考研考博-英语-山东英才学院考试押题三合一+答案详解2

书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟！住在富人区的她考研考博-英语-山东英才学院考试押题三合一+答案详解（图片大小可自由调整）全文为Word可编辑，若为PDF皆为盗版，请谨慎购买！第I卷一.综合题库-全考点押密(共120题)1.单选题

Thejoysoftravel,havinglong（）thedisabled,areopeninguptovirtuallyanyonewhohasthemeans.

问题1选项

A.omitted

B.missed

C.neglected

D.discarded

【答案】C

【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项omitted“遗漏，省略”；B选项missed“错过，投偏”；C选项neglected“忽视，疏忽”；D选项discarded“丢弃”。句意：长期以来被忽视的残疾人旅行的乐趣正在向任何有办法的人开放。这里表示的是“之前残疾人士的旅行乐趣被忽视了”，因此C选项符合题意。

2.单选题

Themostimmediateeffecthasbeentheadversepublicityattendantwiththereportingofthedecision.

问题1选项

A.appalling

B.shocking

C.negative

D.provoking

【答案】C

【解析】【选项释义】

A.appalling骇人听闻的B.shocking令人发指的

C.negative消极的；负面的D.provoking刺激的；令人生气的

【答案】C

【考查点】形容词辨析

【解题思路】原句语义为“最直接的影响是在报告该决定时引起的____效果”，原词adverse“不利的；有害的；反面的”，C选项negative“消极的；负面的”最符合原句语义。

【干扰项排除】

A选项appalling“骇人听闻的”，侧重于指非常糟糕或令人不快，不符合原句语义；

B选项shocking“令人发指的”，侧重于指非常坏、不道德，不符合原句语义；

D选项provoking“刺激的；令人生气的”，不符合原句语义。

【句意】最直接的影响是在报告该决定时引起的负面效果。

3.单选题

Amanwhocould（

）suchtreatmentwasamanofremarkablephysicalcourageandmoralstrength.

问题1选项

A.bearupon

B.standupto

C.insiston

D.persistin

【答案】B

【解析】bearupon有关，瞄准，对...施加压力；standupto经得起，抵抗，勇敢地面对；insiston坚持，坚决要求；persistin坚持，固执于。句意：能够经得起这种对待的人是很有胆量和勇气的人。选项B符合句意。

4.单选题

Johncomplainedtothebooksellerthattherewereseveralpages___inthedictionary.

问题1选项

A.missing

B.losing

C.dropping

D.leaking

【答案】A

【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项missing“丢失，缺失”；B选项losing“浪费；使沉溺于；使迷路；遗失；错过”；C选项dropping“推动；帮助；宣扬；下降；终止”；D选项leaking“使渗漏，泄露；漏，渗；泄漏出去；透露”。句意：约翰向书商抱怨这本字典___几页。本句表达“字典缺失几页”，现在分词做后置定语，因此A选项正确。

5.单选题

TheUnitedStatesisacountrymadeupofmanydifferentraces.Usuallytheyaremixedtogetherandcan’tbetoldfromoneanother.Butmanyofthemstilltalkaboutwheretheirancestorscamefrom.Itissomethingtheyareproudof.

TheoriginalAmericans,ofcourseweretheIndians.Theso-calledwhitemenwhothencameweremostlyfromEngland.ButmanycamefromothercountrieslikeGermanyandFrance.

OneproblemtheUnitedStateshasalwayshadisdiscrimination.AsnewgroupscametotheUnitedStatestheyfoundtheywerediscriminatedagainst.FirstitwastheIrishandItalians.Lateritwastheblacks.Almosteverygrouphasbeenabletofinallyescapethisdiscrimination.Theonlyimmigrantswhohavenotaretheblacks.SurprisinglyenoughtheworstdiscriminationtodayisshowntowardstheIndians.

OnereasontheIndiansarediscriminatedagainstisthattheyhavetriedsohardtokeeptheiridentity.Ofcoursetheyarenottheonlyoneswhohavedoneso.TheJapanesehavetheirLittleTokyoinLosAngelesandtheChineseaChinatowninNewYork.TheDutchsettlementinPennsylvaniaalsostaysseparatefromotherpeople.Theirtownsarelikesomethingfromthe19thcentury.Theyhaveadifferentreasonfromtheothergroupsforstayingseparately.Theyliveseparatelyforreligiousreasonsratherthankeeptogetherinaracialgroup.

