考研考博-英语-中国矿业大学徐海学院考试押题三合一+答案详解1

书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟！住在富人区的她考研考博-英语-中国矿业大学徐海学院考试押题三合一+答案详解（图片大小可自由调整）全文为Word可编辑，若为PDF皆为盗版，请谨慎购买！第I卷一.综合题库-全考点押密(共120题)1.不定项选择题

Morethantwomillionfilmslieinstoreroomsaroundtheworld,someofthemsobadlydamagedthattheycannolongerbescreened.Ifnothingisdone,theycoulddisappearforgood,likehalfthefilmsmadeintheUSbefore1950.Butresearchpromisesanautomatedtechnique,torestoretheseoldfilmstotheirformerglory.

Filmscanbecleanedchemicallyorbyusingultrasound.Butthisistime-consumingandexpensive,andchemicalscanalsodamagetheoriginalfilms.Anotherapproachistodigitizethefilmandthencleanupthedigitalversionframebyframe—aterriblejob.WhenDisneycleanedupSnowWhiteforreleaseonDVD,forinstance,graphicartistsworkedinshiftson40computersdayandnightfor18weeks.

“Thesecomputer-aidedtechniquesremainveryexpensive,”saysSamiaBoukir,whostartedworkonanautomatedsystem,“onlyanautomatedsystemcanhopetosalvagethearchiveofdeterioratingfilms.”

Onceafilmhasbeenscannedin,thefirststageoftheprocessistofinddustspots.Theyusuallyoccuronlyonsingleframes,sothesystemlooksforsmallspotsthatarevisibleononeframeandabsentonitsneighbors.Thesoftwarerepairstheimagebysamplingtheunspoiltareaoftheimageontheadjacentframesandreplacingthedustspotwithanaverageofthesampledpictureelement.

Detectingscratchesismorecomplicatedbecausetheymayrunoverseveralframesandcanbeconfusedwithverticallinesthatarepartofthefilm.Butatelltalepatternoftengivesthemaway:scratchesarenormallycausedbythemechanicalpartsofaprojectorrubbingonthefilm,sotheytendtorepeatatregularintervals.

Thesystemlooksforaperiodicpatternofthistypefromframetoframe,predictingwhenitshouldoccurinthesubsequentframes.Havingidentifiedthescratchanditsduration,thesoftwarethenrepairsthedamagebytakingpictureelementfromundamagedframesbeforeandafterthescratch.Thissmoothingeffectavoidsanysharpedgesintherestoredimage.

Oncerestored,thedigitizedfilmscanbeviewedbyfuturegenerationswithoutriskingmoredamagetotheoriginalbyrunningitthroughaprojector.“Filmhasahundred-yearhistory,buttheknowledgeofhowtostoreitproperlyisonly15yearsold,”saysGodfreyPyeofSunsetDigital,aHollywood-basedcompany.

1.Fromthesecondparagraphwelearnthat（）.

2.WhatisSamiaBoukir’sattitudetowardsautomatedrestorationofthefilm?

3.Whatisthecharacteristicofthedistributionofdustspotsonthefilms?

4.Thefollowingstatementsisthereasonswhyscratchesarehardtobedetected.（）

5.Bysayingthat“withoutriskingmoredamagetotheoriginalbyrunningitthroughaprojector”,(L.1-2,Para.7)theauthormeansthat（）

问题1选项

A.therehavebeenmanymethodstocleanupthefilms

B.DisneyrepairedthedamageofSnowWhiteforprofit

C.chemicalcleaningandtheuseofultrasoundhavethesameeffect

D.cleaningdigitalizedfilmisconsideredfeasibleinfilmrestoration

问题2选项

A.Neutral.

B.Negative.

C.Positive.

D.Indifferent.

问题3选项

A.Thespotsareintheunspoiltareaoftheimage.

B.Thespotsareontheaveragesampledpictureelement.

C.Thespotscannotappearontwoadjacentframesatthesametime.

D.Thespotsareontheframethatisvisile.

问题4选项

A.Thescratchesappearatorderintervals.

B.Itiseasytodistinguishverticallinesandscratches.

C.Thescratchescanextendtoseveralframes.

D.Theshapeofscratchesisdifferentfromsomepartsofthefilm.

问题5选项

A.laterusemaynotcausenewdamagetothefilmsafterrestoration.

B.thereisnoenvironmentalriskinrepairingtheoriginalfilms.

