汽车设计术语英文概要

汽车设计术语-英文版大纲汽车设计术语-英文版大纲汽车设计术语-英文版大纲CarDesignGlossaryAirdam:Afoiloraerodynamicdevice,oftenpositionedunderthefrontbumper.A-pillar:Thefirstsetofstructuralroofsupportsateithersideofthewindshield.Thenextsetofpillars,behindthefrontdoors,iscalledB-pillars,andthosebehindthereardoorsarecalledC-pillars.SomelimousinesandstationwagonshaveD-pillars.Alloywheel:Awheelcastfromalloysofaluminumormagnesium,usuallyinonepiece.(Seealso“Discwheel”and“Wirewheel.”Applied(fenderortrim:Fastenedontoorstampedintothesurfaceofthebody.Armature:Thewooden,metalorhard-foamsupportingstructureunderaclaymodel.Attitude:Whenavehiclehasanoticeabledemeanorandissaidtobeaggressive,playful,intimidatingetc.Canalsodescribethevehiclesoverallrelationshiptotheground.Axes:Inlocatingpointsonacarbody,designersanddraftsmenusetheconventionalthree3Dreferencelines:longitudinal,verticalandcross-car.TheselinesoraxesarelabeledX-Y-Z.(Seealso“Zeropoint.”Backlight:Therearwindowoppositethewindshield.Badgeengineering:Thepracticeofapplyingdifferentnameplatestocarswithidenticalorverysimilarsheetmetal.Bakeoff:Ashowdownbetweendesignproposals,usuallyheldintheformofashowwithclaymodelsfromrivalstudiosordesigners.“Banana”:Theopeningbetweenthetopofthesteering-wheelrimandthehubthroughwhichthedrivercanseetheinstrumentpanel.Beadorbeading:Aformed,oftenornamentalmolding,usuallypliable,sometimesfittedasasealer(“welting”betweentwoexteriorbodypanels;e.g.betweenfendersandbody.Mayalsoberigidasin“fenderbeading”.Flexiblebeadingissometimesusedtotrimcarupholstery.Bellypan:Apartialorfullsurface,usuallyofsheetmetal,affixedtotheundersideofacarbody.Thebellypanactsasanaerodynamicaid.Beltline:Thehorizontalareaofthebodyalongthedoorjustbelowtheside-windowglass.Bezel:Ashaped,usuallyornamental,oftenbrightedgingaroundafunctionalbodycomponent,e.g.lights,gauges,emblems,medallions,etc.Blackmetal:Thestructural,supportinginnersheetmetalofabodyusuallypaintedblack.Blindquarter:Awidesailpanel,q.v.Bling:Whencertaindetailsofavehiclesuchasthegrill,wheels,trim,moldings,badgesandotherornamentationarefinishedwithparticularflarewiththeuseofinchromeoranybrightscintillatingfinish.Thescaleofthedetailsinquestionmusttypicallybeoutsizedtoincreasenotability.Whenavehiclesdetailsaredeliberatelydesignedtocatchattentionandsuggestwealthandstatus.Boattail:Therearofacarboyshapedliketheupside-downprowofaboat.Bodyinwhite:Thefinishedbutunmountedandunpaintedbody.It’scalled“inwhite”becauseethoriginalprotectiveundercoatwaswhiteorlightyellow.Bodysweeps:(See“Sweeps.”Boneline:Ahard,raisedlongitudinalpeakinthesheetmetal,usuallyalongthesideofthecarbody;moremassivethanacharacterline(q.v..Boot:(See“Topboot.”.Box,one-,two-,three-:Bodymorphologyisoftendescribedintermsofone-box,two-boxandthree-box.Aone-boxbodyusuallyreferstoavan,whosebodylookslikeonebigbox.AstationwagonorsomethingliketheVWRabbitqualifiesasatwo-boxbody,thehoodbeingoneboxandthecabinthesecond.Andathree-boxbodyisusuallyaconventionalsedanorcoupe:hood,cabinandtrunk.Alsocalled-,two-andthree“-oneshape.”B-pillar:(See-pillar“A.”Bridge:Anupside-down-U-shapeddevicethatridesonsiderailsoveraclaymodel.It’susedtotakereferencepointsandmakeaccuratemeasurementsofthemodel.Brow:Araisedorprotrudingareaaboveoraroundanarch,likeaheadlamporwheelwell.Buck:(See“Seatingbuck.”Bumper:Aprotectivebarorareaprotrudingfromtheextremefrontorrearofacarbody.Bumperpan:Sheetmetalthatextendsdownwardfromthebumper.