考研考博-英语-中国海洋大学考试押题三合一+答案详解2

书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟！住在富人区的她考研考博-英语-中国海洋大学考试押题三合一+答案详解（图片大小可自由调整）全文为Word可编辑，若为PDF皆为盗版，请谨慎购买！第I卷一.综合题库-全考点押密(共120题)1.不定项选择题

AsGilbertWhite,Darwin,andothersobservedlongago,allspeciesappeartohavetheinnatecapacitytoincreasetheirnumbersfromgenerationtogeneration.Thetaskforecologistsistountangletheenvironmentalandbiologicalfactorsthatholdthisintrinsiccapacityforpopulationgrowthincheckoverthelongrun.Thegreatvarietyofdynamicbehaviorsexhibitedbydifferentpopulationmakesthistaskmoredifficult:somepopulationsremainroughlyconstantfromyeartoyear;othersexhibitregularcyclesofabundanceandscarcity;stillothersvarywildly,withoutbreaksandcrashesthatareinsomecasesplainlycorrelatedwiththeweather,andinothercasesnot.

Toimposesomeorderonthiskaleidoscopeofpatterns,oneschoolofthoughtproposesdividingpopulationsintotwogroups.Theseecologistspositthattherelativelysteadypopulationshavedensity-dependentgrowthparameters;thatis,ratesofbirth,death,andmigrationwhichdependstronglyonpopulationdensity.Thehighlyvaryingpopulationshavedensity-independentgrowthparameters,withvitalratesbuffetedbyenvironmentalevents;theseratesfluctuateinawaythatiswhollyindependentofpopulationdensity.

Thisdichotomyhasitsuses,butitcancauseproblemsiftakentooliterally.Foronething,nopopulationcanbedrivenentirelybydensity-independentfactorsallthetime.Nomatterhowseverelyorunpredictablybirth,death,andmigrationratesmaybefluctuatingaroundtheirlong-termaverages,iftherewerenodensity-dependenteffects,thepopulationwould,inthelongrun,eitherincreaseordecreasewithoutbound(barringamiraclebywhichgainsandlossescanceledexactly).Putanotherway,itmaybethatonaverage99percentofalldeathsinapopulationarisefromdensity-independentcauses,andonlyonepercentfromfactorsvaryingwithdensity.Thefactorsmakinguptheonepercentmayseemunimportant,andtheircausemaybecorrespondinglyhardtodetermine.Yet,whetherrecognizedornot,theywillusuallydeterminethelong-termaveragepopulationdensity.

Inordertounderstandthenatureoftheecologist’sinvestigation,wemaythinkofthedensity-dependenteffectsongrowthparametersasthesignalecologistsaretryingtoisolateandinterpret,onethattendstomakethepopulationincreasefromrelativelylowvaluesordecreasefromrelativelyhighones,whilethedensity-independenteffectsacttoproducenoiseinthepopulationdynamics.Forpopulationsthatremainrelativelyconstant,orthatoscillatearoundrepeatedcycles,thesignalcanbefairlyeasilycharacterizedanditseffectsdescribed,eventhoughthecausativebiologicalmechanismmayremainunknown.Forirregularlyfluctuatingpopulations,wearelikelytohavetoofewobservationstohaveanyhopeofextractingthesignalfromtheoverwhelmingnoise.Butitnowseemsclearthatallpopulationsareregulatedbyamixtureofdensity-dependentanddensity-independenteffectsinvaryingproportions.

1.Theauthorofthetextisprimarilyconcernedwith______.

2.Itcanbeinferredfromthetextthattheauthorconsidersthedichotomydiscussedtobe______.

3.Accordingtothetext,allofthefollowingbehaviorshavebeenexhibitedbydifferentpopulationsEXCEPT______.

4.Thediscussionconcerningpopulationinthethirdparagraphservesprimarilyto______.

5.Inthetext,theauthordoesallofthefollowingEXCEPT______.