C.therestoredfilmshaveperfectvisualeffect.

D.theprojectorhasthefunctionofprotectingtherestoredfilms.

【答案】第1题:A

第2题:C

第3题:C

第4题:C

第5题:A

【解析】第1题:细节推断题。A项可以从第二段的“Anotherapproachisto…”得知，至少有三种方法来修复，因此正确，暂时保留；B项错误，确实是修复了白雪公主，但是并没有说是否是为了收益；C项第二段中提到，“chemicalscanalsodamagetheoriginalfilms”也就是化学的方式可能会损坏，因此两者不同，C错误；D项文章说了这种方法“shiftson40computersdayandnightfor18weeks”是非常大的工作量，很累人，因此不一定可行。答案为A。

第2题:作者态度题。从第三段他说“Thesecomputer-aidedtechniquesremainveryexpensive,”以及“onlyanautomatedsystemcanhopetosalvagethearchiveofdeterioratingfilms.”这两句话可以看出，他是非常支持自动修复的，甚至认为这是唯一的方法来拯救老电影。因此答案为C。

第3题:细节推断题。答案出处根据题干可以定位到第四段和第五段，第四段的第二句：Theyusuallyoccuronlyonsingleframes…意思是它们通常只出现在单帧上，因此答案为C，是这句话的转述。

第4题:细节推断题。根据题干定位到第五段，第五段第一句，“Detectingscratchesismorecomplicatedbecausetheymayrunoverseveralframes…thefilm.”意为“探测划痕更为复杂，因为划痕可能会覆盖好几帧，而且可能会与作为胶片一部分的垂直线混淆。”因此告诉我们划痕可能延展到好几帧，答案为C。

第5题:作者意图题。句子字面含义为“数字化的胶片一旦被修复，就可以被子孙后代观看，而不会因为通过放映机放映而对原胶片造成更大的损害。”我们可以看出意思是一旦修复好了，之后就一劳永逸了，不用担心会有其他的损坏，答案A为同义转述，正确。

2.单选题

Formanycountries,beingpartofaglobalsupplychainislikestrikingoil–oilthatmaynever（）.

问题1选项

A.runout

B.workout

C.turnout

D.callout

【答案】A

【解析】考查词组辨析。A项runout“用完，耗尽”，B项workout“解决，算出”，C项turnout“结果是”，D项callout表示“唤起，出动”。句意：对于许多国家来说，成为全球供应链的一部分就像开采可能永远不会用完的石油。因此A项正确。

3.单选题

Theorganizationprovidesinformationonhealthissuetothepublicatlarge.

问题1选项

A.atlength

B.ingeneral

C.indetail

D.inbrief

【答案】A

【解析】【选项释义】

A.atlength详细地B.ingeneral通常；一般来说

C.indetail详细地D.inbrief简言之

【答案】A

【考查点】词组辨析

【解题思路】原词atlarge“详细地”，侧重于“详”，即全面的，原句侧重于表达向公众提供的信息的全面性。A选项atlength“详细地”与原文一致。

【干扰项排除】

B选项ingeneral“通常；一般来说”，不符合原句句意；

C选项indetail“详细地”，侧重于“细”，即具体的细节；

D选项inbrief“简言之”，不符合原句句意。

【句意】该组织向公众提供有关健康问题的全面信息。

4.翻译题

ReadthefollowingpassageintoChinese

Therailroadindustrycouldnothavegrownaslargeasitdidwithoutsteel.Thefirstrailsweremadeofiron.Butironrailswerenotstrongenoughtosupportheavytrainsrunningathighspeeds.Railroadexecutiveswantedtoreplacethemwithsteelrailsbecausesteelwastenorfifteentimesstrongerandlastedtwentylimeslonger.Beforethe1870’s,however,steelwastooexpensivetobewidelyused.Itwasmadebyaslowandexpensiveprocessofheating,stirring,andreheatingironore.

ThentheinventorHenryBessemerdiscoveredthatdirectingablastofairatmeltedironinafurnacewouldbumouttheimpuritiesthatmadetheironbrittle.Astheairshotthroughthefurnace,thebubblingmetalwoulderuptinshowersofsparks.Whenthefirecooled,themetalhadbeenchanged,orconverted,tosteel.TheBessemerconvertermadepossiblethemassproductionofsteel.Nowthreetofivetonsofironcouldbechangedintosteelinamatterofminutes.

