考研考博-英语-哈尔滨应用职业技术学院考试押题三合一+答案详解1

书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟！住在富人区的她考研考博-英语-哈尔滨应用职业技术学院考试押题三合一+答案详解（图片大小可自由调整）全文为Word可编辑，若为PDF皆为盗版，请谨慎购买！第I卷一.综合题库-全考点押密(共120题)1.翻译题

AnothermilestoneonthejourneytowardsdigitalcashwaspassedonNovember13th.Thatdatemarkedtheemergencefrombeta-testinginAmericaofV.me,a“digitalwallet”thatholdsmultiplepaymentcards,inavirtualrepository(容器).1.Insteadofprovidingtheirpersonaldetailandcardnumberstopayforstuffonline,customersjustenterausernameandapassword.TheserviceisprovidedbyVisa,agiantcard-paymentnetworkwhoseheadquartersisintheheartofSiliconValley,closetoahostoftechnologyfirmswhichwouldlovetogettheirhandsonachunkoftheglobalpaymentsbusiness.

TheshorttermnewtechnologyisactuallyboostingusageofplasticSmartphoneappsoftenrequireuserstoentertheircarddetailstopayforservices.FirmssuchasSquareandPayPalhavedevelopedtinycardreadersthatplugintosmartphonesandallowsmalltradersusingtheirfewertoacceptpaymentscheaply.EdMcLaughlin,whooverseesemergingpaymentstechnologiesatMasterCard,reckonssuchdevelopmentshaveadded1.2mnewbusinessesoverthepast12monthstothecardfirmslistofmerchants.

2.Butevenifplasticcardseventuallygothewayofvinylrecords(黑胶唱片),cardnetworksshouldstillprosperbecausetheytooareinvestingheavilyinnewtechnologyandhaveseveralbuilt-inadvantages.VisaisbettinghasmemberbanscanhelpittonarrowthegapwithrivalslikePayPal,forinstance,whichispartofe-Bayandhasgrownto11mactiveusers,thanksinparttoitsuseontheauctionsite.Over50financialinstitutionsaresupportingthelaunchofV.me,whichacceptsnon-visacardsinitswallet,tooMasterCardandothersarealsotoutingdigitalwallets,someofwhichcanholddigitalcouponsandticketsaswellascarddetails.

Beforelongallofthesewalletsarelikelytoenduponmobilephones,whichcanbeusedtobuythingsinstoresandotherplaces.ThisiswherefirmssuchasSquare,whichhasdevelopeditsownelegantandeasy-to-usemobilewalletandGooglehavebeenfocusingplentyofenergy.JenniferSchulz,Visa’sglobalheadofe-commerce,predictstherewillbeashake-outthatleavesonlyafewwalletprovidersstanding.Thankstotheirtrustedbrands,bigbudgetsandpaymentssavvy(机智，悟性),oneormorecardcompanieswillbeamongthem.

Cardnetworksarealsotakingstakesininnovativefirmstokeepaneyeonpotentiallydisruptivetechnologies.Visaownspartofsquare,whichrecentlystruckadealwithStarbuckstomakeitsmobile-paymentserviceavailablein7,000ofthecoffeechainoutletsinAmerica,VisahasalsoinvestedinMonitise,amobile-bankingspecialist.AmericanExpress,foritspart,hassetupa$100mdigital-commercefund,oneofwhoseinvestmentsisiniZettle,aSquare-likefirmbasedinSweden.

Sofarfewhavetriedtocreatenewpaymentssystemsfromscratch.Thosethathavetoyedwiththeidea,suchasISIS,aconsortiumoftelecomscompaniesinAmerica,haveconcludeditisfartoocostlyandpainfultodealwithregulators,setupanti-fraudsystemsandsoforth.Fearsaboutthesecurityofnew-fangledpaymentsystemsalsoplayintothehandsofestablishedcardfirms.

Still,theycannotrelax.BryanKeane,ananalystatDeutscheRank,pointsoutrivaldigitalwalletscouldpromotealternativestocreditanddebitcards,includingstorevaluecardsanddirectbank-account-to-bank-accountpayments3.BigretailersinAmericahaveclubbedtogethertocreatetheirowndigitalwalletandarelikelytopromptuserstochoosethepaymentoptionsthatarecheapestforthechainsbyofferingthemincentiveslikecoupons.

