobese.Obesity,8,canbedividedintomoderayobese,severelyobese,andveryseverelyobese.Whilesuchnumericalstandardsseem9,theyarenot.Obesityisprobablylessamatterofweightthanbodyfat.SomepeoplewithahighBMIareinfactextremelyfit,otherswithalowBMImaybeinpoor11.Forexample,manycollegiateandprofessionalfootballplayers12asobese,thoughtheirpercentagebodyfatislow.Conversely,someonewithasmallframemayhavehighbodyfatbuta13BMI.Todaywehavea(an)14tolabelobesityasadisgrace.Theoverweightare15inthemediawiththeirfacescovered.Stereotypes16withobesityincludelaziness,lackofwillpower,andlowerprospectsforsuccess.Teachers,employers,andhealthprofessionalshavebeenshowntoharborbiasesagainsttheobese.17veryyoungchildrentendtolookdownontheoverweight,andteasingaboutbodybuildhaslongbeenaprobleminschools.Negativeattitudestowardobesity,18_inhealthconcerns,havestimulatedanumberofanti-obesity19.Myownhospitalsystemhasbannedsugarydrinksfromitsfacilities.Manyemployershaveinstitutedweightlossandfitnessinitiatives.MiceObamahaslaunchedahigh-visibilityn20childhoodobesity,evenclaimingthatitrepresentsourgreatestnationalsecuritythreat.1.[A][B][C][D]2.[A][B][C]3.[A][B][C][D]4.[A][B][C][D]5.[A][B][C][D]6.[A]interms[B]incase[C]infavor[D]inrespects7.[A][B][C][D]8.[A]in[B]in[C]in[D]in9.[A][B][C][D]10.[A][B][C][D]11.[A][B][C][D]12.[A][B][C][D]13.[A][B][C][D]14.[A][B][C][D]15.[A][B][C][D]16.[A][B][C][D]17.[A][B][D]18.[A][B][C][D]19.[A][B][C][D]20.[A][B][C][D]20102011201220132014Peopleare,onthewhole,pooratconsideringbackgroundinformationwhenmakingindividualdecisions.Atglancethismightseemlikeastrengththat1theabilitytomakejudgmentswhichareunbiasedby2factors.ButDr.UriSimonsohnspeculatedthataninabilitytoconsiderthebig3wasleadingdecision-makerstobebiasedbythedailysamplesofinformationtheywereworkingwith4,hetheorizedthatajudge5ofappearingtoo6crimemightbemorelikelytosendsomeonetoprison7hehadalreadysentencedfiveorsixotherdefendantsonlytoforcedcommunityserviceonthatday.To8thisidea,heturnedtotheuniversity-admissionsprocess.Intheory,the9ofanapplicantshouldnotdependonthefewothers10randomlyforinterviewduringthesameday,butDr.Simonsohnedthetruthwas11.Hestudiedtheresultsof9,323MBAerviewershad13applicantsonascaleofonetofive.Thisscale14numerousfactorsintoconsideration.Thescoreswere15usedinconjunctionwithanapplicant’sscoreontheGraduateManagementAdmissionTest,orGMAT,astandardizedexamwhichis16outof800points,tomakeadecisiononwhethertoaccepthimorher.Dr.Simonsohnfoundifthescoreofthepreviouscandidateinadailyseriesofintervieweeswas0.75pointsormorehigherthanthatoftheone17that,thenthescoreforthenextapplicantwould18byaageof0.075points.Thismightsoundsmall,butto19theeffectsofsuchadecreaseacandidatewouldneed30moreGMATpointsthanwouldotherwisehavebeen20.1.[A] [B][C][D]2.[A] [B][C][D]3.[A] [B][C][D]4.[A]Above[B][C]In[D]For5.[A][B][C][D]6.[A][B][C][D]7.[A][B][C][D]8.[A][B][C][D]9.[A][B][C][D]10.[A][B][C][D]11.[A][B][C][D]12.[A][B][C][D]13.[A][B][C][D]14.[A][B][C][D]15.