【答案】没有钢铁，铁路工业不可能发展到今天的规模。第一段铁轨是铁做的。但是铁制铁轨还不够坚硬，承受不了沉重的火车高速运行。铁路高管们想用钢轨取代铁轨，因为钢比铁坚硬10-15倍，而且使用寿命是铁的20倍。然而，在19世纪70年代以前，钢由于太贵而没有得到广泛使用。钢的炼制过程漫长，并且成本高，首先要加热，然后搅拌，最后重新加热铁矿。

后来亨利•贝塞麦发现在炼铁的时候往熔炉里的铁水输送空气可以燃烧掉那些使铁易碎的杂志。因为空气进入熔炉时，熔浆便会喷出火花束。当火冷却后，铁就变成钢了。贝塞麦转炉的大规模使用使得钢的大规模生产成为可能。现在3-5吨铁转化成钢只要几分钟时间。

5.单选题

Althoughmany（modifications）havebeenmadeinit,thegameknownintheUnitedStatesasfootballcanbetraceddirectlytotheEnglishgameofrugby.

问题1选项

A.rules

B.changes

C.demands

D.leagues

【答案】B

【解析】考查名词辨析。modification表示“修改，修正”；A项rule“规则，建议，统治”，B项change“变化，改变，替代物”，C项demand“（坚决的或困难的）要求，（顾客的）需求”，D项league“联盟，社团，范畴”。句意：尽管对其进行了许多修改，但在美国被称为足球的比赛可以直接追溯到英国的橄榄球比赛。根据句意可知，B项符合语境。因此，该题选择B项正确。

6.单选题

Ⅶ.(CivilandCommercialLaw)

Whenlegislators,policyanalysts,andopinionleadersdiscussfamilychangetheyusuallyfocusontwoissues:out-of-wedlockbirthsandfatherlessfamilies.Inmanycasestheydiscussthesetwoissuesasiftheywereidentical.Yetmorethanhalfofallfatherlessfamiliesarecreatedbydivorce,separation,death,orimprisonment,andnearlyhalfofallout-of-wedlockbirthsarenowtocohabitingfathersandmothers.Thesefactssuggestthatweneedtobemorepreciseaboutwhichchangesworryus.Americansworryaboutfamilychangeforatleastthreekindsofreasons,whichwewilllabeleconomic,developmental,andmoral.

Fromaneconomicperspective,themosttroublingfeatureoffamilychangehasbeenthespreadoffamiliesheadedbyasinglemotherwhoisnotlivingwithanotheradultwhohelpssupportherandherchildren.Singlemothersseldomcommandhighwages.Theyalsofinditunusuallydifficulttoworklonghours,sincetheymustalsocarefortheirchildren.Manygetverylittlechildsupportfromtheabsentfather,andevengenerouschildsupportpaymentsprovidelessmoneythanaresidentfatherwiththesameincomewouldnormallyprovide.Whilesinglemothersareeligibleforvariousformsofpublicassistance,neitherlegislatorsnorvotershavewantedtomakesuchassistanceatallgenerous,lestgenerosityencouragestillmorewomentoraisechildrenontheirown.Thespreadofsingle-motherfamilieshasthereforeplayedamajorroleinthepersistenceofpovertyintheUnitedStates.In1964,whenLyndonJohnsondeclaredawaronpoverty,only30percentofpoorfamilieswithchildrenwereheadedbysinglemothers.Sincethelate1970sthefigurehasbeenabout60percent.

NotallchildrenfromdisruptedfamilieslivewithwhattheEnglishcallalonemother,butotherlivingarrangementsarelesslikelytoleavechildreninpoverty.Motherswhodivorceandremarrytendtobeaboutaswelloffeconomicallyasmotherswhoremainmarriedtotheirchildren’sbiologicalfather.Unmarriedmotherswhocohabitwithaboyfriendalsotendtohavesignificantlyhigherhouseholdincomesthanthosewholiveontheirown,althoughitisnotclearhowmuchofthetypicalboyfriend’sincomeisavailabletosupportthemother’schildren.Andwhenunmarriedmotherslivewiththeirparentsorotherrelatives,theytoofacefewereconomicproblemsthanwhentheylivealone.Ifwearemainlyconcernedwithreducingchildpoverty,allthesealternativesreduceitsincidence.