JackDorsey,thebossofSquareandaco-founderofTwitter,agreesthatdigitalwalletswillmakethetrade-offsbetweenvariouspaymentoptionsclearertoconsumerandreckonsthiswillforcecardnetworkstouptheirgame.“Theyhadamajorinnovation60yearsago”,hesays,“andtherehavebeenvery,veryfewinnovationssince”4.Someinthepaymentsworldmightquibble(狡辩)withthatbutonethingtheycanallagreeonisthatspreadofmobilepaymentswillbringmaymorecustomers.MasterCard'sMr.McLaughlinclaimsthat85%ofcommercestillinvolvescashandcheck.Asmobilepurchasestakeoff,moreofthisactivitywillmoveonline.

5.Thebiggestprizeofallliesinemergingmarkets,wherealackoffinancialinfrastructureishasteningtheriseofphone-basedpaymentssystemsuchasM-PesawhichservesKenyaandseveralothermarket.VisahassnappedupFandom,whichspecializesinpaymentservetotheunbankedandunder-bankedinemergingmarkets;MasterCardhassetupajointventurecalledWandawithTelefonica,aSpanishtelecomfirm,whichaimtomobilepaymentsacrossLatinAmerica.Thepaymentsworldischangingfastbutthecardfirmsarenotabouttoletrivalsswipetheirbusiness.

【答案】1.顾客只需要输入用户名和密码，而不是提供他们个人信息和卡号来进行在线支付。

2.但是尽管信用卡最终会重蹈黑胶唱片的覆辙，信用卡网络会依然繁荣，因为他们也正大力投资新技术，并且存在一些内在优势。

3.美国大型零售商联合起来创建了他们自己的数字钱包，并且可能通过提供优惠券等鼓励措施促使用户选择对他们联营企业来说最实惠的支付方式。

4.一些支付领域内的信用卡公司可能会对此有所狡辩，但是他们共同赞成的一件事情是移动支付的普及将带来更多的客户。

5.移动支付带来的最大好处在于新兴市场，在这个市场中，金融设施的缺乏促进了手机支付系统的发展，如服务于肯尼亚和其他几个市场的M-Pesa移动钱包服务。

2.单选题

SincethefirstsettlersfromEnglandhadarrivedinVirginiaintheseventeenthcentury,independencefortheUnitedStateswasalongtimecoming.ButevenifEnglandhadnotgiventhecoloniescauseforrebellion,therewouldprobablyhavebeenaseparationfromthemothercountry,fortherootsofAmericanindependencelayinthecharacteroftheAmericancolonists.AnypeoplewhowouldwillinglyforsakethecomfortsandsafetyoftheOldWorldtowrestahomefromthewildernessintherawNewWorldwouldnevertakekindlytoareinontheirliberties.AndEnglandassuredlydidstirthecoloniststorebellionbyitsWritsofAssistance,StampAct,andtaxontea.Further,manyofthecolonistshadneverseenEngland,eitherbeingdescendantsofEnglishsettlersorcomingfromfamiliesrootedinothernations;thus,thetiestoEnglandweretenuousatbest.