问题1选项

A.discussingtwocategoriesoffactorsthatcontrolpopulationgrowthandassessingtheirrelativeimportance

B.describinghowgrowthratesinnaturalpopulationsfluctuateovertimeandexplainingwhythesechangesoccur

C.proposingahypothesisconcerningpopulationsizeandsuggestingwaystotestit

D.posingafundamentalquestionaboutenvironmentalfactorsinpopulationgrowthandpresentingsomecurrentlyacceptedanswer

问题2选项

A.applicableonlytoerraticallyfluctuatingpopulations

B.instrumental,butonlyifitslimitationsarerecognized

C.dangerouslymisleadinginmostcircumstances

D.acompleteandsufficientwaytoaccountforobservedphenomena

问题3选项

A.roughlyconstantpopulationlevelsfromyeartoyear

B.regularcyclesofincreasesanddecreasesinnumbers

C.erraticincreasesinnumberscorrelatedwiththeweather

D.uncheckedincreasesinnumbersovermanygenerations

问题4选项

A.demonstratethedifficultiesecologistsfaceinstudyingdensity-dependentfactorslimitingpopulationgrowth

B.advocatemorerigorousstudyofdensity-dependentfactorsinpopulationgrowth

C.provethatthedeathratesofanypopulationareneverentirelydensity-independent

D.underlinetheimportanceofevensmalldensity-dependentfactorsinregulatinglong-termpopulationdensities

问题5选项

A.citetheviewsofotherbiologists

B.defineabasicproblemthatthetextaddresses

C.presentconceptualcategoriesusedbyotherbiologists

D.describetheresultsofaparticularstudy

【答案】第1题:A

第2题:B

第3题:D

第4题:D

第5题:D

【解析】1.【选项释义】

1.Theauthorofthetextisprimarilyconcernedwith______.1.本文的作者主要关注______。

A.discussingtwocategoriesoffactorsthatcontrolpopulationgrowthandassessingtheirrelativeimportanceA.讨论控制人口增长的两类因素，并评估它们的相对重要性

B.describinghowgrowthratesinnaturalpopulationsfluctuateovertimeandexplainingwhythesechangesoccurB.描述自然种群的增长率如何随时间波动，并解释为什么会发生这些变化

C.proposingahypothesisconcerningpopulationsizeandsuggestingwaystotestitC.提出关于种群规模的假设并提出检验方法

D.posingafundamentalquestionaboutenvironmentalfactorsinpopulationgrowthandpresentingsomecurrentlyacceptedanswerD.提出一个关于人口增长中的环境因素的基本问题，并给出一些目前被接受的答案

【考查点】主旨大意题。

【解题思路】文章首先提出物种增长的现象，随即提出二分法并对其进行讨论，最后对这个二分法进行评估，因此在这篇文章中，作者主要关注的是讨论控制人口增长的两类因素以及他们的重要性，所以A项“讨论控制人口增长的两类因素，并评估它们的相对重要性”符合题意。

【干扰项排除】B项“描述自然种群的增长率如何随时间波动，并解释为什么会发生这些变化”、C项“提出关于种群规模的假设并提出检验方法”和D项“提出一个关于人口增长中的环境因素的基本问题，并给出一些目前被接受的答案”都是文章中的一部分，不够全面，这三项属于以偏概全。

2.【选项释义】

2.Itcanbeinferredfromthetextthattheauthorconsidersthedichotomydiscussedtobe______.2.从文中可以推断，作者认为讨论的二分法______。

A.applicableonlytoerraticallyfluctuatingpopulationsA.只适用于不稳定波动的人口

B.instrumental,butonlyifitslimitationsarerecognizedB.有用的，但前提是它的局限性被认识到

C.dangerouslymisleadinginmostcircumstancesC.在大多数情况下都是危险的误导

D.acompleteandsufficientwaytoaccountforobservedphenomenaD.解释观察到的现象的一种完整而充分的方法

【考查点】推理判断题。

【解题思路】根据关键词dichotomy定位至第三段首句“这种二分法有它的用途，但如果从字面上理解，就会产生问题（butitcancauseproblemsiftakentooliterally）”，其中二分法指的是第二段提到的两类种群，即相对稳定的种群和高度变化的种群，第二段讨论了这两种种群的不同用途，说明二分法是有用的；然后第三段首句却提到butitcancauseproblemsiftakentooliterally（但如果从字面上理解，就会产生问题），可以看出，二分法有其局限性，所以B项“有用的，但前提是它的局限性被认识到”符合题意。

【干扰项排除】

A项“只适用于不稳定波动的人口”表述太绝对，该项属于曲解原文；

C项“在大多数情况下都是危险的误导”和D项“解释观察到的现象的一种完整而充分的方法”表述都比较片面，这两项属于以偏概全。

3.【选项释义】

3.Accordingtothetext,allofthefollowingbehaviorshavebeenexhibitedbydifferentpopulationsEXCEPT______.3.根据本文，以下所有的行为都在不同的物种中出现过，除了______。