[A][B][C][D]16.[A][B][C][D]17.[A][B][C][D]18.[A][B][C][D]19.[A][B][C][D]20.[A][B][C][D]TheethicaljudgmentsoftheSupremeCourtjusticeshave eanimportantissuerecently.Thecourtcannot1itslegitimacyasguardianoftheruleoflaw2justicesbehavelikepoliticians.Yet,inseveralinstances,justicesactedinwaysthat3thecourt’sreputationforbeingindependentandimpartial.JusticeAntoninScalia,forexample,appearedatpoliticalevents.Thatkindofactivitymakesitlesslikelythatthecourt’sdecisionswillbe4asimpartialjudgments.Partoftheproblemisthatthejusticesarenot5byanethicscode.Attheveryleast,thecourtshouldmakeitself6tothecodeofconductthat7totherestofthefederaljudiciary.Thisandothersimilarcases8thequestionofwhetherthereisstilla9betweenthecourtandpolitics.TheframersoftheConstitutionenvisionedlaw10havingauthorityapartfrompolitics.Theygavejusticespermanentpositions11theywouldbefreeto12thoseinpowerandhavenoneedto13politicalsupport.Ourlegalsystemwasdesignedtosetlawapartfrompoliticspreciselybecausetheyaresoclosely14.Constitutionallawispoliticalbecauseitresultsfromchoicesrootedinfundamental15likelibertyandproperty.Whenthecourtdealswithsocialpolicydecisions,thelawit16isinescapablypolitical—whichiswhydecisionssplitalongideologicallinesaresoeasily17asunjust.Thejusticesmust18doubtsaboutthecourt’slegitimacybymakingthemselves19tothecodeofconduct.Thatwouldmaketheirrulingsmorelikelytobeseenasseparatefrompoliticsand,20,convincingaslaw.1.[D]2.[D]3.[D]4.[C].8.19.20.[A]byall[B]atall[C]ina[D]asaAncientGreekphilosopherAristotleviewedlaughteras“abodilyexerciseprecioustohealth.” someclaimstothecontrary,laughingprobablyhaslittleinfluenceonphysicalfitness.Laughterdoes short-termchangesinthefunctionoftheheartanditsbloodvessels, heartrateandoxygenconsumption.Butbecausehardlaughterisdifficultto 4,agoodlaughisunlikelytohave benefitstheway,say,walkingorjoggingdoes.6,insteadofstrainingmusclestobuildthem,asexercisedoes,laughterapparentlyplishes 7,studiesdatingbacktothe1930’sindicatethat decreasingmuscletoneforupto45minutesafterthelaughdiesSuchbodilyreactionmightconceivablyhelp9theeffectsofpsychologicalstress.Anyway,theactoflaughingprobablydoesproduceothertypesof10feedback,thatimproveanindividual’semotionalstate.11oneclassicaltheoryofemotion,ourfeelingsarepartiallyrooted12physicalreactions.Itwasarguedat ofthe19thcenturythathumansdonotcry13theyaresadbutthey esadwhenthetearsbegintoflow.Althoughsadnessalso14tears,evidencesuggeststhatemotionscanflow15muscularresponses.Inanexperimentpublishedin1988,socialpsychologistFritzStrackoftheUniversityofWürzburginGermanyaskedvolunteersto16apeneitherwiththeirteeth–therebycreatinganartificials–orwiththeirlips,whichwouldproducea(n)17expression.Thoseforcedtoexercisetheirsmilingmuscles18moreenthusiasticallytofunnycartoonsthandidthosewhosemonthswerecontractedinafrown,19thatexpressionsmayinfluenceemotionsratherthanjusttheotherwayaround20,thephysicalactoflaughtercouldimprovemood.6．