Aswithanyexplosivesituation,however,ittookasingleacttoignitethepowderkeg.Thelightforthefusewassupplied"whenEngland'staxedteawasthrownoverboardfromshipsinBostonHarborinDecemberof1773inwhatiscalledtheBostonTeaParty.Englanddemandedpayment,anditsBostonPortActproposedtoclosetheharboruntiltheteawaspaidfor."Withthis,allthirteencoloniesflared.Theysaw,clearly,thatBoston'sfatecouldbetheirown,andthatBoston'sfightwastheirfight.Alone,nocolonycouldprevailagainstEngland.Together,theyhadafightchance.ThemovementtounitebeganatanunofficialsessionoftheVirginiaHouseofBurgessesonMay27,1774.BySeptemberofthissameyeartheFirstContinentalCongressmetandforcedthenucleusofaunion.ThedelegatesagreedtoboycottBritishgoods.BeforetheSecondContinentalCongresscouldholditsfirstmeetingonMay10,1775,theAmericanRevolutionhadbegun.WiththeshotsexchangedbetweenthecolonistsandtheBritishatLexingtonandConcordonApril19,1775,thenationexplodedintowar.ByJunetheAmericanshadanarmywithGeorgeWashingtonasitscommanderinchief.Byspringof1776allthirteencoloniesdelegatestoCongressfeltkeenlythemandateofthepeople.TheSecondContinentalCongressmetinPhiladelphiainJuneandformedacommitteetodrawupaDeclarationofIndependence.ThomasJeffersonwasappointedbythecommitteetodrafttheDeclaration.TheDeclarationasweknowittodaywasunanimouslyadoptedonJuly4,andwassignedonAugust2,1776.

TheDeclarationofIndependencecontainedfiveofthemostearthshakingwordseverwritten,“...allmenarecreatedequal.”Notsincethesigningof...England'sMagnaCartain1215hadsuchanastonishingideafounditswayintothepublicconsciousness.Thedocumenthasoftenbeenconfusedwithadeclarationofwar,whichitdefinitelywasnot,sincewashadexistedbeforeJuly4,1776.ItwasprimarilyastatementofthereasonstotheworldofthecolonistsforwishingindependencefromEngland:Astheworldtookheed,thephrase“...allmenarecreatedequal”stuckinmen'smindsandcouldnotbedislodged.ThefervorforfreedomflamedinFrancewherethatnation'sfirstgreatrevolutionbeganin1789,foughtunderthebannerof“Liberty,Equality,andFraternity.”Later,PresidentAbrahamLincolnwastosay,“IhaveofteninquiredofmyselfwhatgreatprincipleorideaitwasthatkeptthisConfederacysolongtogether.ItwasnotthemerematteroftheseparationoftheColoniesfromthemotherland;butthatsentimentintheDeclarationofIndependencewhichgaveliberty,notalonetothepeopleofthiscountry,but,Ihope,totheworld,forallfuturetime.”

1.Accordingtothefirstparagraph,theseparationfromEnglandwas（）.

2.WhichofthefollowingisNOTTRUE?

3.Theword"boycott"inthesecondparagraphmostprobablymeans（）.

4.Whatcanyoulearnfromthelastparagraph?

5.Wecaninferthat（）.

6.Theword"document"inline3ofthelastparagraphrefersto（）.

7.Theword"motherland"refersto（）.

问题1选项

A.inevitable

B.avoidable

C.doomedtofailure

D.reconcilable

问题2选项

A.ThethirteenstatesusedtobecoloniesofEngland.

B.ThomasJeffersonwasappointedtodrafttheDeclarationofIndependence.

C.TheDeclarationofIndependencewasactuallyadeclarationofwar.

D.GeorgeWashingtonwasthecommanderinchiefoftheAmericanarmy.

问题3选项

A.Tobewillingtoaccept

B.Tohesitatetotake

C.Tobreak

D.Torefusetobuy

问题4选项

A.TheDeclarationofIndependencecontained"allmenarecreatedequal".

B.AbrahamLincolnspokehighlyofthedocument.

C.TheDeclarationofIndependencehasafar-reachinginfluenceontheworld.

D.Peoplewerefrightenedbythefivewords.

问题5选项

A.BostonTeaPartystartedthemovementofindependence

B.theDeclarationofIndependencewasdraftedin1215

C.Englandwantedtomakemoneybygoverningthecolonists

D.ThomasJeffersonbecameawritereversincehewrotetheDeclarationofIndependence

问题6选项

A.England'sMagnaCarta

B.DeclarationofIndependence

C.anastonishingidea

D.wayintothepublicconsciousness

问题7选项

A.America

B.Union

C.Colonies

D.England

【答案】第1题:A

第2题:C

第3题:D

第4题:B

第5题:C

第6题:B

第7题:D

【解析】1.根据第一段的第二句“ButevenifEnglandhadnotgiventhecoloniescauseforrebellion,therewouldprobablyhavebeenaseparationfromthemothercountry...”即使英国没有激发殖民地的起义,美国也很可能会从英国分裂出去,也就是说,美国的独立是无法避免的。选项A正确。