A.roughlyconstantpopulationlevelsfromyeartoyearA.每年大致保持恒定的人口水平

B.regularcyclesofincreasesanddecreasesinnumbersB.数字有规律的增加和减少的循环

C.erraticincreasesinnumberscorrelatedwiththeweatherC.数量的不稳定增长与天气有关

D.uncheckedincreasesinnumbersovermanygenerationsD.数代人不受制约的增长

【考查点】细节事实题。

【解题思路】根据首段前两句“正如吉尔伯特•怀特、达尔文和其他人很久以前观察到的那样，所有物种（allspecies）似乎都具有与生俱来的能力，能够一代一代地增加它们的数量。生态学家的任务是理清环境和生物因素，从长远来看，这些因素制约着（incheck）人口增长的内在能力”，其中allspecies对应了题干中的differentpopulations，可知不同的物种都具有能够一代一代地增加它们的数量的能力，但是这种能力受到环境和生物因素的制约，D项“数代人不受制约的增长”中的unchecked与原文不符合，但符合题干，故该题选择D项。

【干扰项排除】

A项“每年大致保持恒定的人口水平”、B项“数字有规律的增加和减少的循环”和C项“数量的不稳定增长与天气有关”，根据第一段最后一句“不同种群表现出的各种动态行为使得这项任务更加困难：有些种群年复一年大致保持不变；另一些则表现出规律性的丰富性和稀缺性循环；还有一些情况差别很大，疾病的爆发和崩溃在某些情况下与天气密切相关，而在其他情况下则与天气无关”可知，这三项行为都在不同的物种中出现过，故属于反向干扰。

4.【选项释义】

4.Thediscussionconcerningpopulationinthethirdparagraphservesprimarilyto______.4.第三段中关于种群的讨论主要是为了______。

A.demonstratethedifficultiesecologistsfaceinstudyingdensity-dependentfactorslimitingpopulationgrowthA.说明生态学家在研究限制种群增长的密度依赖因素时所面临的困难

B.advocatemorerigorousstudyofdensity-dependentfactorsinpopulationgrowthB.提倡更严格地研究种群增长中密度依赖的因素

C.provethatthedeathratesofanypopulationareneverentirelydensity-independentC.证明任何种群的死亡率都不是完全与密度无关的

D.underlinetheimportanceofevensmalldensity-dependentfactorsinregulatinglong-termpopulationdensitiesD.强调即使是很小的密度依赖因素在调节长期的种群密度方面的重要性

【考查点】推理判断题。

【解题思路】首先定位第三段，该段主要陈述density-dependentfactors（密度依赖因素），由最后三句“换句话说，种群中平均99%的死亡是由与密度无关的原因引起的，只有1%是随密度变化的因素引起的。构成这1%的因素可能看起来不重要，它们的原因可能相应地难以确定。然而，无论是否被认识到，它们通常将决定长期的平均种群密度。”可知，种群中只有1%的死亡是由密度依赖因素引起，但是这1%的因素通常决定长期的平均种群密度，综合理解可以推断，第三段关于种群的讨论主要是为了强调密度依赖因素在调节种群密度方面的重要性，D项“强调即使是很小的密度依赖因素在调节长期的种群密度方面的重要性”符合题意。

【干扰项排除】

A项“说明生态学家在研究限制种群增长的密度依赖因素时所面临的困难”在第三段没有依据，该项属于无中生有；

B项“提倡更严格地研究种群增长中密度依赖的因素”，该段只是证明了种群增长中密度依赖因素的重要性，但是advocate在该段没有体现，该项属于无中生有；

C项“证明任何种群的死亡率都不是完全与密度无关的”并不是第三段讨论种群的重点，该项属于本末倒置。

5.【选项释义】

5.Inthetext,theauthordoesallofthefollowingEXCEPT______.5.在本文中，作者做了以下所有的事情，除了______。

A.citetheviewsofotherbiologistsA.引用其他生物学家的观点

B.defineabasicproblemthatthetextaddressesB.定义文章要解决的一个基本问题

C.presentconceptualcategoriesusedbyotherbiologistsC.介绍其他生物学家使用的概念范畴

D.describetheresultsofaparticularstudyD.描述一项特定研究的结果

【考查点】推理判断题。

【解题思路】通读全文可知，本文作者在论述自己的观点时运用了各种写作手段，第一段引用生物学家的观点引出文章主题，第二段介绍其他生态学家所定义的概念，第三段和第四段则是提出二分法需要解决的一个问题，并介绍理解生态学家们所从事的研究的性质的不同方法，只有D项“描述一项特定研究的结果”的写作手法并没有在文中运用，故该题选择D项符合题意。

【干扰项排除】

A项“引用其他生物学家的观点”在第一段有体现，该段引用了吉尔伯特•怀特和达尔文，该项属于反向干扰；

B项“定义文章要解决的一个基本问题”在第三段有体现，第一句提到“这种二分法有它的用途，但如果从字面上理解，就会产生问题”，该项属于反向干扰；

C项“介绍其他生物学家使用的概念范畴”在第二段有体现，第一句提到“为了给这种千变万化的模式赋予一些秩序，一种思想学派建议将种群分为两类”，该项属于反向干扰。

2.单选题

Thehighcourtreversedthedecisionofthelowercourtbecausetheruling______thedefendanthisright.