[A]In[B]In[C]In[D]In[B]According[C]Due[D]AsIn1924AmericanNationalResearchCouncilsenttwoengineerstosuperviseaseriesofexperimentsataephone-partsfactorycalledtheHawthornePlantnearChicago.Ithopedtheywouldlearnhowshop-floorlighting1workers’productivity.Instead，thestudiesendedgivingtheirnametothe“Hawthorneeffect”,theextremelyinfluentialideathatthevery3ofbeingexperimenteduponchangedsubjects’behavior.Theideaarosebecauseofthe4behaviorofthewomenintheplant.Accordingto5oftheexperimentstheirhourlyoutputrosewhenlightingwasincreased,butalsowhenitwasdimmed.Itdidnot6whatwasdoneintheexperiment;7somethingwaschanged,productivityrose.A(n)8thattheywerebeingexperimenteduponseemedtobe9toalterworkers'behavior10itselfAfterseveraldecades，thesamedatawere11toeconometrictheysis.experimentshadanothersurpriseinstore.12thedescriptionsonrecord，nosystematic13wasfoundthatlevelsofproductivitywererelatedtochangesinlighting.Itturnsoutthatpeculiarwayofconductingtheexperimentsmaybehaveletto14interpretationsofwhathappened.15，lightingwasalwayschangedonaSunday.WhenworkstartedagainonMonday,output16rosecomparedwiththepreviousSaturdayand17toriseforthenextcoupleofdays.18，acomparisonwithdataforweekswhentherewasnoexperimentationshowedthatoutputalwayswentuponMondays.Workers19tobediligentforthefewdaysoftheweekinanycase，before20aplateauandthenslackeningoff.Thissuggeststhatthealleged“Hawthorneeffect”ishardtopindown.1.[A].6.7.[A]asfar[B]forfear[C]incase[D]solong8.9.12.[A]contrary[B]consistent[C]parallel[D]peculiar15.[A]In[B]For[C]In[D]AsResearchonanimalinligencealwaysmakesuswonderjusthowsmarthumansare.1thefruit-flyexperimentsdescribedbyCarlZimmerintheScienceTimes.Fruitflieswhoweretaughttobesmarterthantheaveragefruitfly2toliveshorterlives.Thissuggeststhat3bulbsburnlonger,thatthereisa(n)4innotbeingtoobright.Inligence,it5,isahigh-pricedoption.Ittakesmoreupkeep,burnsmorefuelandisslow6thestartinglinebecauseitdependsonlearning—a(n)7process—insteadofinstinct.Plentyofotherspeciesareabletolearn,andoneofthethingsthey’veapparentlylearnediswhento8.Isthereanadaptivevalueto9inligence?That’sthequestionbehindthisnewresearch.Insteadofcastingawistfulglance10atallthespecieswe’veleftinthedustI.Q.-wise,itimplicitlyaskswhatthereal11ofourowninligencemightbe.Thisis12themindofeveryanimalwe’veevermet.Researchonanimalinligencealsomakesuswonderwhatexperimentsanimalswould13onhumansiftheyhadthechance.Everycatwithanowner,14,isrunningasmall-scalestudyinoperantconditioning.Webelievethat15animalsranthelabs,theywouldtestusto16thelimitsofourpatience,ourfaithfulness,ourmemoryforlocations.Theywouldtrytodecidewhatinligenceinhumansisreally17,notmerelyhowmuchofitthereis.18,theywouldhopetostudya(n) question:Arehumansactuallyawareoftheworldtheylivein?20 resultsareinconclusive.1.[A][B][C][D]2.[A][B][C][D]3.[A][B][C][D]4.[A][B][C][D]5.[A]insists[B]sums[C]turns[D]puts6.[A][B][C][D]7.[A][B][D]8.[A][B][C][D]9.[A][B][C][D]10.[A][B][C][D][B][C][D]12.[A][B][C][D]13.[A][B][C][D]14.