2.根据最后一段第三句“Thedocumenthasoftenbeenconfusedwithadeclarationofwar,whichitdefinitelywasnot,...”可知,选项C不正确。

3.根据上文可知,波士顿倾茶运动是殖民地对英国感到不满,由此引发殖民地团结起来反抗英国。所以,他们对英国的商品是抵制的态度,选项D最符合原文语境。

4.根据最后一段的内容可知,选项A是原文中的事实；选项C中根据林肯总统说的hope可推断出《独立宣言》暂时只是对美国产生了深远的影响,还没有影响到世界；选项D表述错误；选项B林肯总统对《独立宣言》给予了高度的评价,符合原文。

5.根据第二段前半部分可知,波士顿茶党是对殖民地进行反抗,没有涉及到独立,所以选项A不正确；根据原文可知,《独立宣言》是于1776年起草的,1215年颁布的是英国的《大宪章》,所以选项B也错误；选项D在文中没有提及；选项C英国想通过统治殖民者来赚钱,正确。

6.根据上下文可知,人们常常将这个文件和《宣战书》混为一谈,实际上它并不是。由此可知,这个文件指的是《独立宣言》

7.根据原文可知,这里指美国从英国独立出来,所以“motherland”指的是英国,选项D正确。

3.单选题

TheSupremeCourt（）thejudgmentofthelowercourt.

问题1选项

A.amplified

B.affirmed

C.ascended

D.applauded

【答案】B

【解析】动词辨析。句意：最高法院

下级法院的判决。amplify扩大，详述；affirm断定，确认，批准，支持；ascend上升；applaud鼓掌。因此，B项符合句意。

4.单选题

NearlyeverywriteronthephilosophyofcivilrightsactivistMartinLutherKing,itmakesaconnectionbetweenKingandHenryDavidThoreau,usuallyviaThoreau’sfamousessay.”CivilDisobedience"(1849).InhisbookStrideTowardFreedom(1958),KinghimselfstatedthatThoreau’sessaywashisfirstintellectualcontactwiththetheoryofpassiveresistancetogovernmentallawsthatareperceivedasmorallyunjust.However,thisemphasisonThoreau’sinfluenceonKingisunfortunate:first,KingwouldnothaveagreedwithmanyotheraspectsofThoreau’sphilosophy,includingThoreau'sultimateacceptanceofviolenceasaformofprotest;second,anoveremphasisontheinfluenceofoneessayhaskepthistoriansfromnotingothercorrespondencesbetweenKing'sphilosophyandtranscendentalism."CivilDisobedience"astheonlyexampleoftranscendentalistwritingwithwhichKingwasfamiliar,andinmanyothertranscendentalistwritings,includingworksbyRalphWaldoEmersonandMargaretFuller,Kingwouldhavefoundideasmorenearlyakintohisown.

ThekindofcivildisobedienceKinghadinmindwas,infact,quitedifferentfromThoreau’sviewofcivildisobedience.Thoreau,likemostothertranscendentalists,wasprimarilyinterestedinreformoftheindividual,whereasKingwasprimarilyinterestedinreformofsociety.AsaprotestagainsttheMexicanWar,Thoreaurefusedtopaytaxes,buthedidnothopebyhisactiontoforceachangeinnationalpolicy.Whileheencouragedotherstoadoptsimilarprotests,hedidnotattempttomountanymassprotestactionagainstunjustlaws.IncontrasttoThoreau,Kingbegantoadvocatetheuseofmasscivildisobediencetoaffectrevolutionarychangeswithinthesocialsystem.