Althoughsomegroupshavekeptthemselvesseparateandothershavebeendiscriminatedagainst,allgroupshavehelpedmaketheUnitedStatesagreatcounty.Thereisnogroupthathasnothelpedinsomeway.Andthereisnogroupthatcansaytheyhavedonethemosttomakeitagreatcountry.

ManypeoplestillcomefromothercountriestohelptheUnitedStatesgrow.AgoodexampleistheAmericanprojectthatletamanwalkonthemoon.ItwasascientistfromGermanywhowasmostresponsiblefordoingthat.ItiscertainthatinthefuturetheUnitedStateswillstillneedthehelpofpeoplefromallracialgroupstoremainagreatcountry.

1.Whichofthefollowingstatementscanbestdescribethemainideaofthispassage?

2.Inthefirstparagraphtheword“told”means（）.

3.Thispassageimpliesthatdiscriminationisaproblemwhich（）.

4.ThemainreasonwhytheIndiansaremostdiscriminatedagainstisthat（）.

5.TheDutchliveseparatelyinPennsylvania（）.

问题1选项

A.TheUnitedStatesisacountrymadeupofmanydifferentraces.

B.DiscriminationisthemostseriousproblemintheUnitedStates.

C.AllracesintheUnitedStateshavehelpedmakethecountryagreatone.

D.TheprosperityoftheUnitedStatesismainlyduetothehardworkofthemostdiscriminatedraces.

问题2选项

A.separated

B.distinguished

C.revealed

D.madeknown

问题3选项

A.manyracesintheUnitedStateshaveexperienced

B.willstillbeveryseriousintheUnitedStatesinthefuture

C.hasalreadybeensolvedintheUnitedStates

D.isstronglyopposedbymanydifferentracesintheUnitedStates

问题4选项

A.theyhavetriedhardtokeeptheirreligions

B.theyhavetriedhardtolivetogethertokeeptheirIndiancustoms

C.theyaretheonlyoneswhohavetriedtokeeptheiridentify

D.theydiscriminatemanyotherraces

问题5选项

A.toescapediscrimination

B.tokeeptogetherinaracialgroup

C.toenjoythemselvesintheirowntowns

D.forreligiousreasons

【答案】第1题:C

第2题:B

第3题:A

第4题:B

第5题:D

【解析】1.主旨题。原文第一段第一句指出美国是一个由许多不同种族组成的国家，由此引出种族歧视，但本文的主旨句在第五段第一句，所有的种族都帮助美国成为一个伟大的国家。选项C符合原文。

2.语义题。根据原文句意，通常它们是混合在一起的，无法区分。由此可推测，told指无法区分的，选项B符合句意。

3.细节推断题。根据第三段第五句“Almosteverygrouphasbeenabletofinallyescapethisdiscrimination.”几乎每一个群体最终都能摆脱这种歧视。说明每个种族都曾经历过歧视，所以选项A正确。

4.细节推理题。根据第四段第一句“OnereasontheIndiansarediscriminatedagainstisthattheyhavetriedsohardtokeeptheiridentity.”印第安人受到歧视的一个原因是他们一直努力保持自己的身份。选项B符合原文。本题容易错选A，第四段最后一句提到的是荷兰人由于宗教原因与其他种族分开，而不是印第安人，所以不正确。

5.细节事实题。根据第四段最后一句“Theyliveseparatelyforreligiousreasons...”可知选项D正确。

6.单选题

Thesaleusuallytakesplaceoutsidethehouse,withtheaudience（

）onbenches,chairsorboxes.

问题1选项

A.havingseated

B.seated

C.seating

D.havingbeenseated

【答案】B

【解析】考查非谓语动词的用法。现在分词通常强调动作的主动语态，而过去分词强调状态，强调被动语态或已经发生过的，根据句意‘促销通常在户外进行，人们坐在长凳、椅子或盒子上’确定B选项的seated表示坐的状态，正确。

7.单选题

Investigatorsofmonkeys'socialbehaviorhavealwaysbeenstruckbymonkeys'aggressivepotentialandtheconsequentneedforsocialcontroloftheiraggressivebehavior.Studiesdirectedatdescribingaggressivebehaviorandthesituationsthatelicitit,aswellasthesocialmechanismsthatcontrolit,werethereforeamongthefirstinvestigationsofmonkeys’socialbehavior.