(Sometimescalled“modestypanel”or“modestyskirt.”Bustleback:Acarbodywithanattachedluggagecompartment.Bulkhead:Alarge,reinforced,crossbracingsheetmetalpanel,typicallybehindtherearseatofacarbody.Cast(to:Toformmetalorplasticbypouringthemoltensubstanceintoamoldandlettingitsolidify.(Seealso-casting.“Die”Cataloguecustom:Acoachbuiltcustombodydisplayedinandsoldthroughanautomaker’sdealercatalogue.(Seealso“Seriescustom.”Catwalk:Theareabetweenthefrontfenderandhood.Thewordwascommonlyusedforcarsofthelate1930’sandearly1940’s,whencatwalksextendedfromthefronbumpertothedoorcuts.Centerline:Ahypotheticallinedrawnlongitudinallythroughthecenterofadevelopingcarbody,alsoknownastheXaxis.Chamfer:Thejunctureoftwoangledorbeveledflatsurfaces.Channel(to:Toloweracarbodybycuttingouttheflooranddroppingthebodydownovertheframerails.Characterline:Araisedorindented,creasedorpeakedlineonasmoothsurfacethataddsstronger-thannormal-interesttothecar’saesthetics.“Cheat”(to:Toexaggerateadesignfeaturesketchinormodelinordertoimprovethecar’sappearanceorproportions,suchasstretchingthewheelbaseandloweringtheheightofthebody.CHMSL:Centerhigh-mountedstoplight(pronouncedChimsel.Chop(to:Tolowerthetoporgreenhouseofacarbodybycuttingoutafewincheshorizontallyandre-weldingthepillarsandpanels.Coefficientofdrag(Cd:Anumericalvaluerepresentingaerodynamicefficiency.Thelowerthevalue,themoreefficienttheshape.Coordinatemeasuringmachine:(See“Scanner.”Coupledistance:Thedistancebetweenthefront-andrear-seatH-points(q.v.;acriticalinteriorpackagingdimension.Coved:Recessed.Cowl:Thesurfacedandstructuralbodycomponentatthefrontofthepassengercompartmentbetweentheenginehoodandthemainbodybacktothewindshield.Cowlsvarytremendouslyindetailandconstruction,butthetypicalcowlismadeupofthefirewallandextendsbacktomeettheinstrumentpanel.C-pillar:(See-pillar“A.”Crown:Adomedareaofthehood,fendersorroof.Alsoasubtleriseorconvexityinasurfacetomakeitlookstraightorflatinsteadofsunken.Custom(body:Aspecialorcoachbuiltautomobilebodyuniquelydesignedandfabricated,asopposedtomassproduced-bodies.(Seealso“Catalogueandcustom”“Seriescustom.”Cutline:Thelinearoundanopenablebodypanel;e.g.doors,hoodanddecklid.“Dash”(inbodyengineering:Insomecarcompanies,the“-dashimportantline”isanallmeasuringmarkerfromwhichbody-lengthdimensionsaretaken.Duringdesign,theactual“dash”(firewallisextensivelyalteredtoaccommodateintrusionbythetransmission,ducting,controls,etc.,soitrarelycoincideswiththetheoreticalshouldneverbyconfusedwith“Instrumentpanel,”q.v.Dashboard:Inveryearlycars,anuprightwoodenormetalpanelatthefrontofthebody.Thiswasaholdoverfromdayswhenthedashboardliterallyshieldedthecarriagefromthehorseandroadsplash.Inmoremoderncars,theword“dashboardusedinterchangeablywiththemorecorrectterm,“instrumentpanel,”q.v.