However,King’swritingssuggestthat,withoutrealizingit,hewasanincipienttranscendentalist.Mosttranscendentalistssubscribedtotheconceptof“higherlaw”andincludedcivildisobediencetounjustlawsaspartoftheirstrategy.TheyofteninvokedtheconceptofhigherlawtojustifytheiroppositiontoslaveryandtoadvocatedisobediencetothestrengthenedFugitiveSlaveLawof1850.Inhissecondmajorbook,King’sdiscussionofjustandunjustlawsandtheresponsibilityoftheindividualisverysimilartothetranscendentalists'discussionofhigherlaw.Inreferencetohowonecanadvocatebreakingsomelawsandobeyingothers,Kingnotesthattherearetwotypesoflaws,justandunjust;hedescribesajustlawasa“codethatsquareswiththemorallaw”andanunjustlawasa“codethatisoutofharmonywiththemorallaw.”Thus,King’soppositiontotheinjusticeoflegalizedsegregationinthetwentiethcenturyisphilosophicallyakintothetranscendentalists9oppositiontotheFugitiveSlaveLawinthenineteenthcentury.

1.Whichoneofthefollowingbeststatesthemanideaofthepassage?

2.Whichoneofthefollowingstatementsabout“CivilDisobedience”wouldtheauthorconsidermostaccurate?

3.Accordingtothepassage,whichoneofthefollowingistrueofEmersonandFuller?

4.ThepassagesuggestswhichoneofthefollowingaboutThoreau?

5.Accordingtothepassage,Kingdifferedfrommosttranscendentalistsinthathe（

）.

问题1选项

A.King’sphilosophywasmoreinfluencedbyThoreau’sessayoncivildisobediencethanbyanyotherwritingofthetranscendentalists

B.WhilehistoriansmayhaveoverestimatedThoreau’sinfluenceonKing,Kingwasgreatlyinfluencedbyanumberofthetranscendentalistphilosophers.

C.Thoreau’sandKing’sviewsoncivildisobediencedifferedinthatKingwasmoreconcernedwiththesocialreformthanwiththeeconomicreformofsociety.

D.AlthoughhistorianshaveoveremphasizedThoreau’sinfluenceonKing,thereareparallelsbetweenKing’sphilosophyandtranscendentalismthathavenotbeenfullyappreciated.

问题2选项

A.ItinfluencedKing’sphilosophyonpassiveresistancetounjustlaws.

B.ItwasnotKing’sfirstcontactwiththeconceptofpassiveresistancetounjustlaws.

C.ItprovidedKingwithamodelforusingpassiveresistancetoeffectsocialchange.

D.Itcontainsanumberofideaswithwhichothertranscendentalistsstronglydisagreed

问题3选项

A.SomeoftheirideaswerelesstypicaloftranscendentalismthanweresomeofThoreau’sideas.

B.SomeoftheirideasweremoresimilartoKing’sthanweresomeofThoreau's.

C.Theirideasaboutcivildisobedienceandunjustlawsareaswell'knownasThoreau’sare.

D.TheywouldhavebeenmorelikelythanThoreautoagreewithKingonthenecessityofmassprotestincivildisobedience.

问题4选项

A.Hewasthefirsttodevelopfullythetheoryofcivildisobedience.

B.HisworkhashadagreaterinfluenceoncontemporarythinkersthanhastheworkofEmersonandFuller.

C.Headvocatedusingcivildisobediencetoforcethefederalgovernmenttochangeitspoliciesonwar.

D.Hisphilosophydoesnotcontainallofthesameelementsasthephilosophiesoftheothertranscendentalists.

问题5选项

A.opposedviolenceasaformofcivilprotest.

B.believedthatjustlawshadaninherentmoralvalue.

C.showedmoreinterestedinreformingsocietythaninreformingtheindividual.

D.protestedsocialandlegalinjusticeinUnitedStatessocietyratherthanUnitedStatesforeignpolicy.