Investigatorsinitiallybelievedthatmonkeyswouldcompeteforanyresourceintheenvironment:hungrymonkeyswouldfightoverfood,thirstymonkeyswouldfightoverwater,andingeneral,anytimemorethanonemonkeyinagroupsoughtthesameincentivesimultaneously,adisputewouldresultandwouldberesolvedthroughsomeformofaggression.However,themotivatingforceofcompetitionforincentivesbegantobedoubtedwhenexperimentslikeSouthwick’sonthereductionofspaceorthewithholdingoffoodfailedtoproducemorethantemporaryincreasesinintra-groupaggression.Indeed,fooddeprivationnotonlyfailedtoincreaseaggressionbutinsomecasesactuallyresultedindecreasedfrequenciesofaggression.

Studiesofanimalsinthewildunderconditionsofextremefooddeprivationlikewiserevealedthatstarvingmonkeysdevotedalmostallavailableenergytoforaging,withlittleenergyremainingforaggressiveinteraction.

Furthermore,accumulatingevidencefromlaterstudiesofavarietyofprimategroups,forexample,thestudyconductedbyBernstein,indicatesthatoneofthemostpotentstimuliforelicitingaggressionistheintroductionofanintruderintoanorganizedgroup.Suchintroductionsresultinfarmoreseriousaggressionthanthatproducedinanyothertypesofexperimentscontrivedtoproducecompetition.

Thesestudiesofintruderssuggestthatadultmembersofthesamespeciesintroducedtooneanotherforthefirsttimeshowconsiderablehostilitybecause,intheabsenceofasocialorder,onemustbeestablishedtocontrolinter-animalrelationships.Whenasinglenewanimalisintroducedintoanexistingsocialorganization,thenewcomermeetsevenmoreseriousaggression,whereasinthefirstcaseaggressionestablishesasocialorderinthesecondcaseresidentanimalsmobtheintruder,therebyinitiallyexcludingthenewanimalfromtheexistingsocialunit.Thesimultaneousintroductionofseveralanimalslessenstheeffect,ifonlybecausethegroupdividesitsattentionamongthemultipletargets.If,however,theseveralanimalsintroducedtoagroupconstitutetheirownsocialunit,eachgroupmayfighttheopposinggroupasaunit;but,again,noindividualissubjectedtomassattack,andtheverycohesionofthegroupsprecludesprolongedindividualcombat.Thesubmissionofthedefeatedgroup,ratherthanunleashinguncheckedaggressiononthepartofthevictoriousgroup,reducesboththeintensityandfrequencyoffurtherattack.Monkeygroupsthereforeseemtobeorganizedprimarilytomaintaintheirestablishedsocialorderratherthantoengageinhostilitiesperse.

1.Theauthorofthepassageisprimarilyconcernedwith（

）.

2.Whichofthefollowingbestsummarizesthefindingsreportedinthepassageabouttheeffectsoffooddeprivationonmonkeys’behavior?

3.Accordingtotheauthor,studiessuchasSouthwick’shadwhichofthefollowingeffectsoninvestigatorstheoriesaboutmonkeys'socialbehavior?

4.Thepassagesuggeststhatinvestigatorsofmonkeys'socialbehaviorhavebeenespeciallyinterestedinaggressivebehavioramongmonkeysbecause（

）.

5.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethattheestablishmentandpreservationofsocialorderamongagroupofmonkeysisessentialinorderto（

）.

6.Thepassagesuppliesinformationtoanswerwhichofthefollowingquestions?

问题1选项

A.advancinganewmethodologyforchangingamonkey’ssocialbehavior

B.comparingthemethodsofseveralresearchstudiesonaggressionamongmonkeys

C.explainingthereasonsforresearchers'interestinmonkeys'socialbehavior

D.discussingthedevelopmentofinvestigators’theoriesaboutaggressionamongmonkeys

问题2选项

A.Fooddeprivationhasnoeffectonaggressionamongmonkeys.

B.Fooddeprivationincreasesaggressionamongmonkeysbecauseoneofthemostpotentstimuliforelicitingaggressionisthecompetitionforincentives.

C.Fooddeprivationmayincreaselong-timeaggressionamongmonkeysinalaboratorysetting,butitproducesonlytemporaryincreasesamongmonkeysinthewild.

D.Fooddeprivationmaytemporarilyincreaseaggressionamongmonkeys,butitalsoleadstoadecreaseinconflict.

