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考研文章和类型总览 错误!未定义书签 2018考研英语翻译2017考研英语翻译2016考研英语翻译2015考研英语翻译2014考研英语翻译2013考研英语翻译2012考研英语翻译2010考研英语翻译2009考研英语翻译2008考研英语翻译2007考研英语翻译2006考研英语翻译2005考研英语翻译2004考研英语翻译2003考研英语翻译2002考研英语翻译2001考研英语翻译2000考研英语翻译1999考研英语翻译1998考研英语翻译1997考研英语翻译1996考研英语翻译1995考研英语翻译1994考研英语翻译2018英语二翻译2017英语二翻译2016英语二翻译2015英语二翻译2014英语二翻译 ●1995标准化考1996科研的发 ●1997动物权1998宇宙大理 ●1999历史的定2000与社会发 ●2001未来科技发2002行为科学研 ●2003社会科学人类2004语言与思 ●2005大众传媒的发2006●2007法律教2008达尔文介 ●2009青年人教育模 ●2011书籍介绍2012语言学研 ●2013园艺 ●2015早期文

解正确：2.3.独立成句：（英翻中）1.调整语序：表达通顺：2.赋予1.the lectualequipmentofan2.thespecialpreserveof3.Hisfunction ogoustothatofa4.Hehasnotbeenchargedwiththe5.hedidnotacceptthechargemadebysomeofhiscriticsaswell6.hisprimarytaskisnottothinkaboutthemoralcode ernshis7.developedthe8.auniqueanddistinctlyimportantsocial9.Childrenwillplaywithdollsequipped ality10.ThisabilityisbuiltintousinthesamewaythatourbodiesknowhowtohealaatthejumptothebeobligedtoonadailytakesortoutrestsauthorofpieceIntokilltwobirdswithonetolaughoffone’sanunchartedboundvirgininanticipationof：预计到=becausethecompetitiveedgejjoiningthedotsmarksbout使谁出类拔萃/fund-raisingmethod募bringAtoaclosebringtoacloseA（pangofsth:一阵flashofsth:闪Aflashinthepan:Nextto除maywellFrontedby；由…LikenAtoBAstemsfrom：源于Noend=veryItupsetmenoendtohearthey’dsplitup oftheday:bearthebruntof首当其冲（brunt冲击；主要冲力prepareAforB让Ａ作好应对Ｂ准Weendedupconvinced…最后确信例句译文2：“读书可以使人从中获得乐趣，可以给人添加文采，可以使人增长才干。”译文 alleged的（）例Theparkisbeautiful.例句3：Thetaskdemandsastrategic例句ThenewAmericanSecretaryofStatehasproposedaworldconferenceonfoods.例子5： 满意→相当满 →局 型号→各种型 例句Youmayapply 。Therewillbeevisionchatshowshostedbyrobots，andcarswithpollutionmonitors将会出现由机器人主持的电视聊天 例句HewasonthewrongHewasagainsttheplanfromtheverybeginning.他从一开始就这项计划。例句3：定语JohnRobert’sprofessionsofjudicialmodestyduringhisownconfirmationhearingsin2005gavelittleinklingofthecontroversialdecisionsoverwhichhehassincepresided.约翰罗伯茨在2005年自己的就职确认听证会上表达了中庸的法学思想，万万没想到 .例句4：Behaviorists，incontrast，saythatdifferencesinscoresareduetothefactthatblacksareoftendeprivedofmanyeducationaladvantagesthatwhitesenjoy.句Ifwintercomes,canspringbefarAnappleonthetable桌上的苹果intheriverstressAoverBABagainstthedeclineofwholeeconomyTherewill evisionchatshowshostedbyrobots，andcarswithpollutionAlitoresolvedthis byconcludingthattheaggressiveproceduredoesnotviolatefederalstatutes.名词+of+ving；常常不用翻译of.例子Changeofinformation,ifany,concerningthecontentsofthissectionwillbefoundintheappendixat ofthisbook.Smokingisprohibitedinpublic（二）代词的处理1.hisbook2.2.不翻译：例句1：Onemusthavestudiedhardbeforeonecouldsucceedinmasteringaforeign Hecoveredhiswithhishandasiftoprotecthis【译文 句Weliveand（三）人名的处理非常有名的人按翻译Beethoven；Einstein；Edison；Eason；Jay；I-（四）名词的处理：例句Theemphasisondatagathered-hand，combinedwithacross-culturalbroughttotheysisofculturespastandpresent，makesthisstudyauniqueanddistinctlyimportantsocialNotes：howdiverselanguagescouldbe.Howthisproductcouldbeproducedadj.Ving,Ved：1.