【答案】第1题:D

第2题:A

第3题:D

第4题:D

第5题:C

【解析】1.根据第一段的中心句However,thisemphasisonThoreau’sinfluenceonKingisunfortunate:first,...second.确定作者认为大部分作家过分强调梭罗与金思想上的联系，并且忽略了金与其他先验论主义者的联系。由此推断出D选项‘尽管历史学家过分强调梭罗对金的影响，但金的哲学与超验主义之间存在着尚未得到充分认识的相似之处。’正确。

2.根据文章第一段，可知金的哲学思想是受到了梭罗的影响，这种影响带到政治生活中即是：King’sdiscussionofjustandunjustlawsandtheresponsibilityoftheindividualisKingnotesthattherearetwotypesoflaws,justandunjust;hedescribesajustlawasa“codethatsquareswiththemorallaw马丁路德金对公正和不公正法律的讨论以及个人的责任指出有两种类型的法律，公正和不公正;他把公正的法律描述为“符合道德法则的准则”，所以A选项‘ItinfluencedKing’sphilosophyonpassiveresistancetounjustlaws.它影响了金对不公正法律的消极抵抗的哲学。正确。

3.根据文章第二段最后一句‘IncontrasttoThoreau,Kingbegantoadvocatetheuseofmasscivildisobediencetoaffectrevolutionarychangeswithinthesocialsystem.与梭罗相反，金开始提倡使用大规模的公民不服从来影响社会体系内的革命变革。’和最后一段”...isverysimilartothetranscendentalists’discussionofhigherlaw.因此，马丁•路德•金反对20世纪不公正的种族隔离合法化，在哲学上类似于19世纪超验主义者反对逃亡奴隶法。‘推测出D选项‘爱默生和福勒会比梭罗更赞同其非暴力反抗的大规模抗议的必要性‘正确。

4.根据文章第二段AsaprotestagainsttheMexicanWar,Thoreaurefusedtopaytaxes,buthedidnothopebyhisactiontoforceachangeinnationalpolicy.作为对墨西哥战争的抗议，梭罗拒绝交税，但他不希望通过自己的行动迫使国家政策发生改变。”可知C选项’他主张用非暴力反抗战争迫使联邦政府改变其政策‘正确。A，B皆为错误表达。D选项正确。

5.根据文章第二段“Thoreau,likemostothertranscendentalists,wasprimarilyinterestedinreformoftheindividual,whereasKingwasprimarilyinterestedinreformofsociety.梭罗和大多数先验论者一样，主要对个人的改革感兴趣，而金主要对社会的改革感兴趣。”确定C选项正确。

5.单选题

Psychologiststakeopposingviewsofhowexternalrewards,fromwarmpraisetooldcash,affectmotivationandcreativity.Behaviorists,whostudytherelationbetweenactionsand,arguethatrewardscanimproveperformanceatworkandschool.Someotherresearcherswhostudyvariousaspectsofmentallife,maintainthoserewardsoftendestroycreativitybyencouragingdependenceonapprovalandgiftsfromothers.

Thelatterviewhasgainedmanysupporters,especiallyamongeducators.Butthecarefuluseofsmallmonetaryrewardssparksingrade-schoolchildrensuggestingthatproperlypresentedinducementsindeedaidinventiveness,accordingtoastudyintheJuneJournalPersonalityandSocialPsychology.

“Iftheyknowthey’reworkingforarewardandcanfocusonarelativelychallengingtask,theyshowthemostcreativity,”saysRobertEsenbergeroftheUniversityofDelawareinNewark.“Butit’seasytokillcreativitybygivingrewardsforpoorperformanceorcreatingtoomuchanticipationforrewards.”

Ateacherwhocontinuallydrawsattentiontorewardsorwhohandsouthighgradesforordinaryachievementendsupwithuninspiredstudents,Esenbergerholds.Asanexampleofthelatterpoint,henotesgrowingeffortsatmajoruniversitiestotightengradingstandardsandrestorefallinggrades.

Inearliergrades,theuseofso-calledtokeneconomics,inwhichstudentshandlechallengingproblemsandreceiveperformance-basedpointstowardvaluedrewards,showspromiseinraisingeffortandcreativity,theDelawarepsychologistclaims.

1.Psychologistsaredividedwithregardtotheirattitudestoward（）.

2.Whatistheviewheldbymanyeducatorsconcerningexternalrewardsforstudents?

3.Accordingtotheresultofthestudymentionedinthepassage,whatshouldeducatorsdotostimulatemotivationandcreativity?

4.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatmajoruniversitiesaretryingtotightentheirgradingstandardsbecausetheybelieve（）.