问题1选项

A.refused

B.declined

C.denied

D.ignored

【答案】C

【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项refuse“拒绝”，其后接名词、代词或不定式；B选项decline“下降，谢绝，婉言拒绝”；C选项deny“否认，拒绝给予”，denysb.sth.表示“拒绝给予某人某物”；D选项ignore“忽视，不顾”。根据从句中的宾语thedefendanthisright可知选C。句意：高等法院推翻了下级法院的裁决，因为该裁决剥夺了被告的权利。

3.填空题

THEIRONBRIDGE

TheIronBridgewasthefirstofaskindinEuropeandisuniversallyrecognizedasasymboloftheIndustrialRevolution.

A:TheIronBridgecrossestheRiverSeverninCoalbrookdale,inthewestofEngland.Itwasthefirstcast-ironbridgetobesuccessfullyerected,andthefirstlargecast-ironstructureoftheindustrialageinEurope,althoughtheChinesewereexpertiron-castersmanycenturiesearlier.

B:Riversusedtotheequivalentoftoday’smotorways,inthattheywereextensivelyusedfortransportation.TheRiverSevern,whichstartsitslifeontheWelshmountainsandeventuallyenterstheseabetweenCardiffandBristol,isthelongestnavigableriverinBritain.Itwasidealfortransportationpurpose,andspecialboatswerebuilttonavigatethewaters.Bythemiddleoftheeighteenthcentury,theSevernwasoneofthebusiestriversinEurope.Localgoods,includingcoal,ironproducts,wool,grainandcider,weresentbyriver.Amongthegoodscomingupstreamwereluxuriessuchassugar,tea,coffeeandwine.Inplaces,theriverbankswerelinedwithwharvesandtheriverwasoftencrowdedwithboatsloadingorunloading.

C:In1638,BasilBrookepatentedasteel-makingprocessandbuiltafurnaceatCoalbrookdale.ThislaterbecamethepropertyofAbrahamDarby(referredtoasAbrahamDarbyItodistinguishhimfromhissonandgrandsonofthesamename.)AfterservinganapprenticeshipinBirmingham,DarbyhadstartedabusinessinBristol,buthemovedtoCoalbrookdalein1710withanideathatcokederivedfromcoalcouldprovideamoreeconomicalalternativetocharcoalasafuelforironmaking.Thisledtocheaper,moreefficientironmakingfromtheabundantsuppliesofcoal,ironandlimestoneinthearea.

D:Hisson,AbrahamDarbyII,pioneeredthemanufactureofcastiron,andhadtheideaofbuildingabridgeovertheSevern,asferryingstoresofallkindsacrosstheriver,particularlythelargequantitiesoffuelforthefurnacesatCoalbrookdaleandothersurroundingironworks,involvedconsiderableexpenseanddelay.However,itwashissonAbrahamDarbyIII(bornin1750)who,in1775,organizedameetingtoplanthebuildingofabridge.Thiswasdesignedbyalocalarchitect,ThomasPritchard,whohadtheideaofconstructingitofiron.

E:Sectionswerecastduringthewinterof1778-9fora7-metre-widebridgewithaspanof31metres,12metresabovetheriver.Constructiontookthreemonthsduringthesummerof1779,andremarkably,nobodywasinjuredduringtheconstructionprocess-afeatalmostunheardofeveninmodernmajorcivilengineeringprojects.Workontheapproachroadscontinuedforanothertwoyears,andthebridgewasopenedtotrafficin1781AbrahamDarbyⅢfundedthebridgebycommissioningpaintingsandengravings,buthelostalotontheproject,whichhadcostnearlydoubletheestimate,andhediedleavingmassivelargerdebtsin1789,agedonly39.Thedistrictdidnotflourishformuch1onger,andduringthenineteenthandearlytwentiethcenturiesfactoriescloseddown.Since1934thebridgehasbeenopenonlytopedestrians.UniversallyrecognizedasthesymboloftheIndustrialRevolution,theIronBridgenowstandsattheheartoftheIronBridgeGorgeWorldHeritageSite.