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issometiDash-to-axle:Thedistancefromthe“dash”lineorpoint-toaxlethecenterlinefrontinsideview.Thisisacrucialdimensionincreatinginterchangeablebodyprograms.Daylightopening(orDLO:Theperimeterofanycarwindow,includingthewindshieldandbacklight.Deck:Theuppersurfaceoftheluggagecompartment.Deck(to:Toclearthedecklidofornamentation.Decklid:Thelidoftheluggagecompartment.Diecast(to:(See“Cast.”Diecasting:Apartformedbypouringamoltenmetalalloy,oftenbronzeorzinc,intoamold.Diemodel:Themastermodel,traditionallyhandcarvedfrommahoganythatservedasthefinal,correctguideformakingsheetmetalstampingdies.Di-Noc:Aregisteredtradenameby3Mforathin,highlyflexible,stretchable,paintableplasticfilmusedtocoverclaymodelstogivethemcolorandgloss.Di-Noccanbepaintedafteraddinganelasticizer.Painted,it’susually-watersoakedsolutionnahottomakeitpliable.ThenameDi-Nocalsoreferstoanornamentalfilmusedinthea930’sthroughtheearly1950’stobondwoodgrainandotherornamentalpatternstogarnishmoldings,instrumentpanels,station-wagonexteriors,etc.Discwheel:Asteelwheelwhosecenterisstampedononepiece.(Seealso“Artillerywheel”and“Wirewheel.”DLO:Daylightopening,q.v.sidewindowarea.Dogleg:Anangledbend,oftenatthetrailingedgeofawindow;alsowherethereardoorcurvesaroundtherearwheelhouseofafour-doorbodystyle.D-pillar:(See-pillar“A”.Drawdepth:Thedepthtowhichastampingpresscanpushorfoldametalsheetorpanel.Dripmolding:Themolding-like,U-shapedtroughorgutterattheloweredgeoftheroofthatcatchesrainwaterandcarriesitawayfromthewindowsanddoors.Dutchman:Onasedanorcoupe,thesheetmetalsurfaceorpanelbetweenthebacklightandthetopedgeofthedecklid.Eggcrate:Ageometric,crosshatchpatternofsquaresorrectangles,usuallyusedinreferencetogrilletexture.Elevation:Asseeninfront,rearorsideviews.Asideelevation,forexample,isasideview.(Theplanortopviewisnotdefinedasanelevation.Envelopebody:Acarbodywhosesideshavenovisualoractualside-surfaceinterruptionsorbreaks.Escutcheon:Anornamental,protectiveplateorsurround,likethebright,raisedareaaroundakeyhole.Extrusion:Apart,likeamolding,formedbyforcingorextrudingthematerialthroughashapedorifice.“Eyeenvelope”:Theovalareaonaninstrument-paneldrawingthattheoreticallyshowstherangeofhumanvision.Theideaistokeepcontrolsandgaugeswithintheeyeenvelope.Facelift:Designchangesthatmakeafamiliarstyleorornamentlookfreshanddifferent.Fascia:Theinstrumentpanel(q.v.;usuallyBritish;alsoaflexiblematerialthatcoversabumper.Fast:Awordusedtodescribetheangleortiltofawindshieldorbacklight.The“faster”theglass,themorenearlyhorizontalitis.Its“fastnessdegrees

”ismeasured(horizontaland90?(vertical;i.e.a57?windshieldisfasterthanonestandingmoreuprightat80?.Fastback:Abodyshapeinwhichtheroofslopesdownwardattherearandblendsintothedeckorluggagecompartmentwithnonotchorvisualbreak.“Feaseout”(to:Tominedetrthefeasibilityormanufacturabilityofadesign.Thisisusuallyanengineeringfunction.Fender:Thepanelorareaoverthewheelthatconstrainsroadsplashatspeed.(Seealso“pontoonfender”and“Suitcasefender.”Fenderbeading:(See“Beading.”Fendercrown:(See“Crown.”Fenderskirt:Apanelorcovering,usuallyofsheetmetal,thatcoversawheelarch(q.v.orfenderopening.Fendervalance:(See“Valance.”Fillet(to:Aconcave,transitionalsurfacethatfills,matesorblendstwointersectingsurfaces.Firewall:Theverticalwoodenorsheetmetalpanelthatseparatestheenginecompartmentfromthepassengercompartment.Five-axis(millingmachine:AmillingmachinethatcanbeprogrammednotonlytofollowtheconventionalX-Y-Zaxesbutwhichalsokeepsthemillingheadperpendicular(normaltothesurfaceatalltimes.Theseadditionaltwo“axes”areprogrammethecomputerasfront-to-rearandside-tosideinstructions.(Theconceptoffiveactualaxesismisleading;therearestillonlythree.Flag:Thetriangularareaofacar’sfrontdoor,justabovethebeltlineandbehindtheA-pillar,towhichtheoutsiderearviewmirrorisoftenattached.Theflagalsoshortensthefront-doorglass,allowingittolowercompletelyintothedoor.Flange:Acollar,rimorotherbodycomponentthataddsstrengthorprovidesameansofattachinganotherpart.Fome-Cor:Atradenameforamaterialusedinthedesigningofinteriorbucksandmockups.Fome-Cortypicallyconsistsofa1/8to_inchsheetofStyrofoamsandwichedbetweentwolayersofheavy,whitepaper.Frame-integral:Anothertermfor“unitizedbody,”q.v.Garnishmolding(orgarnishrail:Trimmoldingsondoors,usuallytoornamentinteriorwindowframes.Gesture:Whenavehiclehasimpliedmotioninitsstylinglinesandshapes.Greenhouse:Thatpartofthecarbodyabovethebeltlinethatincludestheroof,pillarsandglass.Grille:Aperforatedpanelorareausuallyornamented.(SeealsoGroundclearance:Thedistancefromthelowestpointonthechassis,excludingwheels,toalevelroadsurface.