5.Whichofthefollowingfactsabout“tokeneconomics”isNOTcorrect?

问题1选项

A.thechoicebetweenspiritualencouragementandmonetaryrewards

B.theappropriateamountofexternalrewards

C.thestudyofrelationshipbetweenactions

D.theeffectsofexternalrewardsonstudents’performance

问题2选项

A.Theyapproveofexternalrewards

B.Theydon'tthinkexternalrewards

C.Theyhavedoubtsaboutexternalrewards

D.Theybelieveexternalrewardscanmotivatesmallchildren,butnotcollegestudents

问题3选项

A.Giverewardsforperformanceswhichdeservethem

B.Alwayspromiserewards

C.Assigntaskswhicharenotverychallenging

D.Bemoretoleranttostudentswhenmistakesaremade

问题4选项

A.rewardingpoorperformancemaykillstudents'creativity

B.punishmentismoreeffectivethanrewarding

C.failinguninspiredstudentshelpsimprovetheiroverallacademicstandards

D.discouragingthestudents’anticipationforeasyrewardsismatterofurgency

问题5选项

A.Studentsareassignedchallengingtasks

B.Rewardsaregivenforgoodperformances

C.Studentsareevaluatedaccordingtotheefforttheyputintothetask

D.Withtokeneconomics,students，creativitycanbeenhanced

【答案】第1题:D

第2题:B

第3题:C

第4题:A

第5题:B

【解析】第1题:1.细节事实题。由第一段“Behaviorists,whostudytherelationbetweenactionsand,arguethatrewardscanimproveperformanceatworkandschool.Someotherresearcherswhostudyvariousaspectsofmentallife,maintainthoserewardsoftendestroycreativitybyencouragingdependenceonapprovalandgiftsfromothers.研究行为和行为之间关系的行为主义者认为，奖励可以提高工作和学习表现。其他一些研究精神生活各个方面的研究人员认为，这些奖励会鼓励人们依赖他人的认可和礼物，从而破坏创造力。”可知研究者对于奖励是否能提高工作和学习表现持相反意见。故D项正确。

2.细节事实题。由第二段“Thelatterviewhasgainedmanysupporters,especiallyamongeducators.后一种观点得到了许多人的支持，尤其是教育工作者。”后一种观点即第一段提到的反对观点。故B项正确。

3.推理判断题。由第三段“Iftheyknowthey’reworkingforarewardandcanfocusonarelativelychallengingtask,theyshowthemostcreativity,”saysRobertEsenbergeroftheUniversityofDelawareinNewark.“Butit’seasytokillcreativitybygivingrewardsforpoorperformanceorcreatingtoomuchanticipationforrewards.”如果他们知道自己是为了奖励而工作，并且能够专注于一项相对具有挑战性的任务，他们就会表现出最大的创造力，”特拉华大学纽瓦克分校的RobertEsenberger说。但如果对表现不佳的学生进行奖励，或者让学生对奖励有太多的预期，就很容易扼杀创造力。可知C项正确。

4.细节事实题。由倒数第二段“Ateacherwhocontinuallydrawsattentiontorewardsorwhohandsouthighgradesforordinaryachievementendsupwithuninspiredstudents,Esenbergerholds.Asanexampleofthelatterpoint,henotesgrowingeffortsatmajoruniversitiestotightengradingstandardsandrestorefallinggrades.Esenberger认为，如果一个老师不断地把注意力放在奖励上，或者对一般的成绩给予高分，那么他最终只能培养出缺乏灵感的学生。作为后一种观点的例证，他指出，主要大学正在努力加强评分标准，恢复下降的成绩。”可知A项正确。

5.细节事实题。由最后一段“Inearliergrades,theuseofso-calledtokeneconomics,inwhichstudentshandlechallengingproblemsandreceiveperformance-basedpointstowardvaluedrewards,showspromiseinraisingeffortandcreativity,theDelawarepsychologistclaims.这位特拉华大学的心理学家称，在较早的年级，所谓的代币经济学（tokeneconomics）的使用显示出提高努力程度和创造力的潜力。代币经济学指的是让学生处理具有挑战性的问题，并根据表现获得分数，从而获得有价值的奖励。可知B项“对好的表现给予奖励”不正确。

