考研考博-英语-伊犁师范大学考试押题三合一+答案详解3

书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟！住在富人区的她考研考博-英语-伊犁师范大学考试押题三合一+答案详解（图片大小可自由调整）全文为Word可编辑，若为PDF皆为盗版，请谨慎购买！第I卷一.综合题库-全考点押密(共120题)1.单选题

MarythoughtshewouldnevermeetTomagain,butbyacurious（

）theyfinallymet.

问题1选项

A.coincidence

B.incidence

C.incident

D.accident

【答案】A

【解析】coincidence一致,巧合;incidence发生率;incident事件,事变;accident事故,意外。句意:玛丽以为她再也见不到汤姆了,但由于一个奇怪的巧合,他们最终见面了。选项A符合句意。

2.单选题

AfewyearsagoaloneAmericancampaignerwroteabookinwhichhesetoutthemainpointofhisfascinateingocampaign—toabolishtelevision.Hismanifest“FourArgumentsfortheEliminationofTelevision”isanAmericanbestseller,andaftereighteditionsisstillgeneratinggreatconcernanddebateintheUSA.

JerryMander,aformeradvertisingexpertisconvincedthatforthesakeofourfreedom,andmentalandphysicalhealth,weshouldlearntolivewithoutTV.ThroughhisadvertisingbackgroundManderisawareofhowmuchoftelevisionisconcernedwithadvertisingandmoneymaking.Heseestheplantingofvaluesforprofitas“adeep,profoundanddisturbingactbyfewagainstthemany,foratrivialpurpose.”And,evenwithoutcommercials,heseesTVasdisturbingbecauseitcramspeople’sheadswithimageswhichalterthewaytheyfeelandbehave.Picturesformedby300,000tinydancingdotsaltering30timespersecond,bombardtheireyesaspeoplescantheimages10timesasecond.Thebrainregistersandstoresall30images,buttheconsciousmindregistersfarfewer.But,arguesMander,evenifyourejectordoubtwhatyouseeconsciously,itistoolate.

HefurtherarguesthatTVisadeadeningexperienceasitisrestrictedtojusttwosenses—sightandsound.Perceptionisdulledandflattened,saysMander,whenyoucan’tfeelandsmellandtotallyexperienceanevent.Peoplearejustsittingpassivelyforuptofourhoursanightwatchingascreenandlisteningtoartificialsound.“Nocultureinhistoryhasspentsuchanenormousamountoftimelookingatartificiallight,”saysMander,“andanotherworryingfactisthatprolongedexposuretoartificiallightaltershumancells,whichiswhyitisbeingusedforcertainmedicaltreatment”Researchersdonotknowiflife-longTVexposureisaphysicalriskornot,butasManderwouldargue,whyruntherisk?Itisimportantthatpeoplegetupnowandwithitoffbeforetheharmisdone—theymightalsobecomebrain-washed,orwhoknows.

1.FourArgumentsfortheEliminationofTedlevisionisabookwhich（

）.

2.JerryManderobjectstoTVadvertisingmainlybecause（

）

3.Manderthinkspeople’sfeelingsandbehaviorsarechangedbecause（

）.

4.BywatchingTVforseveralhourseverynight,Manderimpliesthat（

）.

5.MandersuggeststhatviewingTVoverlongperiodsoftime（

）.

问题1选项

A.causeddistresstomanyAmericans

B.achievedgreatsuccessoverseas

C.becameaverypopularbooktoread

D.expressedtheviewsofafascinatingman

问题2选项

A.theunderlyingprinciplesconcernmoney-making

B.itisineffectualingettingitsmessageacross

C.afewpeoplearedeeplydisturbedbyit

D.thevaluesitconveysareacceptedbyall

问题3选项

A.thebrainisabletomakeconsciousdecisions

B.theconsciousmindisaffectedbyTVimages

C.theireyesscanaTVscreen10timesasecond

D.theconsciousmindisunabletorejecttheimagesitsees

问题4选项

A.peoplewouldlosetheirothersenses

B.peoplewouldbeveiyimaginative

C.peoplewillbecomeverypassive

D.peoplewouldcometodependononlywatching

问题5选项

A.couldleadtodeath

B.mightcausebraindamage

C.couldendangerpeople’shealth

D.wouldmakecellsmalignant

【答案】第1题:C

第2题:A

第3题:B

第4题:C

第5题:C

【解析】1.细节题。第一段：…aftereighteditionsisstillgeneratinggreatconcernanddebateintheUSA：这本书自从几年前出版以来已经出了八版。并且还在引起广泛的关注和激烈的争论。由此可知，C项(成为了很受欢迎的书)为正确答案。A:给美国人带来了痛苦。与原文不符。B:在海外取得很大成功。文章只提到在美国引起人们的关注与争议，故与原文不符。D:介绍一个有魅力者的观点。与原文不符。

2.细节题。第二段：...howmuchoftelevisionisconcernedwithadvertising

andmoneymaking...；Heseestheplantingofvaluesforprofitas“adeep,profoundanddisturbingactbyfewagainstthemany,foratrivialpurpose.杰里反对电视中的广告并不是因为电视广告带来的利润太少。而是他认为对于以利益为导向的价值观的灌输是少数人对于公众的不负责任的行为。

3.推断题。第二段：...itcramspeople’sheadswithimageswhichalterthewaytheyfeelandbehave（电视使人们的脑子里充斥着大量的画面和形象）。故选B项(意识受到电视画面的影响)。