[A]by[B]in[C]as[D]for15.[A][B][C][D]16.[A] [C][D]17.[A][B][C][D]18.[A]Above[B]After[C][D]19.[A][B][C][D]20.[A]By[B]In[C]So[D]BetterTheideathatsomegroupsofpeoplemaybemoreinligentthanothersisoneofthosehypothesesthatdarenotspeakitsname.ButGregoryCochranis1tosayitanyway.Heis2bird,ascientistwhoworksindependently3anyinstitution.Hehelpedpopularizetheideathatsomediseasesnot4thoughttohaveabacterialcausewereactuallyinfections,whicharousedmuchcontroversywhenitwassuggested.5he,however,mighttrembleatthe6ofwhatheisabouttodo.Togetherwithanothertwoscientists,heispublishingapaperwhichnotonly7thatonegroupofhumanityismoreinligentthantheothers,butexplainstheprocessthathasbroughtthisabout.Thegroupin8areaparticularpeopleoriginatedfromcentralEurope.Theprocessisnaturalselection.ThisgroupgenerallydowellinIQtest,912-15pointsabovethe10valueof100,andhavecontributed11totheinlectualandculturallifeoftheWest,asthe12oftheirelites,includingseveralworld-renownedscientists,13.Theyalsosuffermoreoftenthanmostpeoplefromanumberofnastygeneticdiseases,suchasbreastcancer.Thesefacts,14,havepreviouslybeenthoughtunrelated.Theformerhasbeen15tosocialeffects,suchasastrongtraditionof16education.Thelatterwasseenasa(an)17ofgeneticisolation.Dr.Cochransuggeststhattheinligenceanddiseasesareintimay18.Hisargumentisthattheunusualhistoryofthesepeoplehas19themtouniqueevolutionarypressuresthathaveresultedinthis stateof1.[A][B][C][D]2.[A][B][C][D]3.[A][B][C][D]4.[A][B][C][D] 5.[A][B][C][D]6.[A][B][C][D]7.[A][B][C][D]8.[A][B][C][D]9.[A][B][C][D]10.[A][B][C][D][B]y[C]y[D]12.[A][B][C][D]13.[A][B][C][D]14.[A][B][C][D]15.[A]given[B]got[C]carried[D]put16.[A][B][C][D]17.[A][B][C]18.[A][B][C][D]19.[A][B][C][D]20.[A] [C][D]By1830theformerSpanishandPortuguesecolonieshad eindependentnations.Theroughly20million1ofthesenationslooked2tothefuture.BorninthecrisisoftheoldregimeandIberiancolonialism,manyoftheleadersofindependence3theidealsofrepresentativeernment,careers4totalent,freedomofcommerceandtrade,the5toprivateproperty,andabeliefintheindividualasthebasisofsociety.6therewasabeliefthatthenewnationsshouldbesovereignandindependentstates,largeenoughtobeeconomicallyviableandintegratedbya7setoflaws.Ontheissueof8ofreligionandthepositionoftheChurch,9,therewaslessagreement10theleadership.RomanCatholicismhadbeent.hestatereligionandtheonly11bytheSpanishCrown.12mostleaderssoughttomaintainCatholicism13thereligionofthenewstates,somesoughttoendthe14ofotherfaiths.ThedefensesoftheChurchbecamearallying15fortheconservativeforces.Theidealsoftheearlyleadersofindependencewereoftenegalitarian,valuingequalityofeverything.BolivarhadreceivedaidfromHaitiandhad16inreturntoabolishslaveryintheareasheliberated.By1854slaveryhadbeenabolishedeverywhereexceptSpain’s17colonies.Earlypromisestoendntributeandtaxesonpeopleofmixedorigincamemuch18becausethenewnationsstillneededtherevenuesuchpolicies19.Egalitariansentimentswereoftentemperedbyfearsthatthemassofthepopulationwas20self-ruleanddemocracy. [A][B][C][D] [A][B][C][D] [A][B][C][D] [A][B][C][D] [A][B][C][D] [A][B][C][D] [A][B][C][D] [A][B][C][D] [A][B][C][D]10.