“RadiatorgrilleGutter:(See“dripmolding.”Halocar:Anautomobileintendedtostimulateinterestinorlendprestigetoanautomobileline.Example:TheviperisahalocarforDodge.Hardpoints:Specificlocations,usuallycalledoutonafull-sizedbodydraft,ofpointsthathavetobeadheredtowhendesigningsurfaces.Hardpointsincludeaxlecenterlines,seats,pedallocations,roofandsillheights,luggage-compartmentdimensions,etc.Hardtoporhardtopconvertible:AbodystylethatlacksB-pillarssothat,althoughtheroofisrigid(usuallysteel,ithastheconfigurationofaconvertible.Header:Thehorizontalbeamorstructuralmemberabovethewindshield.Headlinerorheadlining:Theinnertrimliningofacarroofusuallymadefromclothandsuspendedbystiff,hiddenwires.Late-modelheadlinersareoftenmoldedfromfoamorcardboardandfacedwithfabric.Highlight:Lightthatbouncesnoticeablyoffapeakorlineorconvexsurface.Hingepillar:Abodypillartowhichdoorhingesareattached.Hood:Theopenablecoveringovertheenginecompartmentinafront-enginedcar,usuallymadeofsheetmetalandhingedatthefront,rearorsides.H-point:Thepoint,usuallycalledoutonafull-sized,side-viewbodydraft,wherethedriver’shipsocketrestsnearthejunctionofthe-frontseacushionandtheseatback.Instrumentpanel(also“i.p.”:Theboardormetalpanelaheadofthefrontseatthathousesthegauges,controlsandgloveompartmentsc.(Seealso“Dash”and“Dashboard.”Kickpanel:Theprotectiveinteriorpanelaheadofthefrontdoor.Linedrawing:Anoutlinesketchwithoutshadingorcolor.Lipmolding(also“-lipwheelmoding”:Ornamentalbrighttrimthatoutlinesandvisuallyreinforcesafenderwheelcut.Louver:Aslitornarrowopeningtoletair,lightorwaterinorout.Somelouversarehingedandadjustable.Mathematical(or“math”model:Acomputermodel,based-Yon-ZancoordinateXsystem,ofasurfaceorsurfaces.(See“Scanner.”Metalflakepaint:Paintthathastinyflakes,usuallyofbrightaluminum,suspendedintheliquid.Mockup:Arepresentation,usuallyofthefinalshapeofastyledorengineeredbody.Canbemadeofwood,fiberglass,metaloranycombination.Molding:Anapplied,raisedstrip,sometimestocoverajointbetweenbodypanelsorinlatercarspressedinforornamentation.Monochromatic:Ofasinglecolor.Monocoque:Atypeofbodyconstructioninwhichtheskinsarestressedtoformpartofthesupportingstructure.Motif:Arepeatedpatternortheme.Mule:Aprototypecar,usuallybuiltwithnewmechanicalsunderanold,cobbledbody.Muscular:whenadesignmimicshumanandanimalforms.Thedesignssurfacesarehandledinawaythathasmuscle-likedefinition.Noble:Whenavehicleoverallaestheticandproportionscommandsattention,suggestfinancialsuccessandsocialdistinction.Notchback:Abodystyleinwhicharelativelyuprightbacklightjoinsamorehorizontalreardeck,thejoinforminganotch.Offsets:Anumericalsystemoflocatingpoints(q.v.alongX-Y-Zaxes(q.v.ona3Dbodysurface.Ogee:AnyS-shapedcurve.One-off:Aone-of-a-kindcar,bodystyleorbodytype.Organic:whensurfacesaremadetoblendtogetherseamlessly.Formsthatappeartohavegrownbiologically.Oscar:Thenamegivenbycardesignerstothe90th-percentilehumanformthatdeterminesstandardinteriorandseatingdimensions.Oscarcantaketheformeitherofanarticulatedplasticmannequinoraline-defineddrawingintheCADcomputer.Overcrown(to:Toraiseabovethesurroundingcrownedsurface.Overhang:Theamountofbody/chassisstructure,includingbumpers,asseeninsideviewaheadofthefrontaxlecenterlineandbehindtherearaxlecenterline.