DavidT.EllwoodandChristopherJencks:TheSpreadof

Single-ParentFamiliesintheUnitedStatessince1960

75.WhichofthefollowingstatementisNOTtrueaccordingtothe1stparagraph?

76.Fromthe2ndparagraph,weknowthattheeconomicproblemofsingle-parentfamilyis___.

77.Whichofthefollowingsituationisnotmentionedincomparingwithalonemother?

78.Theunderlinedsentenceinthe2ndparagraphdoesNOTmeanthat___.

问题1选项

A.Out-of-wedlockbirthisnottheonlycauseforsingle-parentfamilies.

B.Nearlyhalfofallout-of-wedlockbornebabiesarenowlivingwiththeirparents.

C.Lessthanhalfofallmotherlessfamiliesarecreatedbydivorce,separationordeath.

D.Out-of-wedlockbirthsandfatherlessfamiliesaretwoseparateissues.

问题2选项

A.poverty

B.thelow-incomemother

C.lackofgovernmentassistance

D.lackofsupportfromthechild’sfather

问题3选项

A.Motherswhodivorceandremarry.

B.Motherswhoremainmarriedtotheirchildren’sbiologicalfather.

C.Unmarriedmotherswhocohabitwithaboyfriend.

D.Unmarriedmotherslivewiththeirparents.

问题4选项

A.morekidsofpoorfamiliesarelivinginsingle-parentfamiliesnow

B.morethanhalfofthepoorfamilieswithchildrenaresingle-parentfamilies

C.therateofpoorsingle-parentfamilieshasdoubledsincethelate1970s

D.thedivorceratehasdoubledsince1964

【答案】第1题:C

第2题:A

第3题:B

第4题:C

【解析】75.【试题答案】C

【试题解析】事实细节题。根据题干定位到第一段Yetmorethanhalfofallfatherlessfamiliesarecreatedbydivorce,separation,death,orimprisonment,andnearlyhalfofallout-of-wedlockbirthsarenowtocohabitingfathersandmothers.（然而，半数以上的无父家庭是由离婚、分居、死亡或监禁造成的，近一半的非婚生孩子现在是由同居的父亲和母亲产生的）可知C选项“在所有无母亲家庭中，只有不到一半是由离婚、分居或死亡造成的”和原文不符以及B选项“近一半的非婚生婴儿现在和父母住在一起”和原文相符；第一段Whenlegislators,policyanalysts,andopinionleadersdiscussfamilychangetheyusuallyfocusontwoissues:out-of-wedlockbirthsandfatherlessfamilies.Inmanycasestheydiscussthesetwoissuesasiftheywereidentical.（当立法者、政策分析人士和意见领袖讨论家庭变化时，他们通常关注两个问题：非婚生育和无父家庭。在许多情况下，他们讨论这两个问题，仿佛它们是相同的）可知A选项“非婚生育并不是单亲家庭的唯一原因”；结合上文所提到的内容可知D选项“非婚生育和无父家庭是两个独立的问题”符合原文。因此C选项符合题意。

76.【试题答案】A

【试题解析】推理判断题。根据题干定位到第二段第二句Theyalsofinditunusuallydifficulttoworklonghours,sincetheymustalsocarefortheirchildren.Manygetverylittlechildsupportfromtheabsentfather,andevengenerouschildsupportpaymentsprovidelessmoneythanaresidentfatherwiththesameincomewouldnormallyprovide.Whilesinglemothersareeligibleforvariousformsofpublicassistance,neitherlegislatorsnorvotershavewantedtomakesuchassistanceatallgenerous,lestgenerosityencouragestillmorewomentoraisechildrenontheirown.（她们还发现长时间工作异常困难，因为她们还要照顾孩子。许多人从缺席的父亲那里得到的子女抚养费非常少，即使是慷慨的子女抚养费也比收入相同的常住父亲通常提供的钱要少。虽然单身母亲有资格获得各种形式的公共援助，但立法者和选民都不想让这种援助慷慨，以免慷慨会鼓励更多的女性独自抚养孩子）有涉及到B选项“低收入母亲”，C选项“缺乏政府的帮助”以及D选项“缺乏来自孩子父亲的支持”，但是结合下文Thespreadofsingle-motherfamilieshasthereforeplayedamajorroleinthepersistenceofpovertyintheUnitedStates.（因此，单亲母亲家庭的蔓延对美国贫困的持续存在起到了重要作用）可以推断出贫困才是导致这些问题的回答，A选项“贫困”包括了B，C，D选项在内。因此A选项正确。

