unit6howtomarkabook课文翻译大学英语四

unit6howtomarkabook课文翻译大学英语四unit6howtomarkabook课文翻译大学英语四18/18薅PAGE18袂螄芁螆膈莈芇肁薁莃莀螇蕿虿蚅荿蚄羂蒀蚇螆薆蒇羁莃薁蒀芃膇袇袅艿膂膁薀膃薈聿薇螂膅羄蚀膃罿羆肄肀羃薃螀肃荿芇螆薂螂膂袀羃蒆蒈芄袀蒁螁羀袃袇虿羆膈薄蚄罿腿芈肂莄膆芃虿聿unit6howtomarkabook课文翻译大学英语四Unit6HOWTOMARKABOOK

"Don'tevermarkinabook!"Thousandsofteachers,librariansandparentshavesoadvised.ButMortimerAdlerdisagrees.Hethinkssolongasyouownthebookandneedn'tpreserveitsphysicalappearance,markingitproperlywillgrantyoutheownershipofthebookinthetruesenseofthewordandmakeitapartofyourself.

Youknowyouhavetoread"betweenthelines"togetthemostoutofanything.Iwanttopersuadeyoutodosomethingequallyimportantinthecourseofyourreading.Iwanttopersuadeyouto"writebetweenthelines."Unlessyoudo,youarenotlikelytodothemostefficientkindofreading.Youshouldn'tmarkupabookwhichisn'tyours.Librarians(oryourfriends)wholendyoubooksexpectyoutokeepthemclean,andyoushould.IfyoudecidethatIamrightabouttheusefulnessofmarkingbooks,youwillhavetobuythem.Therearetwowaysinwhichonecanownabook.Thefirstisthepropertyrightyouestablishbypayingforit,justasyoupayforclothesandfurniture.Butthisyouhavemadeitapartofyourself,andthebestwaytomakeyourselfapartofitisbywritinginit.Anillustrationmaymakethepointclear.Youbuyabeefsteakandtransferitfromthebutcher'siceboxtoownthebeefsteakinthemostimportantsenseuntilyouconsumeitandgetitintoyourbloodstream.Iamarguingthatbooks,too,mustbeabsorbedinyourbloodstreamtodoyouanygood.best-sellers--unread,untouched.(Thisindividualownswood-pulpandink,notbooks.)Thesecondhasagreatmanybooks--afewofthemreadthrough,mostofthemdippedinto,butallofthemascleanandshinyasthedaytheywerebought.(Thispersonwouldprobablyliketomakebookshisown,butisrestrainedbyafalserespectfortheirphysicalappearance.)Thethirdhasafewbooksormany--everyoneofthemdog-earedanddilapidated,shakenandloosenedbycontinualuse,markedandscribbledinfromfronttoback.(Thismanownsbooks.)Isitfalserespect,youmayask,topreserveintactabeautifullyprintedbook,anelegantlyboundedition?Ofcoursenot.I'dnomorescribblealloverafirsteditionof"ParadiseLost"thanI'dgivemybabyasetofcrayonsandanoriginalRembrandt!Iwouldn'tmarkupapaintingorastatue.Itssoul,sotospeak,isinseparablefromitsbody.Andthebeautyofarareeditionorofarichlymagnificentbindingorprintinggetsintheway,buyyourselfacheapeditionandpayyourrespectstotheauthor.Whyismarkingupabookindispensabletoreading?First,itkeepsyouawake.(AndIdon'tmeanmerelyconscious;Imeanwideawake.)Inthesecondplace,reading,ifitisactive,isthinking,andthinkingtendstoexpressitselfinwords,spokenorwritten.Themarkedbookisusuallythethought-throughbook.Finally,writinghelpsyourememberthethoughtsyouhad,orthethoughtstheauthorexpressed.Letmedevelopthesethreepoints.Ifreadingistoaccomplishanythingmorethanpassingtime,itmustbeactive.youcan'tletyoureyesglideacrossthelinesofabookandcomeupwithanunderstandingofwhatyouhaveread.Nowanordinarypieceoflightfiction,like,say,"GonewiththeWind,"doesn'trequirethemostactivekindofreading.Thebooksyoureadforpleasurecanbereadinastateofrelaxation,andnothingislost.Butagreatbook,richinideasandbeauty,abookthatraisesandtriestoanswergreatfundamentalquestions,demandsthemostactivereadingofwhichyouarecapable.Youdon'tabsorbtheideasofJohnDeweythewayyouabsorbthecrooningofMr.Vallee.Youhavetoreachforthem.Thatyoucannotdowhileyou'reasleep.If,whenyou'vefinishedreadingabook,thepagesarefilledwithyournotes,youknowthatyoureadactively.ThemostfamousactivereaderofgreatbooksIknowisPresidentHutchins,oftheUniversityofChicago.HealsohasthehardestscheduleofbusinessactivitiesofanymanIknow.Heinvariablyreadwithpencil,andsometimes,whenhepicksupabookandpencilintheevening,hefindshimself,insteadofmakingintelligentnotes,drawingwhathecalls"caviarfactories"onthemargins.Whenthathappens,heputsthebookdown.Heknowshe'stootiredtoread,andhe'sjustwastingtime.But,youmayask,whyiswritingnecessary?Well,thephysicalactofwriting,withyourownhand,bringswordsandsentencesmoresharplybeforeyourmindandandsentencesyouhaveread,andthequestionstheyhaveraisedinyourmind,isthefollowingweekoryear,andthereareallyourpointsofagreement,disagreement,doubtandinquiry.It'slikeresuminganinterruptedconversationwiththeadvantageofbeingabletopickupwhereyouleftoff.Andthatisexactlywhatreadingabookshouldbe:aconversationbetweenyouandtheauthor.Presumablyheknowsmoreaboutthesubjectthanyoudo;naturallyyou'llhavetheproperhumilitydon'tletanybodytellyoulearnerhastoquestionhimselfandquestiontheteacher.Heevenhastoarguewithliterallyanexpressionofyourdifferences,oragreementsofopinion,withtheauthor.Thereareallkindsofdevicesformarkingabookintelligentlyandfruitfully.Here'sthewayIdoit:

Underlining:ofmajorpoints,ofimportantorforcefulstatements.

Verticallinesatthemargin:toemphasizeastatementalreadyunderlined.

Star,asterisk,orotherdoo-dadatthemargin:tobeusedsparingly,to

emphasizethetenortwentymostimportantstatementsinthebook.

Numbersinthemargin:toindicatethesequenceofpointstheauthormakesindevelopingasingleargument.Numberofotherpagesinthemargin:toindicatewhereelseinthebookthe

authormadepointsrelevanttothepointmarked;totieuptheideasinabook,which,thoughtheymaybeseparatedbymanypages,belongtogether.6.Circlingofkeywordsorphrases.7.Writinginthemargin,oratthetoporbottomofthepage,forthesakeof:recordingquestions(andperhapsanswers)whichapassageraiseinyourmind;reducingacomplicateddiscussiontoasimplestatement;recordingthesequenceoftomakeapersonalindexoftheauthor'spointsintheorderoftheirappearance.readingthebookandmakingmypersonalindexonthebackend-papers,Iturntothefrontandtrytooutlinethebook,notpagebypage,orpointbypoint(I'vealreadydonethatattheback),butasanintegratedstructure,withabasicunityandanorderofparts.Thisoutlineis,tome,themeasureofmyunderstandingofthework.怎样在书上做记号“不要在书上做记号！”无数教师、图书管理员和家长都曾这样建议。但是莫蒂默·艾德勒其实不相同意。他以为只要你拥有这本书而且不需要保护它的外观，做记号将会让你真切意

