2022年英语文献以及翻译(汽车安全系统技术研究分析)

..可编辑版可编辑版.可编辑版高等教育自学考试英文翻译汽车检测与维修专业〔本科〕市地：郑州市准考证号：姓名：河南科技大学高等教育自学考试办公室..可编辑版可编辑版.可编辑版AutomotivesafetysystemsandtechnologyresearchandanalysisAstraffictoolsofthemodernizationandabsolutenumberincreasesharply,trafficaccidentsarealsoincreasing.Caraccidenthasbecomesevereglobalsocialissues.Undoubtedly,advancedautosafetyfacilitiesarethedrivingsafetyindispensablesafeguard.So,weshouldstart,fromtechnologytoresearchanddevelopmentofhighperformance,highsafetycar,alsowanttostrengthentheregularinspectionincars,sotimelymaintenanceinvestigation,makecarsofteningoodtechnicalstatus,soastoimprovethesafetyperformanceofthecar.Hereweintroducedactivesafetytechnologyandautomobilecarpassivesafetytechnology.Autosafetyisaccordingtothetrafficaccidenthappenedbeforeandaftertheclassified.Oneisinatrafficaccidenttakesafetymeasures,especiallybeforeimmediatelywillproduceriskcondition,driversmanipulatethesteeringwheelavoidoremergencybraketoavoidtrafficaccidents.Inthecar,driveinusuallytoensurethebasicmanipulationstability,driversonthesurroundingenvironmentandtoensurethevisualrecognitionsexdrivethecaritself,developedthebasicperformanceant-lockbrakingsystem(ABS),preventslipperydrivesystem(ASR),activesuspension,powersteeringandfour-wheeldrive(4WD),four-wheelsteering(4WS),lightingsystem,wiper,therearviewmirror,preventfromrear-endcollisioncaralarmsystemandlaserradar,etc.Thesesecuritydevicesandtechnology,calledactivesafetysystem,canalsobecalledpreventivesecuritysystem.Ontheotherhand,inordertoreducetrafficaccidentsandcompanybypersonneldirectlysufferdegree,ensurecompanytakestaffandpedestriansafety,saysthesecurityforpassivesafety,canalsobecalledconflictsafety.Whenaftertheaccident,inordertopreventdisasters,includingpreventtheexpansionoffireandmakecrewfromtrafficaccidentcanextricatethesecuritydevicesandsystems,calledpreventdisasterexpandsecuritysystem...可编辑版可编辑版.可编辑版One．Automobileactivesecuritytechnology1.ABSbrakingsystemAnt-lockBrakingSystem(BrakingSystem,lockdobyABScomputersasABS),hydraulicdevice,thewheelspeedsensors,brakehydraulicpipelineandelectricalwiringetc.Theirstructuresareshownbelow.ABStasseledforthecarinvariousdrivingconditionsbrakingperformanceandbrakesafetyparticularlyimportant,especiallyisemergencybraking,canmakefulluseofthepeakbetweentireandroadsurfaceadhesionproperties,improveperformanceandreduceautomobilefightsideslipbrakingdistance,givefullplaytothebrakingperformance,butalsoincreasetheautomobilebrakingprocesscontrol.Soastoreducethepossibilityofcaraccidents.NoinstallationABScar,ifthedrivingforcetramplebrakepedal,wheelwillrapidlylowerspeed,andfinallywheelsstopturning,butbodybecauseofinertiaremainsforwardsliding.Thisphenomenonwasatthewheelandpavementoccurbetweenlarger"slip",appearthiskindofsituation,thecartiresofautomobilelateralspreadsalmostdisappear,sopoorforcewillappearthefollowingphenomena:(1)Steeringstabilityfall:thesteeringwheelisineffective,vehicletailmanipulationofcurl,seriouswhenvehiclecirclesorappearfoldingphenomenon;(2)Handlingfall:manipulatethesteeringwheelandshortofsteeringrequirements;(3)Brakingdistanceextended:morethangeneralbrakingdistance.So,wecanimaginetohaveinstalledABSsystemofthecarsafetyisveryimportant...可编辑版可编辑版.可编辑版2．theASRdrivetorquecontrolsystemABSareusedtopreventcarbrakingprocesswheellock,willwheelslidingratecontrolinidealrange,soastoshortenthebrakingdistance,improveautomobilebrakingdirectionstabilityandsteeringcontrol,soastoimprovethesafetyofthecar.Alongwiththeincreaseofvehicleperformancerequirements,notonlyinbrakingprocessrequiredtopreventwheellock,andaskedthedrivertopreventdriverollerskatingturnintheprocess,makingcarsinthedirectionstability,drivingprocesssteeringcontrolabilityandaccelerationperformance,soareimprovedbythecardrivetorquesteeringsystemASR(AccelerationsRegulation)Slip.ASRistheperfectcomplementandABSASR,butmostaloneissetwithABScombinedtogether,commonlyusedABS/ASRsays,calledantiskidcontrolsystem.ASRismainlyusedtopreventcarinthebeginning,acceleratethewheels,guaranteeslipinthecaracceleratedrateandimprovethestabilityinbadpavementdriveattachedconditions.Itmakesnodifferencespeedinthecarlockiceroadsandmuddyroadstartedandtoimproveitscapacity,alsocanpreventhighinspeedbyturningcarsglidingpavementandrearlateralspreadsphenomenon.Anyhow,preventthewheelbecauseASRslip,canmaximizetheenginedrivingmomentofcarshadenough,ensurethelongitudinalforce,lateralforceandmanipulationofpower,makecarsinstarting,steeringandacceleratetheprocess,inglidingandmuddyroad,inamountainareadownhillprocesscansteadilydriving,guaranteesthesafety,reducingtirewearandfuelconsumption,andimprovesthecardrivingcapability.3．VDCsystemABS/ASRsystemsuccessfullysolvesthebrakeandthecarwhendrivendirectionstabilityproblem,butcannotsolvethevehiclesteeringstabilityproblemdrivingdirection.Forexamplewhensteeringroad,inevitablybylateralandlongitudinalforce,onlylocalsurfacecanprovidefulllateralandlongitudinalforce,thepilotcancontrolvehicles.Ifthegroundadhesionabilitylowerlateral,willdamagecarsdrivingabilitypredetermineddirection.Rainydayscarsdriving,oftenhigh-speedsteeringlateralslidingout,itisthegroundbecauseofinsufficientlateraladhesionability.Toresolvetheissue,anddevelopedcountriesautomobileindustryrecentlyinABS/ASRsystemonthebasisofthedevelopmentofdynamicControlsystem(intocarDynamicsControl,theabbreviationVDCVehicle).Thesystemofthecarbrake,driving,suspension,steering,engineandsoonvariousmainassemblycontrolsysteminfunction,structureorganicgroundcomprehensivetogether,canmakecarsinallkindsofbadworkingconditions,suchasiceroadpavement,commuting,riverbendpavementandtookevasiveactionmovingline,brakingandaccelerationandthedownhillfordifferentconditions,suchasbearing,differenttypepressureanddifferentlevelsoftypewearallhavegooddirectionstability,toshowthebestdrivingperformance.VDCapplications,inbraking,accelerationandsteeringaspectsofdriver'sfullyreleasedrequest,isthecarofactivesafetydrivinganewmilestone...可编辑版可编辑版.可编辑版VDCofsteeringcontrolsystemismainlybydrivingforeachwheelbrakecontrolandenginepoweroutputcontroltorealize.Forexample,ifthecarturnleftfrontwheelforsteeringtheinadequatecapacitytendtoslipoutofthecorner,VDCsystemcanmeasureimminent,justknowlateralspreadsleftrearbrakeadoptappropriatemeasures.Ifatthesamecorner,becauserearwheeltendtoslipoutoffavoroflateralovermuch,VDCsystemisproperbrakingtofront-rightwheelfailure,maintainthestabilityofthevehicledriving.Inextremecases,VDCsystemcanalsotakereduceenginetoreducethepoweroutput,andtoreducethespeedofthedemandsideadhesionabilitytomaintainthestabilityofthevehicledriving.AdoptVDCsystem,automobileinfoliopavementorcornerofpavementbrakingdistancestillcanfurtherreduce...可编辑版可编辑版.可编辑版4．CCScarscruisecontrolsystemAutocruiseControlSystem(CruiserControlSystem,abbreviationforCCS)iscanmakeautomobileworkinenginefavorablespeedrange,reducedriver'sdrivingmanipulatelaborintensity,improvethedrivingcomforttheautomaticdrivingdevice.Carcruisingsystem(CCS)roleisrequiredbythedriver:afteranormally-closedswitch,nospeedontheacceleratorpedalcanautomaticallykeepthespeed,makethevehiclewiththefixedspeed.Usingthisdevice,whenonthehighwayafteralongtime,thedriverdrivingnothavetocontroltheacceleratorpedal,reducefatigue,whilereducingunnecessaryspeedchange,canreducesavefuel.Autocruisecontrolsystemistheearliestdevelopmentoftheautomotiveelectroniccontrolsystem.ThissystemUSESanotherspeedsensor,willspeedsignalinputenginecontrolmicrocomputer,bymicrocomputercontrolvacuumsystemwork.Thissystemcanmakeuseoftheserver,speedcontrolswitchleverandbrakepedalonvacuumliftswitchesetc,itsfunctionandbasicsystemthesame.Inthissystem,electroniccontroldevicecanaccordchangeofdrivingresistance,automaticregulationenginethrottleAngle,makethespeedconstant.Suchnotonlyreduceunnecessaryspeedchange,whichsavesfuel,alsoreducedthedriver'sburden.Two.Automobilepassivesafetytechnology1.SeatbeltCarseatbeltisasafetydevice,itcanincarcollisionorsharpturn,makecrewtokeepitsoriginalpositionaspossiblewithoutmobileandrotation,avoidcollisionwithin-carhardpartscauseddamage.Seatbeltsandairbags,asmoderncarsaresafetydevices,butthelonghistoryoftheformer,popularizethescope...可编辑版可编辑版.