77.【试题答案】B

【试题解析】事实细节题。根据题干定位到原文第三段Motherswhodivorceandremarrytendtobeaboutaswelloffeconomicallyasmotherswhoremainmarriedtotheirchildren’sbiologicalfather.（离婚后再婚的母亲在经济上与孩子生父保持婚姻关系的母亲差不多）可知A选项“离婚后再婚的母亲”有提及；第三段Unmarriedmotherswhocohabitwithaboyfriendalsotendtohavesignificantlyhigherhouseholdincomesthanthosewholiveontheirown…（与男友同居的未婚母亲的家庭收入也明显高于独自生活的母亲……）可知C选项“与男朋友同居的未婚母亲”有提及；第三段Andwhenunmarriedmotherslivewiththeirparentsorotherrelative…（而且，当未婚母亲与父母或其他亲戚住在一起时……）可知D选项“和父母住在一起的未婚妈妈”有提及；B选项“与孩子的生父保持婚姻关系的母亲”原文未涉及。因此B选项符合题意。

78.【试题答案】C

【试题解析】事实细节题。根据题干定位到第二段划线句子处In1964,whenLyndonJohnsondeclaredawaronpoverty,only30percentofpoorfamilieswithchildrenwereheadedbysinglemothers.Sincethelate1970sthefigurehasbeenabout60percent.（1964年，当林登•约翰逊宣布向贫困宣战时，只有30%的有孩子的贫困家庭由单身母亲抚养。自20世纪70年代末以来，这个数字一直在60%左右）可知选C选项“20世纪70年代末以来，贫困单亲家庭的比例翻了一番”；A选项“现在越来越多的贫困家庭的孩子生活在单亲家庭”，B选项“有孩子的贫困家庭一半以上是单亲家庭”以及D选项“离婚率自1964年以来翻了一番”原文都未提及，排除。因此C选项正确。

7.单选题

People'sviewonqualityeducation（）fromindividualtoindividual.

问题1选项

A.changes

B.varies

C.alters

D.transforms

【答案】B

【解析】changefrom...to…."由……改变为……";varyfrom...to…."从……到……不同";alterfrom...to..."由……转变为……";transformfrom...to…"由……转变为…"。句意：人们对素质教育的看法因人而异。选项B符合句意。

8.单选题

Manyscientistsremainskepticalaboutthevalueofthisresearchprogram.

问题1选项

A.conscious

B.doubtful

C.novelty

D.obscure

【答案】B

【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。A选项conscious“意识到的；故意的；神志清醒的”；B选项doubtful“可疑的；令人生疑的；疑心的；不能确定的”；C选项novelty“新奇；新奇的事物；新颖小巧而廉价的物品”；D选项obscure“昏暗的，朦胧的；晦涩的，不清楚的；隐蔽的；不著名的，无名的”。句意：许多科学家对这个研究项目的价值仍持怀疑态度。结合此处关键词skeptical“怀疑的”，得知B选项正确。

9.单选题

Thehighunemploymentratesoftheearly1960soccasionedaspiriteddebatewithintheeconomicsprofession.Onegroupfoundtheprimarycauseofunemploymentinslowgrowthandthesolutionineconomicexpansion.Theotherfoundthemajorexplanationinchangesthathadoccurredinthesupplyanddemandforlaborandstressedmeasuresformatchingdemandwithsupply.

Theexpansionistschoolofthought,withtheCouncilofEconomicAdvisersasitsleadingadvocates,attributedthepersistentlyhighunemploymentleveltoaslowrateofeconomicgrowthresultingfromadeficiencyofaggregatedemandforgoodsandservices.ThemajorityofthisschoolendorsedthepositionoftheCouncilthattaxreductionwouldeventuallyreducetheunemploymentlevelto4%ofthelaborforcewithnootherassistance.At4%,bottlenecksinskilledlabor,middle-levelmanpower,andprofessionalpersonnelwereexpectedtoretardgrowthandgeneratewage-pricepressures.Togobeyond4%,theinterimgoaloftheCouncil,itwasrecognizedthatimprovededucation,training,andretraining,andotherstructuralmeasureswouldberequired.Someexpansionistsinsistedthatthedemandforgoodsandserviceswasnearlysatiatedandthatitwasimpossiblefortheprivatesectortoabsorbasignificantincreaseinoutput.Intheirestimate,onlythelower-incomefifthofthepopulationandthepublicsectorofferedsufficientoutletsfortheproductiveeffortsofthepotentiallaborforce.Thefactthattheneedsofthepoorandthemanyunmetdemandsforpublicservicesheldhigherprioritythanthedemandsofthemarketplaceinthevaluestructureofthisgroupnodoubtinfluencedtheireconomicjudgments.