正常含Ving：1.正常主动含 （一）定语（从句）groundbaseddetectorsattheSouth（二）同位语（从句）Theshark,ahugelysuccessfulfishinevolutionarytermswithalineagedatingbackmorethan400millionyears,isunderrelentlessattackfromhumans.例句2：Additionalsocialstressesmayalsooccurbecauseofthepopulationexplosionorproblemsarisingfrommassmigrationmovements—themselvesmaderelativelyeasynowadaysbymodernmeansoftransport.（三）状语（从句）Butthat，Pearsonpointsout，isonlythestartofman-machineitisnoexaggerationtosaythat…不夸张的说…itisreportedthat...据...itisimportantthat重要的是ThereisatempleontheTherearetwomonksinthetemple.Thereisacuponthetable.ThereisnoTherewillbeawarm例句Metalsaredelibera ymixedtoproducehundredsofnewsubstanceswithdesirablequalitiesnototherwiseavailable.Thefundscanbeonlyobtainedthroughwebsitenototherwiseavailable.Theroleofnaturalselectioninevolutionwasformulatedonlyalittlemorethanahundredyearsago.自然选择的作用 例句Thisinstinctshouldbeencouragedratherthanlaughedat这种本能应该鼓励而不是嘲笑。例句Howwellthepredictionswillbevalidatedbylaterperformancedependsupontheamount,reliability,andappropriatenessoftheinformationusedandontheskillandwisdomwithwhichitis在多大程度上能为所取决于所用信息的数量，可靠性和适当例句例句Untiltheseissuesareresolved,atechnologyofbehaviorwillcontinuetoberejected,andwithitpossiblytheonlywaytosolveourproblems.（并列引起的省略）在这些得到解决以前，研究行为的技术就会继续排斥，解决问题的唯一方式可能也随之继续排斥。例句Asfamiliesmoveawayfromtheirstablecommunitytheirfriendsofmanyyearstheirextendedfamilyrelationships,theinformalflowofinformationiscutoff,andwithittheconfidencethatinformationwillbeavailablewhenneededandwillbetrustworthyandreliable.方法二：直接改译为主动：例1：Lovecannotbeforced.【译情不能强求。例5：Thequalityofourproductshasbeengreatlyimproved.【译文】产品质量有了很大的提高。例6：Thecarhasbeencleaned.Althoughlittleisknownabouthowhypnosisworks,ithasbeenmadeuseofinmedicaltreatment.虽然 （Feelknowbelieve,see,hear）例句2：Theeducationprogramsshouldbeenrichedtoincludelifeskillsforhealth,safetyandenvironmentalawareness应该丰富教育计划，将有利于健康的生活技能，安全问题和环境意识纳入其中。例句3：CopiesofKeynesaredustedoff,theFedlowersinterestrates,andtheandCongresscuttaxesandhikespending.例句4：NolargeralterationstotheeconomyareLightandheatcanbegiventousbythesun AbundantexercisesandproblemsareprovidedinthisreferenceTheactofmemorizingismoreofacognitiveexercisethananintuitiveone.（八）比较结构例句1：Futuristpoetryismoreofatransientphenomenonthan例句例句TheactofmemorizingismoreofacognitiveexercisethananintuitiveMore…than+句子（否定）例句1：HeearnsmoremoneythanhecanTheunemploymentratehasfallenfarfasteroverthepastyearthanthetepidrecoveriesinbothcountriesseemtojustify.Notso+原级+as…=less+原级+than…=not++than…例句1：JackislesscleverthanTom.JackisnotsocleverasTom.JackisnotclevererthanTom.例句2：Whileitiseasytoignoreinourcontactwithteenagerstheeffectofouractsupondisposition,itisnotsoeasyasindealingwithNotsomuch…notsomuchAasBAB。没有比较的意思，只是单纯的阐述观点。例句：TheconveniencesthatAmericansdesirereflectnotsomuchaleisurelylifestyleasabusylifestyleinwhichevenminutesoftimearetoovaluabletobewasted.企业缺乏的不是质量控制的能力而是企业的社会责任感。