F:Ithasalwaysbeenamysteryhowthebridgewasbuilt.Despiteitspioneeringtechnologynoeye-witnessaccountsareknownwhichdescribetheironbridgebeingerected—andcertainlynoplanshavesurvived.However,recentdiscoveries,researchandexperimentshaveshednewlightonexactlyhowitwasbuilt,challengingtheassumptionsofrecentdecades.In1997asmallwatercoloursketchbyEliasMartincametolightintheSwedishcapital,Stockholm.Althoughthereisawealthofearlyviewsofthebridgebynumerousartists,thisistheonlyonewhichactuallyshowsitunderconstruction.

G:Upuntilrecentlyithadbeenassumedthatthebridgehadbeenbuiltfrombothbanks,withtheinnersupportstiltedacrosstheriver.Thiswouldhaveallowedrivertraffictocontinueunimpededduringconstruction.Butthepictureclearlyshowssectionsofthebridgebeingraisedfromabargeintheriver.Itcontradictedeverythinghistorianshadassumedaboutthebridge,anditwasevenconsideredthatthepicturecouldhavebeenafakeasnootherhadcometolight.Soin2001ahalf-scalemodelofthebridgewasbuilt,inordertoseeifitcouldhavebeenconstructedinthewaydepictedinthewatercolour.Meanwhile,adetailedarchaeological,historicalandphotographicsurveywasdonebytheIronbridgeGorgeMuseumTrust,alongwitha3DCAD(computer–aideddesign)modelbyEnglishHeritage.

H:Theresultstellusalotmoreabouthowthebridgewasbuilt.Wenowknowthatallthelargecastingsweremadeindividuallyastheyareallslightlydifferent.Thebridgewasn’tweldedorboltedtogetherasmetalbridgesarethesedays.Insteaditwasfittedtogetherusingacomplexsystemofjointsnormallyusedforwood—butthiswasthetraditionalwayinwhichironstructureswerejoinedatthetime.Theconstructionofthemodelprovedthatthepaintingshowsaveryrealisticmethodofconstructingthebridgethatcouldworkandwasinallprobabilitythemethodused.

I:NowonlyonemysteryremainsintheIronBridgestory.TheSwedishwatercoloursketchhadapparentlybeentornfromabookwhichwouldhavecontainedsimilarsketches,ithadbeendrawnbyaSwedishartistwholivedinLondonfor12yearsandtravelledBritaindrawingwhathesaw.Nobodyknowswhathashappenedtotherestofthebook,butperhapstheothersketchesstillexistsomewhere.IftheyareeverfoundtheycouldprovidefurthervaluableevidenceofhowtheIronBridgewasconstructed.

1.WhenwasthefurnaceboughtbyDarbyoriginallyconstructed?

2.Whenweretheroadsleadingtothebridgecompleted?

3.Whenwasthebridgeclosedtotraffic?

4.Whenwasamodelofthebridgebuilt?

【答案】1.1638

2.1781

3.1934

4.2001

【解析】1.根据文章C段，“In1638,BasilBrookepatentedasteel-makingprocessandbuiltafurnaceatCoalbrookdale.”，1638年，BasilBrooke申请了炼钢工艺专利，并在科尔布鲁代尔建造了一座熔炉。可知这个熔炉是在1638年建成的。

2.根据文章E段，“Workontheapproachroadscontinuedforanothertwoyears,andthebridgewasopenedtotrafficin1781…”，修路工作又持续了两年，大桥于1781年通车。持续两年是在1779年大桥开始施工的基础上计算的。可判断出通往那座桥的路是1781年修完的，才能使大桥在1781年通车。

3.根据文章E段，“Since1934thebridgehasbeenopenonlytopedestrians.”，自1934年以来，这座桥只对行人开放。可判断出大桥从1934年开始不通车。

4.根据文章G段，“Soin2001ahalf-scalemodelofthebridgewasbuilt,inordertoseeifitcouldhavebeenconstructedinthewaydepictedinthewatercolour.”，2001年，这座桥的半尺度模型建成，以判断它是否能够按照水彩画中的方式建造。可判断出2001年建成了这座桥的模型。

4.单选题

Chadperformshis24-footaluminumboatpastyoungwillowtreesthatstickoutofthewatersoftheMississippiRiver.Sunshinedancesoffmaples,theirbranchesheavywith（1）springleaves.Buta

（2）inspectiondisclosestroublebehindthebeautifulsight.Rubbishis

（3）inalogjamandhangsfromthetrees’branches.

ForthenextthreehoursChasandhisteampullplasticbags,tanks,bottlesandevenbowlingpinsoutofthewater.Thenthey（4）forapicnictablecaughtinthetrees.