可编辑版Theseeminglysimpleseatbeltactuallynot"simple".Attentionhasbeenattheforefrontoftrafficsafety,throughtheanalysisofgeneralmotorsafteracaraccidentfound:seatbeltnotonlymakespeopleprotectthelives,canbeinmorethanhalfoftheaccidenttoreduceoreveneliminatedrivers,motoristsarethechanceofinjury.Carcollisionorunexpectedemergencybrakingforcegeneratedgreatinertia,willallowthedriverandpassengerandcarwindscreen,steeringwheel,seat,collisionhappenedobjectssuchassecondarytodriveiscausedextremelyeasilycrewseriousdamage,evendriveoccupantseatsorthrewtheapex,seatbeltscanwillrideintheseat.BondagepersonnelWhenhastheaccident,whichcaneffectivelypreventthecollision,anditsbufferrolecanabsorbsagreatdealofkineticenergy,reduceridespersonnelextentoftheinjuries.Fastenyourseatbeltairbagsplayourroleisalsoanimportantcondition.Becausetheairbagtomaximizerolefortherideintheimpactofthephysicallocation,sittinginstantactionhaveextremelystrictandtherequirements.Otherwise,theairbagstartedstronginstantaneouswallopstoheadarefragilesite,maycauseseriousdamage,especiallyforchildren,thisdamagecanbefatal.Eventhemostordinarythreebelts,tryacantimelyincrashthatlivedridesthebundle,ensuretheupperpartofarideintheairbagfullyextendedrange,maketheairbagmosteffectivelyplayefficacy.Accordingly,mustnotbecausethecarisequippedwithairbagsandfeelcarefreeseatbeltfastened,onlytoreduceoreliminatethetrafficaccidenthappen.2.TheairbagWhenthefrontcollisionhappenedstrong,becauseinertia,whoridesthebodyforwardfastmoving,thenseatbeltsandwilltryto"pull"ridesonpersonthebody,absorbsomeoftheimpactenergy,whiletheairbagwith"theeyepiecetrend"inflatableandcompletelyopen;Thentheridestheupperbodywillsinktoairbags,gasalsobeganfromtheventairuniformescaping,andabsorbedmostoftheimpactenergy;Subsequently,theridebackseatandreturntothebody.Abovethewholeprocessisalmostalwayshappensinaflash,whoridesthecompletelyinpassivesituation,inthiscase,thepassiverelyonauxiliaryoccupantprotectionsystemistheonlyoption.AirbagsdevelopmentdesignisbasedontheprotectiononseatbeltCo.,LTD;theycooperatewitheachothertoridetheplaytheauxiliaryprotectiveeffect...可编辑版可编辑版.可编辑版Seatbeltusageinundertheconditionofthecrew,balloonhelpreducechest,headandfacialinjuriesintheseriousnessofthecollision.Whencarcollisionhappenedbefore,thefirstisthecartostopmotion,carundertheactionofinertialforcecrewstogoforwardwiththeoriginalspeedstillsport.Notwearingaseatbeltcrewswillandsteeringdish,frontwindscreentogether,soitcanbeseverelyhurt;Wearingaseatbeltascarstopthecrewcanstopmovingforwardmovementandgradually.Ifcollisionviolent,crewforwardmovementoftheseatbelts,evenfasterinthecompletestopbeforemotion,stillandin-carthingstogether.Ifthisfashioninsteeringthediskorwithinthepopupballooninflateddash,itcanprotecttheoccupantreducethepossibilityofcartogetherwiththings,moreuniformdispersionhead,chest,absorbtheimpactenergyofmovement,thuscrewhasaddedeffectofseatbelts.Inadditiontoseatbeltsandairbagsoutsidecarpassivesafetytechnologyincludescarbumper,automobilesafetyglass,securitybody,occupantheadandneckprotectionsystem(WHIPS),etc.Thesevehiclestoimprovethesafetyperformancehasveryimportantcontribution..