Thosewhofoundthemajorcauseofunemploymentinstructuralfeatureswereprimarilylaboreconomists,concernedprofessionallywithefficientfunctioningoflabormarketsthroughprogramstodevelopskillsandplaceindividualworkers.TheymaintainedthatincreasedaggregatedemandwasanecessarybutnotsufficientconditionforreachingeithertheCEA's4%targetortheirownpreferred3%.Thispessimismwasbased,inpart,ontheconclusionthatunemploymentamongtheyoung,theunskilled,minoritygroups,anddepressedgeographicalareasisnoteasilyattackedbyincreasinggeneraldemand.Further,theirestimateofthenumbersofpotentialmembersofthelaborforcewhohadwithdrawnornorenteredbecauseoflackofemploymentopportunitywassubstantiallyhigherthanthatoftheCEA.Theyalsoprojectedthatincreaseddemandwouldputaddedpressureonskillsalreadyinshortsupplyratherthanemploytheunemployed,andthatbecauseoftechnologicalchange,whichwasreplacingmanpower,muchhigherlevelsofdemandwouldbenecessarytocreatethesamenumberofjobs.

Thestructuralschool,too,haditshyperenthusiasts:Fiscalconservativeswho,asanalternativetoexpansionarypolicies,arguedthenotveryplausiblepositionthatajobwasavailableforeveryperson,providedonlythatheorshehadtherequisiteskillsorwouldrelocate.Suchextremistpositionsaside,therewasactuallyconsiderableagreementbetweentwomaingroups,thoughthiswasnotrecognizedatthelime.Bothrealizedtheadvisabilityofataxcuttoincreasedemand,andbothneededtoreduceunemploymentbelowapointaround4%.Ineithercase,thepolicyimplicationsdifferedinemphasisandnotincontent.

1.Theauthor'streatmentofthe"hyperenthusiasts"canbestbedescribedasoneof().

2.Accordingtothepassage,therewasagooddealofagreementbetweentheexpansionistandstructuralisttheorieson().

3.Althoughtheyagreedthatanincreaseindemandwasnecessarytoreduceunemployment,theexpansionistsarguedthat().

4.Theauthordiscountsthevalueoftheexpansionists'judgmentbypointingoutthatit().

5.Itcanbeinferredthatthehyperenthusiastscontendedthat().

问题1选项

A.tolerance

B.appreciation

C.dismissal

D.sarcasm

问题2选项

A.howtoreduceunemploymentinthe1960s

B.howtoreduceunemploymentto4percent

C.whatrolethegovernmentplayedinreducingunemployment

D.howtoeliminatestructuraldeficiencies

问题3选项

A.importanceshouldbeattachedtostructuralmeasuressuchaseducationandtraining

B.politicallyconservativepoliciesshouldbemadeintheefforttoreduceunemployment

C.ataxcutwouldnotbesufficienttohelptocreateincreaseddemand

D.governmentspendingtoincreasedemandshouldfundprogramsforlowerincomegroupsandpublicservices

问题4选项

A.wasnotborneoutwithsufficientinformation

B.wascoloredbytheirpoliticalviewpoint

C.wasnotmadefromaprofessionalpointofview

D.wasdeemedtobeimpracticalandthusincorrect

问题5选项

A.theproblemofunemploymentcouldbesolvedwithgovernmentretrainingandeducationprograms

B.thenumberofpeopleunemployedwasgreatlyoverestimatedbytheCouncilofEconomicAdvisers

C.thepoorhadagreaterneedforexpandedgovernmentservicesthanthemoreaffluentportionofthepopulation

D.fiscalpoliciesalonewerepowerfulenoughtoreducethejoblessrateto4percentoftheworkforce