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第5题:

6.单选题

TheSantaAnaappealscourtupheldanearlierjuryverdictawarding$3.2millionindamagestoAlexisSartiwhosufferedseriousnervedamageafterafoodpoisoningepisodeatarestaurant.（1）

InApril2005,SartiaterawtunaattheSaltCreekGrillerestaurant.Afterwards,shesufferedfromsuddenparalysisanddoublevision.Shespentthenext49daysinthehospital,andhadtodropoutofcollegeformorethanayearandahalfafterthefoodpoisoningincident,formedicalcareandtherapy.

（2）Musclesandspasmsbotherheronadailybasis,althoughshesaysshe’susedtothesenow.Shehasrecoveredsomewhatsincethen.Butstrenuousactivityisoutofthequestion,andwhat’sworse,sheexpectshersituationtodeteriorateasshegetsolder.

Sartifiledalawsuitagainsttherestaurant,andclaimedcrosscontaminationofthetunawithaformofbacteriathatexistsinrawpoultry.

（3）

TheverdictwassetasidebySuperiorCourtJudgeDerekW.Hunt.The4thDistrictCourtofAppealinSantaAnahasnowoverturnedJudgeHunt’sruling.

Indeliveringhisdecision,JudgeHuntsaidhewasconstrainedbya35-year-oldappellatedecisionthatprohibitsjuriesfromassumingthatcrosscontaminationintherestaurantswastheresultoffaultypracticesofhandling.

TheSantaAnaappealscourtseemstohavedisregardedthatolderappellatedecision.

（4）

Ithasbeencitedforinroperfoodstorage,crosscontaminationandincorrecthandlingonthreeseparateinstances.

ItwasclearthatthenegligentfoodhandlingpracticesatthisrestaurantwereresponsibleforadeadlycrosscontaminationthatresultedinSard’sfoodpoisoning.

（5）

Still,shehasincurredmorethanamilliondollarsworthofmedicalbills,andexpectstoneedmoremedicalcareinthefuture.

问题1选项

A.Atthetrial,Sard’sattorneysarguedthatSaltCreekGrillehasarecordofpoorhandlingpracticesinitskitchens.

B.Sartisaidmedicalbillstotaledabout$1millionandshewantstoputasideanother$1millionforfutureexpenses.

C.Sartiinsiststhatthevictoryisamoral,ratherthanmonetaryone.

D.Onceahighschoolcrosscountryrunner,Sartitodayisunabletotakepartinsportslikerunning,orotherformsofextremephysicalactivity.

E.It’samilestonedecisionthatcannowbecitedacrossotherfoodpoisoninglawsuits.

F.Ajuryhandeddownaverdictfor$3.2million,andSaltCreekGrille,whichalsohasbranchesinNewYorkandNewJersey,appealed.

问题2选项

A.Atthetrial,Sard’sattorneysarguedthatSaltCreekGrillehasarecordofpoorhandlingpracticesinitskitchens.

B.Sartisaidmedicalbillstotaledabout$1millionandshewantstoputasideanother$1millionforfutureexpenses.

C.Sartiinsiststhatthevictoryisamoral,ratherthanmonetaryone.

D.Onceahighschoolcrosscountryrunner,Sartitodayisunabletotakepartinsportslikerunning,orotherformsofextremephysicalactivity.

E.It’samilestonedecisionthatcannowbecitedacrossotherfoodpoisoninglawsuits.

F.Ajuryhandeddownaverdictfor$3.2million,andSaltCreekGrille,whichalsohasbranchesinNewYorkandNewJersey,appealed.

问题3选项

A.Atthetrial,Sard’sattorneysarguedthatSaltCreekGrillehasarecordofpoorhandlingpracticesinitskitchens.

B.Sartisaidmedicalbillstotaledabout$1millionandshewantstoputasideanother$1millionforfutureexpenses.

C.Sartiinsiststhatthevictoryisamoral,ratherthanmonetaryone.

D.Onceahighschoolcross