“Pack(the:Adrawingorseriesofspecificationsthattellwhereacar’s“hardpoints”locationsofaxles,runninggear,seats,instrumentpanel,roofheight,doorsills,etc.Thepackageisoftendeterminedbyengineering,andthedesignstaffhastomakesurfacedetailsconformtotheparameterscalledfor.Peak:Asharpridgestampedintoabodysurface,usuallydirectedupward(See“Windsplit.”Pillar:Anupright,usuallystructuralbodymemberthatseparatesdoorsorwindows.Pinstripe:Anarrowappliedorpaintedstripe,usuallyinabright,contrastingcolor.Planview:Asseenfromthetop.Platform:Theengineeringbasesforacar.Thewordisusedbothforthetheoreticalcarduringitsplanningstagesandforthefinishedcarasbuilt.Platform-teamconcept:Theideaofdevelopinganewcarorcarlinebyamulti-disciplinaryproductteam.Insteadofhavingeachdiscipline(design,engineering,marketing,manufacturing,advertising,etc.workseparatelyandsequentially,theplatformteamcomestogetheratthebeginningandseesthecarthroughfromconcepttoshowroom.TheideahaslongbeenusedinJapan.Amongtheadvantages:greaterspeedofdevelopment,bettercommunications,andfewerproceduralmistakes.Points:Specificsurfacelocationsonanautomobilebody-Y-’Zaxes,Xdesignatednumerically.(See“Hardpoints.”Pointtaker:(See“Scanner.”Pontoonfenders:Rounded,tapered,teardrop-shapedfenderspopularduringthe1930’s.Prismacolor:Atradenameforcoloredpencilscommonlyusedbyautodesigners.Prototype:Inautomobiledesign,arealistic,sometimesrunningfull-sized,three-dimensionalrepresentationofanentirecar,usuallymadeofwood,fiberglass,metaloracombination.Proveoutmodel:Amodelmadetoconfirmthatadrawingornumericalmodelappearsasexpected.Pullcup:Ahandleorareaofthedoorinnertrimpanel,oftenrecessedintothearmrest,usedtopullthedoorshut.Quarterpanel:Thatpartofacarbodysidecomprisingtherearfenderfromthereardooropeningback.Quarterwindow:Asmall,usuallymovableglasspanenexttoalargerwindowthatallowsthedirectingofairintooroutofthecabin.Technically,thequarterwindowisinorbehindthereardoor,butthetermsisalsousedtorefertothefrontventipane(q.v.R&D:Researchanddevelopment.Radiatorgrille:Theprotective,oftenornamentedareaorstructureaheadoftheengineradiator,usuallyatthefrontcenterofthebody.Radiatorshell:Anornamental,conformingcasethatensheathsthediatorra.It’softenplatedandhassomeformofgrilleormeshoverthefront.Rake(windshieldorglass:(See“Fast.”Rampangle:Theangleofadrivewayorrampthatcanaffectbodyoverhang(q.v..Overhangthat’stoolongortoolowwillscrapeasharplyngledarampwhenthecarpassesoverit.Rendering:Adrawingorillustrationthatincludesshadinganddetail.Restrike:Atermusedinmetalstamping.Afterabodypartlikeahoodorfenderhasbeenpressed,arestrike—anadditionalstampingaction—canchangetheoriginalpartsothatitlooksdifferentorfitsadifferentcar.Reveal:(See“Windowreveal.”Revealmolding:Themoldingortrimsurroundingorincorporatedintoawindowreveal.Rocker(also“rockerpanel”:Thelongitudinalsillalongmofthebottobody,beneaththedoors.Oncarswithrunningboards,therockerareacoveredthechassisframe.Onmoremoderncars,itfinishestheareabelowthedoors.Rockermolding:Ornamentaltrimfastenedtotherockerpanel.Sailpanel:ThesolidareasattherearofthegreenhousethatcovertheC-orD-pillarsandjointherearsidewindowstothebacklight.Scanner:Anelectronicmachinethatcantakeandrecordprecisemeasurementsofthree-dimensionalsurfaces.Typically,ascannerhasanarticulatedarmwithaprobeattheendthateitherphysicallytouchesthesurfaceor“scans”itwithalaserprobe.Thescanner,byassigningdigitizednumbersbasedonanX-Y-Zcoordinatesystemandazeropoint,formsapoint-by-pointmathematicalmodelofthesurface.