【答案】第1题:D

第2题:B

第3题:A

第4题:D

第5题:A

【解析】第1题:1.根据关键词定位到最后一自然段。作者对财政保守派一方面可以增加就业机会但落实不到实处的态度有点讽剌意味。tolerance容忍;appreciation欣赏;dismissal不予理会;sarcasm讽刺,嘲笑。所以选D。

2.根据最后一段的倒数二三句"Suchextremistpositionsaside,...bothneededtoreduceunemploymentbelowapointaround4%."他们都意识到减税以增加需求是明智的,都需要将失业率降低到4%以下。选项B符合原文。

3.根据第二段前部分内容可知,扩张主义思想体系中,大多数人都赞同委员会的立场,即在没有其他援助的情况下,仅通过减税就能将失业率降至4%。为了达到这一目标,需要改善教育培训以及其他结构性措施。所以选项A符合原文。

4.根据第二段的最后一句"Thefactthat...theireconomicjudgments."在这个群体的价值结构中,穷人的需要和许多未得到满足的对公共服务的要求比市场的要求具有更高的优先地位,这无疑影响了他们的经济判断。所以选项D符合原文。

5.根据最后一段的内容可知,这些潜在热心者认为：每个人可获得的工作机会并不是很合理,工作只会提供给那些有相应技能的求职者,否则会被调剂。也就是说,求职者想要解决就业问题需要经过再就业培训。选项A符合原文。

第2题:

第3题:

第4题:

第5题:

10.翻译题

ReadthefollowingpassageandthentranslatetheunderlinedpartsintoChinese.

Specializationcanbeseenasaresponsetotheproblemofanincreasingaccumulationofscientificknowledge.Bysplittingupthesubjectmatterintosmallerunits,onemancouldcontinuetohandletheinformationanduseitasthebasisforfurtherresearch.Butspecializationwasonlyoneofaseriesofrelateddevelopmentsinscienceaffectingtheprocessofcommunication.

Anotherwasthegrowingprofessionalizationofscientificactivity.

Noclearcutdistinctioncanbedrawnbetweenprofessionalsandamateursscience:exceptionscanbefoundtoanyrule.(Nevertheless,theword'amateur’doescarryaconnotationthatthepersonconcernedisnotfullyintegratedintothescientificcommunity,andinparticular,maynotfullyshareitsvalues.

Theurowthofspecializationinthenineteenthcentury,withitsconsequentrequirementofalonger,morecomplextrainingimpliedgreaterproblemsforamateurparticipationinscience.Thetrendwasnaturallymostobviousinthoseareasofsciencebasedespeciallyonamathematicalorlaboratorytraining,andcanbeillustratedintermsofthedevelopmentofgeologyintheUnitedKingdom.

AcomparisonofBritishgeologicalpublicationsoverthelastcenturyandahalfrevealsnotsimplyanincreasingemphasisontheprimacyofresearch,butalsoachangingdefinitionofwhatconstitutesanacceptableresearchpaper.Thus,inthenineteenthcentury,localgeologicalstudiesrepresentedworthwhileresearchintheirownright;but,inthetwentiethcentury,localstudieshaveincreasinglybecomeacceptabletoprofessionalsonlyiftheyincorporate,andreflecton,thewidergeologicalpicture.Amateurs,ontheotherhand,havecontinuedtopursuelocalstudiesintheoldway.Theoverallresulthasbeentomakeentrancetoprofessionalgeologicaljournalsharderforamateurs,aresultthathasbeenreinforcedbythewidespreadintroductionofrefereeing,firstbynationaljournalsinthenineteenthcenturyandthenbyseverallocalgeologicaljournalsinthetwentiethcentury.

Asalogicalconsequenceofthisdevelopment,separatejournalshavenowappearedaimedmainlytowardseitherprofessionaloramateurreadership.Arathersimilarprocessofdifferentiationhasledtoprofessionalgeologistscomingtogethernationallywithinoneortwospecificsocieties,whereastheamateurshavetendedeithertoremaininlocalsocietiesortocometogethernationallyinadifferentway.

AlthoughtheprocessofprofessionalizationandspecializationwasalreadywellunderwayinBritishgeologyduringthenineteenthcentury,itsfullconsequenceswerethusdelayeduntilthetwentiethcentury.Insciencegenerally,however,thenineteenthcenturymustbereckonedasthecrucialperiodforthischangeinthestructureofscience.