TheMississippiRiverBeautification&RestorationProjectbeganin1997（5）Chad’sone-manefforttopickuprubbishalonga400-milestretchofthe2340-mileriverstarted.Thatyear,oftenworking

（6）,the22-year-oldcleaned150milesofshoreline.

Atfirsttheprojectappearedimpossibleanduseless.ButChadtriedhisbesttofindsupporters,andwiththeirsupporting,hesoonhadanew

（7）andafive-manteam—theBoomCraneCrew.Lastyearalonethecrewpulledfromthewater44051gallondrums,1104tyresandenoughplasticbagstocoverafootballfield.Muchofthewastewillbe（8）.

“Chad’soperationistheonlyone（9）

inprogressontheriver,”saysMarkoftheMississippiRiverBasinAlliance,a（10）ofenvironmentalgroups.“It’sthebiggestI’veeverseenin20years,andheisinspiringotherstodothesame.

问题1选项

A.ripe

B.brown

C.falling

D.fresh

问题2选项

A.slower

B.quicker

C.closer

D.stricter

问题3选项

A.placed

B.piled

C.trapped

D.thrown

问题4选项

A.come

B.give

C.head

D.arrive

问题5选项

A.when

B.by

C.for

D.as

问题6选项

A.alone

B.hard

C.quietly

D.happily

问题7选项

A.car

B.boat

C.plan

D.crew

问题8选项

A.burned

B.buried

C.used

D.recycled

问题9选项

A.eagerly

B.actually

C.strongly

D.generally

问题10选项

A.lab

B.market

C.union

D.meeting

【答案】第1题:D

第2题:C

第3题:C

第4题:C

第5题:D

第6题:A

第7题:B

第8题:D

第9题:B

第10题:C

【解析】（1）考查上下文语义。空格处修饰的词语是leaves“树叶”，其前面还有一个spring“春天的”修饰，春天的树叶应是D选项fresh“新鲜的”。

（2）考查形容词辨析。A选项slower“较慢的”；B选项quicker“快一些”；C选项closer“更近些”；D选项stricter“更严格一点”。句意：但是……的检查揭示了美丽景象背后的问题。只有更仔细些观看才能发现美景后的问题，而仔细看的第一步是“靠近些看”，因此C选项正确。

（3）考查动词辨析。此处为be动词+动词过去分词结构构成复合谓语。A选项place“放置；任命；寄予”；B选项pile“累积；堆积”；C选项trap“使……陷入困境；捕捉”；D选项throw“投掷；抛”。句意：垃圾被漂浮阻塞的木头……，或挂在树枝上。河道上的木头会把垃圾圈起来，一起漂浮在河面，因此C选项正确。

（4）考查固定搭配。本句表示：接着他们驶向卡在树中间的野餐桌。四个选项中只有C选项head才可与空格后的for搭配，headfor表示“向……进发”。

（5）考查时间状语从句的用法。空格前后是两个完整句子，因此空格处应填入关联词，先排除B和C。句中说到的“密西西比河美化和还原项目”开始于Chad的“收集垃圾”行动。因此主句与从句的动作是同时发生的，排除A选项when，D选项正确。

（6）考查副词辨析。空格处词语修饰前面的working因此为副词词性。A选项alone“独自地”；B选项hard“努力地；困难地”；C选项quietly“安静地；秘密地；平稳地”；D选项happily“快乐地；幸福地”。句意：那一年，22岁的他经常……工作，清理了150英里长的海岸线。上一句说到“one-maneffort一个人的努力”，因此A选项workingalone更符合文意。

（7）考查上下文语义。文章开头提到了交通工具“24-footaluminumboat24英尺铝船”，这里对应的交通工具也应是船，指Chad获得支持后，有了新的船和一个五人团队、B选项正确。

（8）上下文语义。上一句说到，收集的垃圾是“gallondrum加仑桶、tyre轮胎和plasticbag塑料袋”，因此这些垃圾应该被recycled“回收利用”，而不是焚烧或掩埋，自然也无法再使用。因此D选项符合题意。

（9）考查副词辨析。A选项eagerly“急切地；渴望地”；B选项actually“实际上；事实上”；C选项strongly“鉴定地；强有力地”；D选项generally“通常；普遍地”。句意：……查德是唯一一个在河上开展此活动的人。综合句意及选项可知，此处B选项“事实上”符合逻辑与语境。

（10）考查名词辨析。A选项lab“实验室”；B选项market“市场；行情”；C选项union“联盟；工会”；D选项meeting“会议；集合”。空格处部分是用来补充说明逗号前的“theMississippiRiverBasinAlliance密西西比河流域联盟”，因此只有C选项符合题意。

5.单选题

IcanspeakFrenchalittlebut（

）you.