qualitycontrolsocialaccountabilityInterestinhistoricalmethodshasarisenlessthroughexternalchallengetothevalidityofhistoryasaninlectualdisciplineandmorefrominternalquarrelsamonghistoriansthemselves.（InterestarisenlessthroughAmorefromB.nomore…than…=not…anymorethan双方否定句型例句1：Buthisprimarytaskisnottothinkaboutthemoralcodewhichernshisactivity,anymorethanabusinessmanisexpectedtodedicatehisenergiestoanexplorationofrulesofconductin例句Nobodywithanysenseexpectstofindthewholetruthinjobadvertisementanymorethanheexpectsamanapplyingforajobtodescribehis ingsandmoreseriousfaults.例句3：Heseesthegradualdisappearanceof“whom”tobenaturalandnomoreregrettablethanthelossofthecase-endingsofOldEnglish.morethanTheymayteachverywellandmorethanearntheir例句Managershavebeenmorethanwillingtoadjustteamuniformstofitthegrowingnumbersofbigger,longerframes.例句3：Deliberatepracticeentailsmorethansimplyrepeatingatask刻意训练不只是涉及刻意的重

PartReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenneatlyontheANSWERSHEET.（10points）Shakespeare’slifetimewascoincidentwithaperiodofextraordinaryactivityandachievementinthedrama.（46）BythedateofhisbirthEuropewaswitnessingthepassingofthereligiousdrama,andthecreationofnewformsundertheincentiveofclassicaltragedyandcomedy.Thesenewformswereatmainlywrittenbyscholarsandperformedbyamateurs,butinEngland,aseverywhereelseinwesternEurope,thegrowthofaclassofprofessionalactorswasthreateningtomakethedramapopular,whetheritshouldbeneworold,classicalormedieval,literaryorfarcical.Court,schoolorganizationsofamateurs,andthetravelingactorswereallrivalsinsupplyingawidespreaddesirefordramaticentertainment;and（47）noboywhowentagrammarschoolcouldbeignorantthatthedramawasaformofliteraturewhichgaveglorytoGreeceandRomeandmightyetbringhonortoEngland.WhenShakespearewastwelveyearsold,thepublicplayhousewasbuiltinLondon.Foratimeliteratureshowednointerestinthispublicstage.Playsaimingatliterarydistinctionwerewrittenforschoolorcourt,orforthechoirboysofSt.Paul’sandtheroyalchapel,who,however,gaveplaysinpublicaswellasatcourt.（48）buttheprofessionalcompaniesprosperedintheirpermanenttheaters,anduniversitymenwithliteratureambitionswerequicktoturntothesetheatersasofferingameansoflivelihood.BythetimeShakespearewastwenty-five,Lyly,Peele,andGreenehadmadecomediesthatwereatoncepopularandliterary;Kydhadwrittenatragedythatcrowdedthepit;andMarlowehadbroughtpoetryandgeniustotriumphonthecommonstage-wheretheyhadplayednopartsincethedeathofEuripides.（49）Anativeliterarydramahadbeencreated,itsalliancewiththepublicplayhousesestablished,andatleastsomeofitsgreattraditionshadbeenbegun.ThedevelopmentoftheElizabethandramaforthenexttwenty-fiveyearsisofexceptionalinteresttostudentsofliteraryhistory,forinthisbriefperiodwemaytracethebeginning,growth,blossoming,anddecayofmanykindsofplays,andofmanygreatcareers.Weareamazedtodayatthemerenumberofplaysproduced,aswellasbythenumberofdramatistswritingatthesametimeforthisLondonoftwohundredthousandinhabitants.（50）Torealizehowgreatwasthedramaticactivity,wemustrememberfurtherthathostsofplayshavebeenlost,andthatprobablythereisnoauthorofnotewhoseentireworkhassurvived.PartC（10

PartReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoYourtranslationshouldbewrittencarefullyontheANSWERSHEET.（10ThegrowthoftheuseofEnglishastheworld’sprimarylanguageforinternationalcommunicationhasobviouslybeencontinuingforseveraldecades.ButevenasthenumberofEnglishspeakersexpandsfurther,therearesignsthattheglobalpredominanceofthelanguagemayfadewithintheforeseeablefuture.Complexinternational,economic,technologicalandculturalchangescouldstarttodiminishtheleadingpositionofEnglishasthelanguageoftheworldmarket,andUKinterestswhichenjoyadvantagefromthebreathofEnglishusagewouldconsequentlyfacenewpressures.ThoserealisticpossibilitiesarehighlightedinthestudypresentedbyDavidGraddol.Hisysisshouldthereforeendanyself-contentednessamongthosewhomaybelievethattheglobalpositionofEnglishissostablethattheyounggenerationoftheUnitedKingdomdonotneedadditionallanguagecapabilities.DavidGraddolconcludesthatmonoglotEnglishgraduatesfaceableakeconomicfutureasqualifiedmultilingualyoungstersfromothercountriesareprovingtohaveacompetitiveadvantageovertheirBritishcounterpartsinglobalcompaniesandorganizations.Alongsidethat,（48）manycountriesareintroducingEnglishintotheprimary-schoolcurriculumbutBritishschoolchildrenandstudentsdonotappeartobegaininggreaterencouragementtoachievefluencyinotherlanguages.Iflefttothemselves,suchtrendswilldiminishtherelativestrengthoftheEnglishlanguageininternationaleducationmarketsasthedemandforeducationalresourcesinlanguages,suchasSpanish,ArabicorMandaringrowsandinternationalbusinessprocessoutsourcinginotherlanguagessuchasJapanese,FrenchandGerman,spreads.（49）ThechangesidentifiedbyDavidGraddolallpresentclearandmajorchallengestotheUK’sprovidersofEnglishlanguageteachingtopeopleofothercountriesandtobroadereducationbusinesssectors.TheEnglishlanguageteachingsectordirectlyearnsnearly￡1.3billionfortheUKininvisibleexportsandourothereducationrelatedexportsearnupto￡10billionayearmore.Astheinternationaleducationmarketexpands,therecentslowdowninthenumberofinternationalstudentsstudyinginthemainEnglishspeakingcountriesislikelytocontinue,especiallyiftherearenoeffectivestrategicpoliciestopreventsuchslippage.Theanticipationofpossibleshiftsindemandprovidedbythisstudyissignificant.（50）ItgivesabasistoallorganizationswhichseektopromotethelearninganduseofEnglish,abasisforplanningtomeetpossibilitiesofwhatcouldbeaverydifferentoperatingenvironment.Thatisanecessaryandpracticalapproach.Inthisasinmuchelse,thosewhowishtoinfluencethefuturemustprepareforit.PartC（10言的人而言，他的分析可能会给他们的骄傲自大画上一个。

PartReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenneatlyontheANSWERSHEET.（10points）Mentalhealthisourbirthright.（46）Wedon’thavetolearnhowtobementallyhealthy;itisbuiltintousinthesamewaythatourbodiesknowhowtohealacutormend,abrokenbone.Mentalhealthcan’tbelearned,onlyreawakened.Itislikeimmunesystemofthebody,whichunderstressorthroughlackofnutritionorexercisecanbeweakened,butwhichneverleavesus.Whenwedon’tunderstandthevalueofmentalhealthandwedon’tknowhowtogainaccesstoit,mentalhealthwillremainhiddenfromus.（47）Ourmentalhealthdoesn’tgoanywhere;likethesunbehindacloud,itcanbetemporarilyhiddenfromview,butitisfullycapableofbeingrestoredinaninstant.Mentalhealthistheseedthatcontainsself-esteem–confidenceinourselvesandanabilitytotrustinourcommonsense.Itallowsustohaveonourlives-theabilitytonottakeourselvestooseriously,tolaughatourselves,toseethebiggerpicture,andtoseethatthingswillworkout.It’saformofinnateorunlearnedoptimism.（48）Mentalhealthallowsustoviewotherswithsympathyiftheyarehavingtroubles,withkindnessiftheyareinpain,andwithunconditionallovenomatterwhotheyare.Mentalhealthisthesourceofcreativityforsolvingproblems,,makingoursurroundingsmorebeautiful,managingourhomelife,orcomingupwithacreativebusineeaorinventiontomakeourliveseasier.Itgivesuspatienceforourselves.Andtowardothersaswellaspatiencewhiledriving,catchingafish,workingonourcar,orraisingachild.Itallowsustoseethebeautythatsurroundsuseaomentinnature,inculture,intheflowofourdailylives.Althoughmentalhealthisthecure-allforlivingourlives,itisperfectingordinaryasyouwillseethatithasbeentheretodirectyouthroughallyourdifficuecisions.Ithasbeenavailableeveninthemostmundaneoflifesituationstoshowyourightfromwrong,goodfrombad,friendfromfoe.Mentalhealthhascommonlybeencalledconscience,instinct,wisdom,commonsense,ortheinnervoice,wethinkofitsimplyasahealthandhelpfulflowofinligentthought.Asyouwillcometosee,knowingthatmentalhealthisalwaysavailableandknowingtotrustitallowustoslowdowntothemomentandlivelifehappily. 直在你的生活中指导你面对各种的决定。康，会让放慢生活的脚步并且愉快的生活。ButeverybodyknowsObamaneedsaliberaltostopthecourtfrommovingfurthertotherightthanitalreadyhasunderJohnRoberts,thepresentchiefjustice,amanmorestealth-bomberthanaircraft-carrier,whoseprofessionsofjudicialmodestyduringhisownconfirmationhearingsin2005gavelittleinklingofthecontroversialdecisionsoverwhichhehassincepresided.2）Asfamiliesmoveawayfromtheirstablecommunity,theirfriendsofmanyyears,theirextendedfamilyrelationships,theinformalflowofinformationiscutoff,andwithittheconfidencethatinformationwillbeavailablewhenneededandwillbetrustworthyandreliable.Islamiclawisaphenomenonsodifferentfromallotherformsoflaw—notwithstanding，ofcourse，aconsiderableandinevitablenumberofcoincidenceswithoneortheotherofthemasfarassubjectmatterandpositiveenactmentsareconcerned—thatitsstudyisindispensableinordertoappreciateadequaythefullrangeofpossiblelegalphenomena.Anyoneconsideringtakingpartinaworkoftransformationofthoseformsofolderartwhichseemtousinmanywaysunsatisfactory,sothattheyshouldbemoreinturnwiththechangingtimes,andanyonewhodoesnotquailattheprospectofseekingoutnewformsofexpressionfornewmaterialsandnewbuildingfunction,willfindspiritualkinship,observingBorromini.

PartReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsentencesintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenneatlyontheANSWERSHEET.（10points）Withinthespanofahundredyears,intheseventeenthandearlyeighteenthcenturies,atideofemigration—onethegreatfolkwanderingsofhistory—stfromEuropetoAmerica.（46）Thismovement,drivenbypowerfulanddiversemotivations,builtanationoutofawildernessand,byitsnature,shapedthecharacteranddestinyofanunchartedcontinent.TheUnitedStatesistheproductoftwoprincipalforces—theimmigrationofEuropeanpeopleswiththeirvariedideas,customsandnationalcharacteristicsandtheimpactofanewcountrywhiodifiedthesetraits.Ofnecessity,colonialAmericawasaprojectionofEurope.AcrosstheAtlanticcamesuccessivegroupsofEnglishmen,Frenen,Germans,Scots,Irishmen,Duten,Swedes,andmanyotherswhoattemptedtotransplanttheirhabitsandtraditionstothenewworld.ButtheforceofgeographicconditionspeculiartoAmerica,theinterplayofthevariednationalgroupsupononeanother,andthesheerdifficultyofmaintainingold-worldwaysinaraw,newcontinentcausedsignificantchanges.Thesechangesweregradualandatscarcelyvisible.Buttheresultwasanewsocialpatternwhich,althoughitresembledEuropeansocietyinmanyways,hadacharacterthatwasdistinctlyAmerican.TheshiploadsofimmigrantsboundfortheterritorywhichisnowtheUnitedStatescrossedtheAtlanticmorethanahundredyearsafterthe15th-and-16th-centuryexplorationsofNorthAmerica.Intheme ,thrivingSpanishcolonieshadbeenestablishedinMexico,theWestIndies,andSouthAmerica.ThesetravelerstoNorthAmericacameinsmall,unmercifullyovercrowdedcraft.Duringtheirsix-totwelve-weekvoyage,theysurvivedonbarelyenoughfoodallottedtothem.Manyoftheshipswerelostinstorms,manypassengersdiedofdisease,andinfantsrarelysurvivedthejourney.Sometimesstormsblewthevesselsfarofftheircourse,andoftencalmbroughtunbearablylongdelay.TotheanxioustravelersthesightoftheAmericanshorebroughtalmostinexpressiblerelief.Saidonerecorderofevents,“Theairattwelveleagues’distancesmeltassweetasanew-blowngarden.”Thecolonists’glimpseofthenewlandwasasightofdensewoods.（50）Thevirginforestwithitsrichnessandvarietyoftreeswasarealtreasure-housewhichextendedfromMaineallthewaydowntoGeorgia.Herewasabundantfuelandlumber.Herewastherawmaterialofhousesandfurniture,shipsandpotash,dyesandnavalstores. 但具有着特有的地理条件,不同民族之间相互作用,在原始旧世在15-16世纪的探索的一百多年之后，第一批乘船横渡驶向现

IReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenclearlyonANSWERSHEET2.（10points）Musicmeansdifferentthingstodifferentpeopleandsometimesevendifferentthingstothe atdifferentmomentsofhislife.Itmightbepoetic,philosophical, ,ormathematical,butinanycaseitmust,inmyview,havesomethingtodowiththesoulofthehumanbeing.Henceitismetaphysical;butthemeansofexpressionispurelyandexclusivelyphysical:sound.Ibelieveitispreciselythispermanentcoexistenceofmetaphysicalmessagethroughphysicalmeansthatisthestrengthofmusic.（46）Itisalsothereasonwhywhenwetrytodescribemusicwithwords,allwecansarticulateourreactionstoit,andnotgraspmusicitself.Beethoven’simportanceinmusichasbeenprincipallydefinedbytherevolutionarynatureofhiscompositions.Hefreedmusicfromhithertoprevailingconventionsofharmonyandstructure.SometimesIfeelinhislateworksawilltobreakallsignsofcontinuity.Themusicisabruptandseeminglydisconnected,asinthelastpianosonata.Inmusicalexpression,hedidnotfeelrestrainedbytheweightofconvention.