问题3选项

A.Theycastdoubtoninvestigators'theoriesthatcouldaccountforobservedpatternsofaggressionamongmonkeys.

B.Theysuggestedthatexistingtheoriesabouttheroleofaggressionamongmonkeysdidnotfullyaccountforthemonkeys'abilitytomaintainanestablishedsocialorder.

C.Theyconfirmedinvestigators*theoriesaboutmonkeys’aggressiveresponsetocompetitionforfoodandwater

D.Theyconfirmedinvestigators’beliefsaboutthemotivationforcontinuedaggressionamongmonkeysinthesamesocialgroup

问题4选项

A.aggressionisthemostcommonsocialbehavioramongmonkeys

B.successfulcompetitionforincentivesdeterminesthesocialorderinamonkeygroup

C.mostmonkeysaresocial,yettheyfrequentlyrespondtonewcomersenteringexistingsocialunitsbyattackingthem

D.situationsthatelicitaggressivebehaviorcanbestudiedinalaboratory

问题5选项

A.keepthemonkeysfromstrayingandjoiningothergroups

B.controlaggressivebehavioramonggroupmembers

C.preventthedominationofthatgroupbyanther

D.protectindividualsseekingtobecomemembersofthatgroupfrommassattack

问题6选项

A.Howdoesthereductionofspaceaffectintra-groupaggressionamongmonkeysinanexperimentalsetting?

B.Dofamilyunitswithinamonkeysocialgroupcompetewithotherfamilyunitsforfood?

C.Whatarethemechanismsbywhichthesocialorderofanestablishedgroupofmonkeyscontrolsaggressionwithinthatgroup?

D.Howdomonkeysengagedinaggressionwithothermonkeyssignalsubmission?

【答案】第1题:D

第2题:D

第3题:A

第4题:C

第5题:B

第6题:A

【解析】1.文章主要介绍了猴群侵略和敌对行为的研究理论。根据文章第一句，即本文的中心和主旨句：Investigatorsofmonkeys'socialbehaviorhavealwaysbeenstruckbymonkeys'aggressivepotentialandtheconsequentneedforsocialcontroloftheiraggressivebehavior.研究猴子的社会行为的人总是被猴子的攻击潜力和因此而产生的对其攻击行为的社会控制的需要所震惊。确定D选项‘探讨研究人员关于猴子攻击性理论的发展‘正确。

2.根据文章第三段：Studiesofanimalsinthewildunderconditionsofextremefooddeprivationlikewiserevealedthatstarvingmonkeysdevotedalmostallavailableenergytoforaging,withlittleenergyremainingforaggressiveinteraction.在极端缺乏食物的情况下，对野生动物的研究同样显示，饥饿的猴子几乎把所有可用的能量都用于觅食，几乎没有剩余的能量用于攻击性的互动。‘fooddeprivationnotonlyfailedtoincreaseaggressionbutinsomecasesactuallyresultedindecreasedfrequenciesofaggression可知答案为D选项‘食物匮乏可能会暂时增加猴子的攻击性，但也会导致冲突减少。’正确。

3.根据文中第三段However,themotivatingforceofcompetitionforincentivesbegantobedoubtedwhenexperimentslikeSouthwick’sonthereductionofspaceorthewithholdingoffoodfailedtoproducemorethantemporaryincreasesinintra-groupaggression.然而，当像Southwick关于减少空间或食物储备的实验没有产生比群体内攻击性暂时增加更多的结果时，激励竞争的动机开始受到质疑。确定研究人员对Southwick’s的动机理论存在怀疑，而非涉及到社会秩序，所以A选项‘他们对研究人员的理论提出了质疑，这些理论可以解释猴子被观察到的攻击模式‘正确。

4.根据文章最后一段，可知猴群是等级秩序很严格的，猴子特别注重猴群内的等级，猴群对于外来者，往往会产生敌对行为，而对于外来者来说，也是对猴群的威胁，C选项‘mostmonkeysaresocial,yettheyfrequentlyrespondtonewcomersenteringexistingsocialunitsbyattackingthem’符合题意。

5.根据文章最后一段：Thesestudiesofintruderssuggestthatadultmembersofthesamespeciesintroducedtooneanotherforthefirsttimeshowconsiderablehostilitybecause,intheabsenceofasocialorder,onemustbeestablishedtocontrolinter-animalrelationships.这些对入侵者的研究表明，同一物种的成年成员第一次相互介绍时表现出相当大的敌意，因为在缺乏社会秩序的情况下，必须建立一个人来控制动物间的关系。由此可知，此种行为是为了对动物内部行为进行有效控制，防止出现侵略性和敌对行为。所以B选项正确。