[A][B][C][D]11.[A][B][C][D]12.[A][B][C][D]13.[A][B][C][D]14.[A][B][C][D]15.[A][B][C][D]16.[A][B][C][D]17.[A][B][C][D]18.[A][B][C][D]19.[A][B][C][D]20.[A]puzzled[B]hostile[C]pessimistic[D]unpreparedThehomelessmakeupagrowingpercentageofAmerica’spopulation. ,homelessnesshasreachedsuchproportionsthatlocalernmentcan’t 2.Tohelphomeless independence,thefederalernmentmustsupportjobtraining thewage,andfundmorelow-costhousing. everyoneagreesonthenumberofAmericanswhoarehomeless.Estimates anywherefrom600,000to3million. thefiguremayvary,ystsdoagreeonanothermatter:thatthenumberofthehomelessis 8.Oneofthefederalernment’sstudies thatthenumberofthehomelesswillreachnearly19millionbyofthisFindingwaysto10thisgrowinghomelesspopulation eincreasingly11whenhomelessindividualsmanagetofinda12thatwillgivethemthreemealsadayandaplacetosleepatnight,agoodnumberstillspendthebulkofeachday13thestreet.Partoftheproblemisthatmanyhomelessadultsareaddictedtoalcoholordrugs.Andasignificantnumberofthehomelesshaveseriousmentaldisorders.Manyothers,14notaddictedormentallyill,simplylacktheeveryday15skillsneededtoturntheirlives16.BostonGlobereporterChrisReidynotesthatthesituationwillimproveonlywhenthereare17programsthataddressthemanyneedsofthehomeless.18EdwardBlotkowsk,directorofcommunityserviceatBentleyCollegeinMassachusetts,19it,“Therehastobe20ofprograms.What’sneededisapackagedeal.”[A] [B] [D][A] [B] [C] [D][A] [B] [C] [D][A] [B] [C] [D][A] [C] [D][A] [B] [C] [D][A]Now [C] [D]Except[A] [B] [C] [D][A] [B] [C] [D][A] [B] [C] [D][A] [B] [C] [D][A] [B] [C] [D][A] [B] [C] [D][A] [C] [D][A] [B] [C] [D][A] [B] [C] [D][A] [B] [C] [D][A] [B] [D][A] [B] [C] [D][A] [B] [C] [D]Thehumannoseisanunderratedtool.Humansareoftenthoughttobeinsensitivesmellerscomparedwithanimals,1thisislargelybecause,2animals,westanduptight.Thismeansthatournosesare3toperceivingthosesmellswhichfloatthroughtheair,4themajorityofsmellswhichsticktosurfaces.Infact5,weareextremelysensitivetosmells,6wedonotgenerallyrealizeit.Ournosesarecapableof7humansmellsevenwhentheseare8tofarbelowonepartinoneStrangely,somepeoplefindthattheycansmellonetypeofflowerbutnotanother,9othersaresensitivetotheretailsofbothflowers.Thismaybebecausesomepeopledonothavetesnecessarytogenerate10smellreceptorsinthenose.Thesereceptorsarethecellswhichsensesmellsandsend11tothebrain.However,ithasbeenfoundthatevenpeopleinsensitivetoacertainsmell12cansuddenly esensitivetoitwhen13toitoftenTheexplanationforinsensitivitytosmellseemstobethatbrainfindsit14tokeepallsmellreceptorsworkingallthetimebutcan15newreceptorsifnecessary.Thismay16explainwhywearenotusuallysensitivetoourownsmellswesimplydonotneedtobe.Wearenot17oftheusualsmellofourownhousebutwe18newretailswhenwevisitsomeoneelse's.Thebrainfindsitbesttokeepsmellreceptors19forunfamiliarandemergencysignals