（47）Byallaccountshewasafreethinking ,andacourageousone,andIfindcourageanessentialqualityfortheunderstanding,letalonetheperformance,ofhisThiscourageousattitudeinfact esarequirementfortheperformersofBeethoven’smusic.Hiscompositionsdemandtheperformertoshowcourage,forexampleintheuseofdynamics.（48）Beethoven’shabitofincreasingthevolumewithanintensecrescendoandthenabruptlyfollowingitwithasuddensoftpassagewasonlyrarelyusedbycomposersbeforehim.Beethovenwasadeeplypoliticalmaninthebroadesseoftheword.Hewasnotinterestedindailypolitics,butconcernedwithquestionsofmoralbehaviourandthelargerquestionsofrightandwrongaffectingtheentiresociety.（49）Especiallysignificantwashisviewoffreedom,which,forhim,wasassociatedwiththerightsandresponsibilitiesoftheindividual:headvocatedfreedomofthoughtandof alexpression.Beethoven’smusictendstomovefromchaostoorderasiforderwereanimperativeofhumanexistence.Forhim,orderdoesnotresultfromforgettingorignoringthedisordersthatourexistence;orderisanecessarydevelopment,animprovementthatmayleadtotheGreekidealofcatharsis.ItisnotbychancethattheFuneralMarchisnotthelastmovementoftheEroicaSymphony,butthesecond,sothatsufferingdoesnothavethelastword.（50）OnecouldparaphrasemuchoftheworkofBeethovenbysayingthatsufferingisinevitable,butthecouragetofightitrenderslifeworthliving.必须具备这一品质，演奏他的作品就更是如此。作曲家极少使用法。想和表达。

IReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenclearlyonANSWERSHEET2.（10points）Itisspeculatedthatgardensarisefromabasicneedintheindividualswhomadethem:theneedforcreativeexpression.Thereisnodoubtthatgardensevidenceanimpossibleurgetocreate,express,fashion,andbeautifyandthatself-expressionisabasichumanurge;（46）yetwhenonelooksatthephotographsofthegardencreatedbythehomeless,itstrikesonethat,foralltheirdiversityofstyles,thesegardensspeakofvariousotherfundamentalurges,beyondthatofdecorationandcreativeexpression.Oneoftheseurgeshadtodowithcreatingastateofpeaceinthemidstofturbulence,a“stillpointoftheturningworld,”toborrowaphrasefromT.S.Eliot.（47）Asacredplaceofpeace,howevercrudeitmaybe,isadistinctlyhumanneed,asopposedtoshelter,whichisadistinctlyanimalneed.Thisdistinctionissomuchsothatwherethelatterislacking,asitisfortheseunlikelygardens,theformer esallthemoreurgent.Composureisastateofmindmadepossiblebythestructuringofone’srelationtoone’senvironment.（48）Thegardensofthehomelesswhichareineffecthomelessgardensintroduceformintoanurbanenvironmentwhereiteitherdidn’texistorwasnotdiscernibleassuch.Insongtheygivecomposuretoasegmentoftheinarticulateenvironmentinwhichtheytaketheirstand.Anotherurgeorneedthatthesegardensappeartorespondto,ortoarisefromissointrinsicthatwearebarelyeverconsciousofitsabidingclaimsonus.Whenwearedeprivedofgreen,ofplants,oftrees,（49）mostofusgiveintoademoralizationofspiritwhichweusuallyblameonsomepsychologicalconditions,untilonedaywefindourselvesingardenandfeeltheexpressionvanishasifbymagic.InmostofthehomelessgardensofNewYorkCitytheactualcultivationofplantsisunfeasible,yetevensothecompositionsoftenseemtorepresentattemptstocallarrangementofmaterials,aninstitutionofcolors,smallpoolofwater,andafrequentpresenceofpetalsorleavesaswellasofstuffedanimals.Ondisplayherearevariousfantasyelementswhosereference,atsomebasiclevel,seemstobethenaturalworld.