6.文章主要论述了通过实验研究猴群内等级地位，以及外来者的敌对和侵略行为。文章主要是压缩猴群的生存空间的研究对猴群的攻击以及侵略行为的影响等原因进行了说明。A选项‘在实验环境中，空间的减少如何影响猴子群体内的攻击性?’正确。B选项‘为争夺食物和其他猴群竞争’并没有涉及，C选项‘对机制建立控制猴群的侵略性行为‘也没有说明，D选项不正确。

8.单选题

BesidesthoseIhavenamed,therewasnotinBritainthemanlivingwhomI（）,unlessitweretheDukeofWellington,whomIafterwardssawatWestminsterAbbey,atthefuneralofWilberforce.

问题1选项

A.caredforbeholding

B.caredtobehold

C.caredtobebeheld

D.caredforbeingbeheld

【答案】B

【解析】语法和固定搭配。caretodosth.“想做某事，愿意做某事”;carefor“关心，喜欢”；behold“看，看见”。根据句子结构，可知空格中应该填入定语从句的谓语，先行词为theman，关系代词为whom，theman和behold之间是主动关系，选项C和D可排除。句意：除了我所提到的那些人以外，在英国没有一个活着的人是我所愿意见到的，除非是Wellington,公爵，我后来在威伯福斯的葬礼上在威斯敏斯特大教堂见到了他。选项B符合题意。

9.单选题

Youcan'tcountonhim;he'sliableto____________outwhenthingsbecomedifficult.

问题1选项

A.be

B.let

C.take

D.opt

【答案】D

【解析】考查词组辨析。beout“不在家”；letout“泄露”；takeout“取出”；optout“变卦”。句意：你不能指望他，如果事情变得复杂，他有可能会变卦。选项D符合题意。

10.单选题

The（

）ofelectricalenergyintothermalenergyisaprocessthatiseasilycarriedoutat100%efficiency.

问题1选项

A.conversion

B.convention

C.conversation

D.version

【答案】A

【解析】形近词辨析题。A选项conversion“转化，变换”；B选项convention“约定，习俗”；C选项conversation“交谈，会话”；D选项version“版本”。

句意：把电能转换成热能是一个很容易以100%的效率进行的过程。选项A符合句意。

11.单选题

Thisarticledealswiththenatural______whichismostinterestingtoeveryone.

问题1选项

A.phenomenon

B.phenomena

C.phenomenons

D.phenomenas

【答案】A

【解析】考查名词辨析。A选项phenomenon“现象；奇迹；杰出的人才”；B选项phenomena为phenomenon的复数形式，C选项phenomenons这种复数形式基本和“现象”无关，只用于特殊的人（事物）；非凡的人；特别的事情（或事实）；D选项phenomenas这种复数形式不存在。句意：这篇文章论述了大家最感兴趣的自然现象。which后面的谓语动词是单数形式“is”，所以空格处也应填单数形式，因此A选项正确。

12.单选题

Whichissafer—stayingathome,travelingtoworkonpublictransport,orworkingattheoffice?Surprisingly,eachofthesecarriesthesamerisk,whichisverylow.However,whataboutflyingcomparedtoworkinginthechemicalindustry?Unfortunately,theformeris65timesriskierthanthelatter!Infacttheaccidentrateofworkersinthechemicalindustryislessthanthatofalmostanyofhumanactivity,andalmostassafeasstayingathome.

Thetroublewiththechemicalindustryisthatwhenthingsgowrongtheyoftencausedeathtothoselivingnearby.Itisthisthatmakeschemicalaccidentssonewsworthy.Fortunately,theyareextremelyrare.ThemostfamousoneshappenedatTexasCity(1947),Flixborough(1974),Seveso(1976),Pemex(1984)andBhopal(1984).

Someofthesearealwaysinthemindsofthepeopleeventhoughthelossoflifewassmall.NoonediedatSeveso,andonly28workersatFlixborough.TheworstaccidentofallwasBhopal,whereupto3,000werekilled.TheTexasCityexplosionoffertilizerkilled552.

ThePemexfireatastorageplantfornaturalgasinthesuburbsofMexicoCitytook542lives,justamonthbeforetheunfortunateeventatBhopal.