问题1选项

A.notasgoodas

B.notsowellthan

C.notsobetteras

D.notsowellas

【答案】D

【解析】词组辨析。句意：我会讲一点点法语但是（）你。这里属于同级比较，所以排除B，C。这里的谓语动词是speak，所以要用副词well修饰，答案选D。在否定句里，good的同级比较是sogoodas，所以A不能选。

6.单选题

Inanenvironmentallyconscioustweakonthetypicalwayofgettingfoodtothetable,growingnumbersofpeopleareskippingoutongrocerystoresandevenfarmersmarketsandinsteadgoingrighttothesourcebybuyingsharesoffarms.

Ononeofthefarms,hereabout35mileswestofChicago,SteveTriskowasweedingbeetstheotherdayandcuttingbackashadetreesobabytomatoescouldgetsunlight.Mr.Triskoisaretiredcomputerconsultantwhoownssharesinthefour-acreErehwonFarm.

“Wedecidedthatit’sinourinteresttohaveasmallfarmsucceed,andhavethembeabletohaveasustainablefarmproducinggoodfood,”Mr.Triskosaid.

PartofaloosebutgrowingnetworkmostlymobilizedontheInternet,Erehwonisparticipatinginwhatisknownascommunity-supportedagriculture.About150peoplehaveboughtsharesinErehwon—inessence,hiringpersonalfarmersandturningtheoldnotionofsharecroppingonitshead.

TheconceptwasimportedfromEuropeandAsiainthe1980sasanalternativemarketingandfinancingarrangementtohelpcombattheoftenprohibitivecostsofsmall-scalefarming.Butuntilrecently,itwasslowtotakeroot.Therewerefewerthan100suchfarmsintheearly1990s,butinthelastseveralyearsthenumbershavegrowntocloseto1,500,accordingtoacademicexpertswhohavefollowedthetrend.

“Ithinkpeoplearebecomingmorelocal-minded,andthisfitsrightintothat,”saidNicholeD.Nazelrod,programcoordinatorattheFultonCenterforSustainableLivingatWilsonCollegeinChambersburg,Pa.,anationalclearinghouseforcommunity-supportedfarms.“Peopleareseeingwaystocometogetherandworktogethertomakethissuccessful.”

TheshareholdersofErehwonFarmhaveopenaccesstothelandandaguaranteedpercentageoftheseason’sharvestoffruitandvegetablesforpackagesthatrangefromabout$300to$900.Arrangementsoffresh-cutblossomstwiceamonthcanbeincludedforanextra$120—orforthedeluxepackage,$220will“feedthesoul”withweeklybouquetsofliliesandsunflowersandotherlocalblooms.

Shareholdersarenotrequiredtoworkthefields,buttheycaniftheywant,andmanydo.Mr.Triskosaidhisfamilyknowsthatwithouthisvolunteerlaborandagreementtoshareinthefinancialriskofraisingcrops,thesmallorganicfarmmightnotsurvive.“It’sveryhardforthemtomakeendsmeet,”hesaid,“soIdecidedtogooutandhelp.Weharvest,water,pullweeds,whatevertheyneeddoing.”

Erehwon—theword“nowhere”spelledbackward—startedwithtwoshareholders,reacheditsgoalof140lastyear,andnowhasraiseditstargettoabout200members.

1.Accordingtothepassage,growingnumbersofpeoplebuysharesoffarmsbecausethey（）.

2.ErehwonFarmdiffersfromthetraditionalfarmsinthatitis（）.

3.Wemayinferfromthepassagethatcommunity-sponsoredfarm（）.

4.TheaverageshareholdersofErehwonFarmareentitledto（）.

5.ItisimpliedthatErehwonFarm（）.

问题1选项

A.areconsciousofenvironmentalproblems

B.abandonthetypicalwayofgettingfoodtothetable

C.nolongerdependongrocerystoresandfarmersmarkets

D.liketogrowvegetablesthemselvesinthesuburbanfarms

问题2选项

A.verysmall

B.veryefficient

C.community-supportedagriculture

D.sharedbypeoplefromdifferentplaces

问题3选项

A.isanewconceptemergingintheU.S.A

B.hastocombatwithsmall-scalefarming

C.isgraduallytakingshapeinAmericanagriculture

D.isverypopularasboomingagricultureintheU.S.A

问题4选项

A.cometogetherandworktogetheronthefarm

B.getaguaranteedpercentageoftheseason’sharvestoffruitandvegetables

C.enjoypackagesthatrangefromabout$300to$900

D.buy$120-$220fresh-cutblossomstwiceamonth

问题5选项

A.comesfromthebackwardspelledword“nowhere”