（50）Itisthisimplicitorexplicitreferencetonaturethatfullyjustifiestheuseofwordgarden,thoughina“liberated”sense,todescribethesesyntheticconstructions.Inthemwecanseebiophilia—ayearningforcontactwithnonhumanlife—assuminguncannyrepresentationalforms.这是一处神圣的平和之所，无论这个地方有简陋，这也明显是人类特有无家可归者建造的花园实际上就是没有可循的花园，这种花园将一种建筑大多数人会感到精神不振，通常会归咎于一些精神上的状态，直到有一这些人工的建筑变得完全合理了。（虽然只是就广义而言）

SectionⅢReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenclearlyonANSWERSHEET2.（10points）SincethedaysofAristotle,asearchforuniversalprincipleshascharacterizedthescientificenterprise.Insomeways,thisquestforcommonalitiesdefinesscience.Newton’slawsofmotionandDarwinianevolutioneachbindahostofdifferentphenomenaintoasingleexplicatoryframework.（46）Inphysics,oneapproachtakesthisimpulseforunificationtoitsextreme,andseeksatheoryofeverything—asinglegenerativeequationforallwesee.Itis inglessclear,however,thatsuchatheorywouldbeasimplification,giventhedimensionsanduniversesthatitmightentail.Nonetheless,unificationofsortsremainsamajorgoal.Thistendencyinthenaturalscienceshaslongbeenevidentinthesocialsciencestoo.（47）Here,Darwinismseemstoofferjustification,forifallhumanssharecommonorigins,itseemsreasonabletosupposethatculturaldiversitycouldalsobetracedtomoreconstrainedbeginnings.Justasthebewilderingvarietyofhumancourtshipritualsmightallbeconsideredformsofsexualselection,perhapstheworld’slanguages,music,socialandreligiouscustomsandevenhistoryareernedbyuniversalfeatures.（48）TofilteroutwhatisuniquefromwhatissharedmightenableustounderstandhowcomplexculturalbehavioraroseandwhatguidesitinevolutionarycognitiveThat,atleast,isthehope.Butacomparativestudyoflinguistictraitspublishedonlinetodaysarealitycheck.RussellGrayattheUniversityofAucklandandhiscolleaguesconsiderevolutionofgrammarsinthelightoftwopreviousattemptstofinduniversalityinThemostfamousoftheseeffortswasinitiatedbyNoamChomsky,whosuggestedthathumansarebornwithaninnaanguage—acquisitioncapacitythatdictatesauniversalgrammar.Afewgenerativerulesarethensufficienttounfoldtheentirefundamentalstructureofalanguage,whichiswhychildrencanlearnitsoquickly.（49）Thesecond,byJoshuaGreenberg,takesamoreempiricalapproachtouniversality,identifyingtraits（particularlyinwordorder）sharedbymanylanguage,whichareconsideredtorepresentbiasesthatresultfromcognitiveconstraints.Grayandhiscolleagueshaveputthemtothetestbyexaminingfourfamilytreesthatbetweenthemrepresentmorethan2,000languages.（50）Chomsky’sgrammarshouldshotternsoflanguagechangethatareindependentofthefamilytreeorthepathwaytrackedthroughit,whereasGreenbergianuniversalitypredictsstrongco-dependenciesbetweenparticulartypesofword-orderrelations.Neitherofthesepatternsisborneoutbytheysis,suggestingthatthestructuresofthelanguagesarelineage-specificandnoternedbyuniversals.的，并从进化论或认知角度理解什么引导了它的。系路径的影响；而格林堡式的普遍性则了特定的语法词序关系类型之间存在的紧密互依ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenclearlyonANSWERSHEET2.（10points）Withitsthemethat“Mi