Someexpertshavediscussedtheseaccidentsandusedeachaccidenttoillustrateaparticulardanger.ThustheTexasCitywascausedbytonsofammoniumnitrate（硝酸铵），whichissafeunlessstoredinagreatquantity.TheFlixboroughfireballwasthefaultofmanagement,whichtookriskstokeepproductiongoingduringessentialrepairs.TheSevesoaccidentshowswhathappensifthelocalauthoritieslackknowledgeofthedangerontheirdoorstep.Whenthepoisonousgasdriftedoverthetown,localleaderswereincapableoftakingeffectiveaction.ThePemexfirewasmadeworsebyanoverloadedsiteinanovercrowdedsuburb.Thefiresetoffachainreactionofexplodingstoragetanks.Yet,byamiracle,thetwolargesttanksdidnotexplode.Hadthesecaughtfire,then3.000strongrescueteamandfirefighterswouldallhavedied.

1.Whichofthefollowingstatementsistrue?

2.Chemicalaccidentsareusuallyimportantenoughtobereportedasnewsbecause（）.

3.Accordingtopassage,thechemicalaccidentthatcausedbythefaultofmanagementhappenedat（）.

4.Fromthepassageweknowthatammoniumnitrateisakindof（）.

5.Fromthediscussionamongsomeexpertswemayconcludethat（）.

问题1选项

A.Workingattheofficeissaferthanstayingathome.

B.Travellingtoworkonpublictransportissaferthanworkingattheoffice.

C.Stayingathomeissaferthanworkinginthechemicalindustry.

D.Workinginthechemicalindustryissaferthantravelingbyair.

问题2选项

A.theyareveryrare

B.theyoftencauselossoflife

C.theyalwaysoccurinbigcities

D.theyarousetheinterestofallthereaders

问题3选项

A.Texascity

B.Flixborough

C.Seveso

D.MexicoCity

问题4选项

A.naturalgas,whichcaneasilycatchfire

B.fertilizer,whichcan'tbestoredinagreatquantity

C.poisonoussubstance,whichcan'tbeusedinovercrowdedareas

D.fuel,whichisstoredinlargetanks

问题5选项

A.toavoidanyaccidentsweshouldnotrepairthefacilitiesinchemicalindustry

B.thelocalauthoritiesshouldnotbeconcernedwiththeproductionofthechemicalindustry

C.alltheseaccidentscouldhavebeenavoidedorcontrollediteffectivemeasurehadbeentaken

D.naturalgasstoredinverylargetanksisalwayssafe

【答案】第1题:D

第2题:B

第3题:B

第4题:B

第5题:C

【解析】1.判断推理题。题干意为:以下哪个选项正确?A:在办公室工作比待家里安全。B:乘公共交通工具上班比在办公室上班更安全。C:呆在家里比在化工行业工作更安全。D:在化工行业工作比乘飞机旅行更安全。第一段指出:Whichissafer—stayingathome,travelingtoworkonpublictransport,orworkingattheoffice?Surprisingly,eachofthesecarriesthesamerisk,whichisverylow(呆在家里，乘坐公共交通上班以及在办公室上班，哪个更安全？惊奇地是，哪种都会携带一些比较低的危险因素)。而后又指出:However,whataboutflyingcomparedtoworkinginthechemicalindustry?Unfortunately,theformeris65timesriskierthanthelatter!(然而，与在化工厂工作相比，飞行又是什么情况呢？遗憾地是，飞行的危险程度是在化工厂工作的65倍)。因此A项和B项错误。D项正确。根据“Infacttheaccidentrateofworkersinthechemicalindustryislessthanthatofalmostanyofhumanactivity,andalmostassafeasstayingathome(事实上，化工厂的工人事故率少于几乎任何人类的活动，几乎和呆在家里一样安全)”可排除C项。因此本题选D。

2.细节事实题。题干意为:化学事故通常作为重点新闻报道，是因为什么原因？定位至第二段开头:Thetroublewiththechemicalindustryisthatwhenthingsgowrongtheyoftencausedeathtothoselivingnearby.Itisthisthatmakeschemicalaccidentssonewsworthy(化工厂的问题是，当事情变糟糕时，他们通常会导致邻近居民的死亡。正是这个结果使得化学事故很有新闻价值)。因此,B项“他们通常会造成死亡”正确。