义上拥有这本书而且使它成为你的一部分。

你知道读书要“深入字里行间”，以求最充分的理解。我劝你在读书过程中做一件同

样重要的事情。我想劝你“在字里行间写字”。不这样做，你的读书就不能能是最有效的。

你不应该在不是你自己的书上做记号。借给你书的图书管理员(或你的朋友)希望你

保持书的齐整，再说你也应该这样做。若是你以为我说的在书上做记号很有利处这番话是对

的话，你就得自己买书。

一个人拥有书的方法有两种，第一种是开销获取财产全部权，就像你开销买衣服和家

具相同。但开销买书可是占有它的前奏。只有在你将它化为你自己的一部分此后，你才完好

占有了它。而把你自己变为书的一部分的最好方法就是在书中写字。打个比方也许能够把这

一点讨情楚。你买下一块牛排，把它从肉铺的冰箱里转移到你的冰箱中。但从最重要的意义

上来说，你还没有占有它，除非你吃下它并将它吸取进你的血液之中。我的论点是，书的营

养也只有在被吸取进你的血液中时，才能对你有所裨益。

书籍拥有者能够分为三种。第一种人藏有全部标准的成套书和热卖书——既没有读过，

也没有碰过。(这位占有的可是纸浆和油墨，而不是书。)第二种人藏书很多——有几本从

头至尾读过，大部分浅尝辄止，但全都跟新买时相同齐整光明。（此君很可能想使书真的为

其全部，但因错误地过分关注书籍的外观而阻滞不前。）第三种人藏书或多或少——因不断

使用，每本书都弄成书角卷起，破旧不堪，装订破坏，册页松弛，全书从扉页至末页画满了

记号，涂满了字句。（此人是书的真切拥有者。）

你也许会问，将一本印刷精良、装帧雅致的书保存圆满，难道也是不合适的吗?自然不

是。我决不会在一本初版的《失乐园》上乱涂乱写，就像我不会把一幅伦勃朗的原作连同一

盒蜡笔交给我的婴孩任意涂抹相同!我决不会在一幅油画或一尊塑像上画记号。能够说，它

们的灵魂与其躯体是不能分开的。一部珍本或一本装帧华美的书的美，同一幅油画或一尊塑

像的美是相同的。若是你对华美的装帧或印刷的敬爱阻挡你读书，那就买一种低价的版本，

将你的敬意献给作者。

为什么在书上做记号对阅读是必不能少的呢?第一，它会使你保持清醒。（我不是可是

指它让你神志清醒；我的意思是它能使你全神贯注。）其次，若是阅读是一种能动的行为，

那么它就是思虑，而思虑常常需借助口头的或书面的语言来表达。作了记号的书，平时是读

者认真思虑过的书。最后，写能够帮助你记住你阅读时的思想，或作者所表达的思想。让我

进一步就这三点谈一谈。

若是阅读的目的不能是是消磨时间，那就应该是一种积极的思想活动。

可是让你的眼睛在书上审察一遍，你就不能能对所读的内容有所理解。自然，一部普

通的消遣小说，比方说《飘》，其实不需要那种最积极的思想式的阅读。作为消遣的书，能够轻松地读而不会有所失。但一本思想丰富、文字华美，试图提出带根本性的重要问题并加以回答的伟大着作，则要求你尽可能地进行最积极的阅读。你不能够像欣赏瓦利先生的低声吟唱

那样，学到约翰·杜威的思想。你得开销气力方可获取。不以为意是做不到这一点的。

若是当你读完一本书的时候，册页上写满了你的标明，你就知道你的阅读是积极的了。

我所知道的最有名的采用积极方式阅读伟大着作的人，是芝加哥大学的校长哈钦斯。他也是

我所知道的公务最繁忙的人。他读书时总是拿着铅笔。有时，当他在夜晚拿起书和铅笔的时

候，察觉自己不是在做有意义的笔录，而是在页边空白处画些他称之为“鱼子酱工厂”的东

西，一出现这种情况，他就放下书籍。他知道自己太累，读不下去了，完好部是在浪费时间。

但是，你也许会问，写有何必要呢?要知道，亲手书写的动作会使词语和句子更加鲜亮

地体现在你的脑海里，更好地储蓄在你的记忆中。将你对所读的重要词语和句子的感觉写下

来，将它们在你脑子里引起的问题记下来，就可以将这些感觉长久保