【答案】另一结果是科研活动的日益专业化。

然而，“业余”这个词的确包含这样一个内涵，即所提到的人无法完全融入科学界，尤其是，他们可能无法完全认同这个群体的价值观。

十九世纪，由于长期而复杂的专业训练，专业化的发展给从事科研的业余人员带来了更大的问题。

作为这一发展的合理结果，不同的期刊面向不同的读者，专业的或者业余的。

尽管职业化和专业化进程在19世纪的英国地质界进行得非常深入，但是它所产生的影响到20世纪才体现出来。

11.单选题

Youmustletmehavetheannualreportwithout（）byteno’clocktomorrowmorning.

问题1选项

A.failure

B.hesitation

C.trouble

D.fail

【答案】D

【解析】固定搭配。withoutfail为固定搭配,表示“必定,务必”。句意为:你必须在明天早上十点之前把年度报告交给我。所以选项D正确。

12.单选题

Thisisanexcitingareaofstudy,andone（）whichnewapplicationsarebeingdiscoveredalmostdaily.

问题1选项

A.from

B.by

C.in

D.through

【答案】C

【解析】考査定语从句。inwhich表示“在某个领域被发现”。句意：这是一个令人兴奋的研究领域,

一个几乎每天都有新的应用程序被发现的领域。

13.单选题

Likemanyothersmallboys,Iwasfascinatedbycars,notleastbecausemyoldestbrotherwasabitofacarguyandsubscribedtocoolmagazineslikeCarandDriverandMotorTrend.Everysooften,oneofthosemagazineswouldrunanarticleonthe“CaroftheFuture”.Theyfeaturedunconventionalstylingandthingslikesmallnuclearreactorsaspowersources.Yet,frankly,mycardoesn’tdoanythingthatmybrother’sStudebakerdidn’tdo.Itgoes,itstops,itburnsgasoline,itplaysmusic.Istillhavetosteerit,anditstillrunsintothingsifIdon’tsteeritcarefully.

Butguesswhat?Allofthesethingsaresubjecttochangeinthenot-so-distantfuture.Itwillstillgoandstop,butitmaynotburngasoline.Imaynothavetosteerit,anditmaybealotbetteratnotrunningintothings.

Airbagsaren’tthebe-allandend-allinsafety.Infact,consideringtherecentnewsaboutpeopleoccasionallybeingkilledbytheirairbagsinlow-speedcollisions（碰撞）,theyobviouslystillneedsomedevelopment.Buttheyaren’tgoingaway,andinfactyoucanexpecttoseecarsappearingwithadditional,side-impactairbags,somethingsomeEuropeancarmanufacturersalreadyoffer.

Betterthansystemstominimize（使减少到最低限度）injuryintheeventofanaccident,however,aresystemsthatminimizethelikelihoodofanaccidenthappeninginthefirstplace.Futurecarsmaybeabletoeliminatemanyofthemajorcausesofaccidents,includingdrunk-driving,tailgatingandsleepiness.Carscouldbeequippedwithsensorsthatcandetectalcoholinadriver’ssystemandpreventthecarfrombeingstarted,forexample.Manyaccidentsarecausedbypeoplefollowingthecarinfronttooclosely.Asearlyasnextyear,you’llbeabletobuycarswithradar-equippedcontrolsystems.Iftheradardeterminesyou’reclosingtooquicklywiththecarinfront,itwilleaseuponthethrottle.Forcitystreets,expectotherradardevicesthatwillgiveadvancewarningthatthecarinfrontofyouhasslowedsuddenlyandyoushouldsteponthebrakes—orthatmayevenbrakeforyou.

Willcarseventuallybeabletodrivethemselves?There’snoreasontothinkitwon’tbetechnicallypossible,andMercedesisworkingonasystemthatcanbrake,accelerateandsteeravehicledownahighwayonitsown.Nobodyreallyexpectspeopletogiveupallcontroltotheircars,butsuchsystemscouldbeusedasfailsafe（安全的）systemstokeepcarsontheroadandbringthemsafelytoastopevenifthedriversuddenlybecamedisabled.

1.Theauthorwasfascinatedbycarsbecause_____.

2.Bysay“mycardoesn’tdoanythingthatmybrother’sStudebakerdidn’tdo”(Line-5-6,para.1),theauthormeansthat.

3.Whichofthefollowingstatementsistrueofairbags?

4.Whatwillfuturecarsdoifthesensorsdetectalcoholinthedriver’ssystem?

5.Wh