3.细节事实题。题干意为:根据文章，因管理错误导致的化学事故发生在哪？最后一段指出:ThustheTexasCitywascausedbytonsofammoniumnitrate,whichissafeunlessstoredinagreatquantity(TexasCity的爆炸是因为硝酸铵的过量储存)。TheFlixboroughfireballwasthefaultofmanagement,whichtookriskstokeepproductiongoingduringessentialrepairs(Flixborough的起火是因为管理失误…)。TheSevesoaccidentshowswhathappensifthelocalauthoritieslackknowledgeofthedangerontheirdoorstep(Seveso的事故是因为地方当局缺少处理危险事故)。ThePemexfirewasmadeworsebyanoverloadedsiteinanovercrowdedsuburb.Pemex(（墨西哥）的事故是因为超载引起的)。因此，因为管理失误造成的事故是Flixborough。

4.细节事实题。题干意为:我们从文章了解硝酸铵是一种什么物质？最后一段指出:ThustheTexasCitywascausedbytonsofammoniumnitrate,whichissafeunlessstoredinagreatquantity.因此，德克萨斯城的事故是由大吨量的硝酸铵造成的，硝酸铵是安全的，除非过量的储存在一起。即硝酸铵是一种不能过量储存的化学物质，故B项“不能大量储存在一起的化肥”正确。

5.判断推理题。题干意为:从一些专家的讨论中，我们可以总结出什么？A:为了避免事故,我们不应该对化工厂的设备进行维护。B:官方不应该关心化工厂的生产活动。C:所有这些事故都可以通过有效的措施加以避免或控制的。D:自然气体储存在大油箱总是安全的。根据常识可知A项错误。文章只谈及地方当局因为缺少危险处理策略而导致事故,因此可排除B项。D项表述错误。最后一段指出:Someexpertshavediscussedtheseaccidentsandusedeachaccidenttoillustrateaparticulardanger(—些专家已经讨论了这些事故，并且利用每个事故说明一种危险),下文分别解释了每个事故的发生原因，过量储存、管理失误、超载等，并且暗示在一定情况下，这些事故是可以避免的，比如硝酸铵不过量储存就会很安全。因此C项正确。

13.单选题

Present-dayphilosophersusuallyenvisiontheirdisciplineasanendeavorthathasbeen,sinceantiquity,distinctfromandsuperiortoanyparticularintellectualdiscipline,suchastheologyorscience.Suchphilosophicalconcernsasthemind-bodyproblemor,moregenerally,thenatureofhumanknowledgetheybelieve,arebasichumanquestionswhosetentativephilosophicalsolutionshaveservedasthenecessaryfoundationsonwhichallotherintellectualspeculationhasrested.

Thebasisforthisview,however,liesinaseriousmisinterpretationofthepast,aprojectionofmodernconcernsontopastevents.Theideaofanautonomousdisciplinecalled“philosophy,”distinctfromandsittinginjudgmentonsuchpursuitsastheologyandscienceturnsout,oncloseexamination,tobeofquiterecentorigin.When,intheseventeenthcentury,DescartesandHobbesrejectedmedievalphilosophy,theydidnotthinkofthemselves,asmodernphilosophersdo,asproposinganewandbetterphilosophy,butratherasfurthering“thewarfarebetweenscienceandtheology.”Theywerefighting,albeitdiscreetly,toopentheintellectualworldtothenewscienceandtoliberateintellectuallifefromecclesiasticalphilosophyandenvisionedtheirworkascontributingtothegrowth,notofphilosophy,butofresearchinmathematicsandphysics.Thislinkbetweenphilosophicalinterestsandscientificpracticepersisteduntilthenineteenthcentury,whendeclineinecclesiasticalpoweroverscholarshipandchangesinthenatureofscienceprovokedthefinalseparationofphilosophyfromboth.