可编辑版可编辑版.可编辑版汽车平安系统技术研究分析随着交通工具的现代化和绝对数量的急剧增长,车祸也不断增加。汽车交通事故已成为严峻的全球性社会问题。毋庸置疑,先进的汽车平安设施是行车平安不可缺少的保障。所以,我们要从技术上入手,努力研究开发高性能、高平安性的汽车,同时也要加强对在用汽车的定期检查,以便及时维修调查,使汽车经常处于良好的技术状况,以提高汽车行驶的平安性能。这里我们重点介绍汽车主动平安技术和汽车被动平安技术。汽车的平安性是按交通事故发生的前后加以分类的。一方面是在交通事故发生之前采取平安措施,特别当即将发生危险状态时,驾驶者操纵方向盘避让或者紧急制动以防止交通事故发生。汽车在通常的行驶中,为确保驾驶者的根本操纵稳定性,对周围环境的视认性和确保汽车本身的根本行驶性能,开发了防抱死制动系统(ABS)、防滑驱动系统(ASR)、主动悬架、动力转向、四轮驱动(4WD)、四轮转向(4WS)、灯光照明系统、刮水器、后视镜、防止车辆追尾的车距报警系统和激光雷达等。这些平安装置和技术称为主动平安系统,也可称为预防平安系统。另一方面,为了尽量减少交通事故和司乘人员直接受害程度,保证司乘人员和行人的平安,称这种平安性为被动平安,也可称为冲突平安。当事故发生后,为了防止灾害的扩大,包括防止火灾和使乘员能从事故车辆中解脱出来的平安装置和系统,称为防止灾害扩大的平安系统。一、汽车主动平安技术1．ABS防抱死制动系统防抱死制动系统(Anti-lockBrakingSystem,简称ABS)由ABS电脑、液压装置、车轮转速传感器、制动液压管路及电器配线等组成。..可编辑版可编辑版.可编辑版ABS系统对于汽车在各种行驶条件下的制动性能及制动平安尤为重要，特是紧急制动，能够充分利用轮胎和路面之间的峰值附着性能，提高汽车抗侧滑性能并缩短制动距离，充分发挥制动效能，同时增加了汽车制动过程中的可控性。从而减少了汽车事故发生的可能性。没有安装ABS的汽车，如果在行驶中用力踩踏制动踏板，车轮会急速降低转速，最后车轮停止转动，但车身由于惯性依然保持向前滑动。这种现象在车轮与路面之间发生较大的“滑移〞，出现这种状况时，汽车轮胎对路面的侧滑摩差力几乎消失，于是会出现下述现象：〔1〕转向稳定性下降：方向盘操纵不灵，车辆尾部上翘，严重时车辆打转或出现折叠现象；〔2〕操纵性下降：操纵方向盘而达不到转向要求；〔3〕制动距离延长：超过一般的制动距离。所以，可想而知有无装设ABS系统对汽车行驶的平安性是非常重要的。2．ASR驱动防滑控制系统ABS用于防止汽车制动过程中车轮抱死，将车轮的滑移率控制在理想的范围内，以缩短制动距离，提高汽车制动时方向稳定性和转向操纵性，从而提高汽车行驶的平安性。随着对汽车性能要求的提高，不仅要求在制动过程中防止车轮抱死，而且要求在驱动过程中防止驱动轮滑转，使汽车在驱动过程中的方向稳定性、转向控制能力和加速性能都得到提高，因此采用了汽车驱动防滑转向系统ASR〔AccelerationsSlipRegulation〕。ASR是ABS的完善和补充，ASR可单独设置，但大多数是与ABS组合一起，常用ABS/ASR表示，称为防滑控制系统。ASR主要用来防止汽车在起步、加速时车轮的滑转，保证汽车在加速过程中的稳定性并改善在不良路面上的驱动附着条件。它可以使无差速锁的汽车在冰雪路面和泥泞道路上起步并改善其通行能力，还可以防止在车速较高并通过滑溜路面又转弯时汽车后部的侧滑现象。..可编辑版可编辑版.可编辑版总之，ASR由于防止了车轮的滑转，便可最大限度地利用发动机的驱动力矩，保证汽车有足够的纵向力、侧向力和操纵力，使汽车在起动、转向和加速过程中，在滑溜和泥泞路面上、在山区上下坡过程中都能稳定地行驶，既保证了行车平安，减少轮胎磨损和燃油消耗，又改善了汽车的驱动性能。3．VDC系统ABS/ASR系统成功地解决了汽车在制动和驱动时的方向稳定性问题，但不能解决汽车转向行驶的方向稳定性问题。例如当汽车转向行驶时，不可防止地受到侧向和纵向力的作用，只有当地面能够提供充分的侧向和纵向力时，驾驶员才能控制住车辆。如果地面侧向附着能力比较低，就会损害汽车按预定方向行驶的能力。雨天汽车高速转向行驶时，常常侧向滑出,就是地面侧向附着能力缺乏的缘故。为解决此问题，最近汽车工业兴旺国家又在ABS/ASR系统的根底上开展成汽车动态控制系统〔VehicleDynamicsControl，简称VDC〕。这个系统把汽车的制动、驱动、悬架、转向、发动机等各主要总成的控制系统在功能上、结构上有机地综合在一起，可使汽车在各种恶劣工况下，如冰雪路面上、对开路面上、弯道路面上以及采取躲避动作移线、制动、加速和下坡等工况时，对不同承载、不同轮胎气压和不同程度的轮胎磨损都有良好的方向稳定性，表现出最正确的行驶性能。VDC的应用，在制动、加速和转向方面完全解脱对驾驶员的要求，是汽车的主动平安行驶方面的一个新的里程碑。VDC系统对转向行驶的控制主要是借助于对各个车轮的制动控制和发动机功率输出控制来实现的。例如汽车左转弯时，假设前轮因转向能力缺乏而趋于滑出弯道，VDC系统即可测知侧滑即将发生，就采取适当制动左后轮的方法。假设在同一弯道上，因后轮趋于侧向滑出而转向过多，VDC系统即采取适当制动右前轮的方法，维持车辆的稳定行驶。在极端情况下，VDC系统还可采取降低发动机功率输出的方法降低行驶车速，减少对地面侧向附着能力的需求来维持车辆的稳定行驶。采用..可编辑版可编辑版.可编辑版VDC系统后，汽车在对开路面上或弯道路面