(Alsocalled“pointtaker”and“coordinatemeasuringmachine.”Scoop:Anopen-frontedareaofthebodydesignedtoletinair.Seatingbuck:Anaccuraterepresentationoftheinteriorofacar,includingseats,pedals,instruments,steeringwheel,doorsandfloor.Someseatingbucksarecreatedtoevaluatestyle;otherscanbeusedtoproveoutergonomics,comfort,dooropenings,etc.Section(to:Toloweracarbodybycuttingahorizontalstripoutofthesheetmetalallthewayaroundandthenreweldingtherematedsurfaces.Section(indiagramform:representationofabodyorpartofabodyasifitwerecutandviewedat90?.Seriescustom:Custombodiesmadeupinsmallbatches,usuallyrangingfromfiveto25.Alsocalled“semicustom.”Sightlines:Theoreticallinesfromthedriver’seyestoobjectsinsidethecar(instrumentsandcontrolsandalsobeyondoroutsidethecarwindows.Sill:Thelongitudinalbodyrailbelowinthedooropeningsandabovetherocker(q.v..Speedstreaks:Pressed-inbodymoldingsthatrepresenttrailsofwatersweptbackbytherushofwindatspeed.Spinner:Theornamental,usuallyraisedorprojectingcenterofawheel,wheelcoveringorradiatorgrille.Spline:Agentlycurvedorarchedsurface.Thewordalsoreferstoalongmetalorwoodenstripusedtoformacurveorarch.Spoiler:Alowwing,usuallyfixedtothetoprearsurfaceofthedecklid.Itsfunctiononracecarsistoreduceaerodynamiclift.Inmostproductioncars,thespoilerisornamental.Subframe:Achassisstructureboltedorweldedtothefrontorrearundersideofaunitizedbody(q.v.thatcarriestheengineand/orsuspension.Suitcasefender:Afenderwithabasicallyrectangularshape,althoughusuallyroundedalongtheleadingedge.Thesuitcasefenderwaspopularinthelate1930

’s.Surfaceplate:Alarge,preciselymachinedsteelorgraniteplatethatformsthebaseformakingaccuratedimensionalbodymeasurements.Swage:Araisedmoldingorwindsplit(q.v.usedtostiffenalargepanelofsheetmetal.Sweeps:Longtemplates,usuallymadeofwood,metalorplastic,usedforlayingindifferentcurvaturesorradiitoafull-sizeddrawingorclaymodel.Standardsweepsarenumbered1through100.Eachsweepnumberrepresentsa1/8-inchriseina60-incharc.(Example:a#8sweephasan8/8orone-inchrise.Socalled-“favoritesweeps”arealsodesignatedAthroughU.Allsweepsarebasedonachordallengthoffivefeet.Sweepspear:Atypicallyhorizontalbodyornamentation,usuallywithakickup,oftenconsistingofabright,appliedmoldingbutsometimesalsohavingacontrastingpaintcoloroutlinedbyandcontainedinsidebrighttrim.“Sweeten”(to:Indesign,tosmoothandimprovetheaestheticflowofasurfaceorline.Tapedrawing:Full-sized“drawings”ofsideandend-bodycarelevationsmadewithlong,thinstripsofflexibleadhesivetape.Thetape—usuallyinrolls,blackandabout1/8inchwide—canberepositioned,soit’shandierthandrawingwithpencilorpen.Template:Ahard,cut-outrepresentationofabodysurfaceatacertainsection.Takenvertically,templatesaremadeononesideofaclaymodeltoaccuratelyreproducesectionseitherontheothersideofthemodelorinadrawing.Tension:Apurposefullyimperfectdesignfeature.Aconflictingsetofthemescombinedtogenerateinterestandcontroversy.Whentwosurfacesmeetinanunexpectedway,oradetailisdeliberatelyexaggeratedtheresultantaestheticissometimesatoddswiththerestofthetheme.Theme:Aloosedesignidea,usuallyinsketchormodelform,thatcapturestheessenceofaprojectgoal;thatinspiresandp