B.isafictionalnameandthereisnosuchafarmintheU.S.A

C.it’sveryhardtosurviveowingtoitssmallsize

D.developssoundly,inspiteofitsfinancialdifficulties

【答案】第1题:A

第2题:C

第3题:D

第4题:B

第5题:A

【解析】1.细节事实题。根据原文第一自然段的内容“环保意识改变了将食物端上桌的传统方式，相反，越来越多的人转向了杂货店甚至农贸市场，通过购买农场的股份来直接获取来源。”由此可知，越来越多的人买农场股份是受到环保意识的影响，所以选项A正确。

2.细节事实题。根据第四段第一句“PartofaloosebutgrowingnetworkmostlymobilizedontheInternet,Erehwonisparticipatinginwhatisknownascommunity-supportedagriculture.Erehwon是松散却不断壮大的网络的一部分，主要通过互联网动员起来，他参与的是所谓的社区支持农业。”以及本段最后一句“inessence,hiringpersonalfarmersandturningtheoldnotionofsharecroppingonitshead.从本质上说，就是雇佣私人农场主，颠覆旧的佃农制度。”由此可知，Erehwon农场和传统农场的不同之处在于它是社区支持的农业，选项C符合原文。

3.细节事实题。根据原文第五段第一句“TheconceptwasimportedfromEuropeandAsiainthe1980sasanalternativemarketingandfinancingarrangementtohelpcombattheoftenprohibitivecostsofsmall-scalefarming.这一概念是在20世纪80年代从欧洲和亚洲引进的，作为一种替代性的销售和筹资安排，来帮助克服小规模农业通常高昂的费用。”由此可知，这不是一个新的概念，而且是来帮助而不是来和小规模农场竞争的，所以选项A和选项B均表述错误；根据本段第二句“Butuntilrecently,itwasslowtotakeroot.但直到最近，它才慢慢生根发芽”可知，这一概念刚刚生根发芽，还没有初步成形，所以选项C错误；根据本段最后一句的内容可知，像Erehwon这样的农场由以前的不到100家到现在增长到接近1500家，说明社区支持的农业在美国蓬勃发展的农业非常受欢迎。所以选项D符合原文。

4.判断推理题。根据倒数第三段的第一句“TheshareholdersofErehwonFarmhaveopenaccesstothelandandaguaranteedpercentageoftheseason’sharvestoffruitandvegetablesforpackagesthatrangefromabout$300to$900.ErehwonFarm的股东可以自由使用土地，并保证获得当季水果和蔬菜收成的一定比例，金额从300美元到900美元不等。”由此可知，选项B符合原文。选项A目前还没有实现；选项C曲解了原文的意思；选项D不是普通股东享有的权利，所以只有选项B正确。

5.判断推理题。根据最后一段首句“Erehwon—theword“nowhere”spelledbackward…Erehwon这个词是由‘nowhere’倒着写的”，由此可知，选项A符合原文。选项B在文中没有信息提及；根据倒数第二段的内容可知，Erehwon农场不是由于规模小而无法生存，属于曲解原文句意，所以选项C不正确；原文也没有提及财政问题，所以选项D也不正确。

7.单选题

Eversinceitsdiscovery,Plutohasneverreallyfittedin.AfterthepaleandglowinggiantNeptune,itislittlemorethanacosmicdustmite,sweptthroughthefarthestreachesofthesolarsystemonaplanetwildlytiltedrelativetotherestoftheplanets.ItissmallerthanNeptune’slargestmoon,andthearcofitsorbitissoovalthatitoccasionallycrossesitsmassiveblueneighbor’spath.

Foryears,ithasbeenseenasoursolarsystem’soddestplanet.Yesterday，however,scientistsreleasedperhapsthemostconvincingevidenceyetthatPluto,infact,isnotaplanetatall.Forthefirsttime,astronomershavepeeredintoabeltofrocksbeyondPlutounknownuntil10yearsago—andfoundaworldthatrivalsPlutoinsize.Thescientistspositthatlargerrocksmustbeoutthere，perhapsevenlargerthanPluto,meaningPlutoismorelikelythekingofthisdistantrealmofspacedetritusthanthetiniestofthenineplanets.

Whendiscoveredin1930，“Plutoatthatpointwastheonlything(thatfar)outthere,sotherewasnothingelsetocallitbutaplanet,”