Thedemarcationofphilosophyfromsciencewasfacilitatedbythedevelopmentintheearlynineteenthcenturyofanewnotion,thatphilosophy’scoreinterestshouldbeepistemology,thegeneralexplanationofwhatitmeanstoknowsomething.ModernphilosophersnowtracethatnotionbackatleasttoDescartesandSpinoza,butitwasnotexplicitlyarticulateduntilthelateeighteenthcentury,byKant,anddidnotbecomebuiltintothestructureofacademicinstitutionsandthestandardself-descriptionsofphilosophyprofessorsuntilthelatenineteenthcentury.Withouttheideaofepistemology,thesurvivalofphilosophyinanageofmodernscienceishardtoimagine.Metaphysics,philosophy’straditionalcore-consideredasthemostgeneraldescriptionofhowtheheavensandtheearthareputtogether-hadbeenrenderedalmostcompletelymeaninglessbythespectacularprogressofphysics.Kant,however,byfocusingphilosophyontheproblemofknowledge,managedtoreplacemetaphysicswithepistemology,andthustotransformthenotionofphilosophyas“queenofsciences”intothenewnotionofphilosophyasaseparate,foundationaldiscipline.Philosophybecame“primary”nolongerinthesenseof“highest”butinthesenseof“underlying”.AfterKant,philosopherswereabletoreinterpretseventeenth-andeighteenth-centurythinkersasattemptingtodiscover“Howisourknowledgepossible?”andtoprojectthisquestionbackevenontheancients.

31.Accordingtotheauthor,philosophybecamedistinctfromscienceandtheologyduringthe________.

32.TheauthorsuggeststhatDescartes’supportforthenewscienceoftheseventeenthcenturycanbecharacterizedas________.

33.Theauthorofthepassageimplieswhichofthefollowingindiscussingthedevelopmentofphilosophyduringthenineteenthcentury?

34.Withwhichofthefollowingstatementsconcerningthewritingofhistorywouldtheauthorofthepassagebemostlikelytoagree?

35.Theprimaryfunctionofthepassageasawholeisto________.

问题1选项

A.ancienttime

B.medievalperiod

C.seventeenthcentury

D.nineteenthcentury

问题2选项

A.pragmaticandhypocritical

B.cautiousandinconsistent

C.daringandopportunistic

D.strongbutprudent

问题3选项

A.Nineteenthcenturyphilosophytookscienceasitsmodelforunderstandingthebasesofknowledge.

B.Theroleofacademicinstitutionsinshapingmetaphysicalphilosophygrewenormouslyduringthenineteenthcentury.

C.NineteenthcenturyphilosopherscarriedoutaprogramofinvestigationexplicitlylaidoutbyDescartesandSpinoza.

D.Kanthadanoverwhelmingimpactonthedirectionofnineteenthcenturyphilosophy.

问题4选项

A.Historyshouldnotemphasizetheroleplayedbyideasovertheroleplayedbyindividuals.

B.Historyshouldnotbedistortedbyattributingpresentdayconsciousnesstohistoricalfigures.

C.Historyshouldnotbefocusedprimarilyonthosepasteventsmostrelevanttothepresent.

D.Historyshouldbeconcernedwithdescribingthoseaspectsofthepastthatdiffermostfromthoseofthepresent.

问题5选项

A.comparetwocompetingmodels

B.analyzeadifficulttheory

C.presentnewevidenceforatheory

D.correctanerroneousbeliefbydescribingitsorigins

【答案】第1题:D

第2题:D

第3题:D

第4题:B

第5题:D

【解析】31.事实细节题。根据第二段最后一句Thislinkbetweenphilosophicalinterestsandscientificpracticepersisteduntilthenineteenthcentury,whendeclineinecclesiasticalpoweroverscholarshipandchangesinthenatureofscienceprovokedthefinalseparationofphilosophyfromboth.（这种哲学兴趣和科学实践之间的联系一直持续到19世纪，这时，教会压制学术界的力量的衰退和科学性质的变化导致了哲学与这两者的最终分离。），可知哲学与科学和神学分离是在19世纪，D选项“19世纪”正确，A选项“古代”，B选项“中世纪时期”和C选项“17世纪”错误。因此D选项正确。

32.推理判断题。根据第二段第四句Theywerefighting,albeitdiscreetly,toopentheintellectualworldtothenewscienceandtoliberateintellectuallifefromecclesiasticalphilosophy（他们战斗，尽管是谨慎的，是为了向新科学打开思想世界的大门，把思想生活从教会哲学中解放出来。），可知笛卡尔抱着谨慎的态度激烈推进新科学，坚定并满怀热忱，D选项“强有力而谨慎”正确，A选项“务实并虚伪”和B选项“谨慎并矛盾”错误。C选项“大胆并恰到时机”：文章没有提到在此时是什么时机，大环境如何有利于笛卡尔推进新科学，故错误。因此D选项正确。

33.推理判断题。根据第三段第二句ModernphilosophersnowtracethatnotionbackatleasttoDescartesandSpinoza,butitwasnotexplicitlyarticulateduntilthelateei