4.推断题。第三段指出:Perceptionisdulledandflattened,...whenyoucan’tfeelandsmellandtotallyexperienceanevent.Peoplearejustsittingpassivelyforuptofourhoursanightwatchingascreenandlisteningtoartificialsound(感觉会变得迟钝，人也变得没精打彩，也就不能感受与体会到整个事件的过程。这样人们就只能被动的一个晚上坐在那达四个小时，看着电视屏幕，听着人工的声音),因此选C项(人会变得很被动)。

5.推断题。最后一段指出：...prolongedexposuretoartificiallightaltershumancells,whichiswhyitisbeingusedforcertainmedicaltreatment(长期暴露在人造光下会改变人体细胞，这就是为什么它被用于某种医学治疗的原因),不难看出长时间暴露在电视人工的光线也有可能威胁人们的健康。

3.翻译题

TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoChinese.

Handinhandwiththerecentspectacularadvancesinradiotechnology,therehasbeenadramaticincreaseinthescientificandpublicrespectabilityoftheentiresubjectofextraterrestriallife.AclearsignofthenewattitudeistheVikingmissionstoMarswhicharetoasignificantextentdedicatedtothesearchforlifeonanotherplanet.Butalongwiththeburgeoningdedicationtoaserioussearch,aslightlynegativenotehasemergedwhichisneverthelessveryinteresting.Afewscientistshavelatelyaskedacuriousquestion:ifextraterrestrialintelligenceisabundantwhyhavewenotalreadyseenitsmanifestations?Thinkoftheadvancesbyourowntechnologicalcivilizationinthepasttenthousandyearsandimaginesuchadvancescontinuedovermillionsorbillionsofyearsmore.Ifonlyatinyfractionofadvancedcivilizationsaremillionsorbillionsofyearsmoreadvancedthanours,whyhavetheynotproducedartifactsdevicesorevenindustrialpollutionofsuchmagnitudethatwewouldhavedetectedit?

【答案】随着无线电技术的突飞猛进，科学界和公众对外太空生物这一个课题的认识有了极大的提高。这种新态度明显的标志事件就是向火星发射“海盗”号火星探测器。这些发射在很大程度上是致力于去寻找其他星球上的生物。但是随着对这项研究的不断投入，出现了一些带否定意味但是很有趣的声音。近来少数科学家提出了一个奇怪的疑问：如果外太空生物多的话为什么我们没有看到任何相关迹象？想想我们在过去一万年里科技文明的进步。再设想一下，这些进步将持续数百万甚至十亿年的时间。如果有某个地方的文明比我们的文明先进数百万年或者数十亿年，他们为什么不能生产出一些物件，器械装置和我们本应该检测到的大量的工业污染？

4.单选题

Fumesfromtheexhaustofanautomobileare______.

问题1选项

A.notorious

B.anxious

C.noxious

D.delicious

【答案】C

【解析】考查形容词辨析。A项notorious“声名狼藉的、臭名昭著的”；B项anxious“焦虑的”；C项noxious“有害的、有毒的”；D项delicious“美味的”；句意：汽车排气管排出的烟雾是有害的。因此该题C项正确。

5.单选题

Stunkardandhiscolleaguesemphasizedthatthosewith“fatgenes”arenotdoomedtoalifetimeofobesity.

问题1选项

A.subjected

B.destined

C.endured

D.sustained

【答案】B

【解析】【选项释义】

A.subjected（v.）使顺从，（尤指）压服B.destined（adj.）注定，（尤指）命中注定

C.endured（v.）忍耐，忍受D.sustained（v.）维持（生命、生存）

【答案】B

【考查点】词义辨析。

【解题思路】doomed的意思为“使……注定失败（或遭殃、死亡等）”，指的是不是注定一辈子肥胖，无法改变，destined与之词义相近，因此B选项正确。

【干扰项排除】A、C、D选项词义与之不符。

【句意】斯图卡德和他的同事们强调，那些有肥胖基因的人并不是注定要一生肥胖。

6.单选题

Recentyearshavebroughtminority-ownedbusinessesintheUnitedStatesunprecedentedopportunities—aswellasnewandsignificantrisks.CivilrightsactivistshavelongarguedthatoneoftheprincipalreasonswhyBlacks,Hispanics,andotherminoritygroupshavedifficultyestablishingthemselvesinbusinessisthattheylackaccesstothesizableordersandsubcontractsthataregeneratedbylargecompanies.NowCongress,inapparentagreement,hasrequiredbylawthatbusinessesawardedfederalcontractsofmorethan$500,000dotheirbesttofindminoritysubcontractorsandrecordtheireffortstodosoonformsfiledwiththegovernment.Indeed,somefederalandlocalagencieshavegonesofarastosetspecificpercentagegoalsforapportioningpartsofpublicworkscontractstominorityenterprises.

Corporateresponseappearstohavebeensubstantial.Accordingtofigurescollectedin1977,thetotalofcorporatecontractswithminoritybusinessesrosefrom$77millionin1972to$1.1billionin1977.Theprojectedtotalofcorporatecontractswithminoritybusinessesfortheearly1980’sisestimatedtobeover53billionperyearwithnoletupanticipatedinthenextdecade.Promisingasitisforminoritybusinesses,thisincreasedpatronageposesdangersforthem,too.First,minorityfirmsriskexpandingtoofastandoverextendingthemselvesfinancially,sincemostaresmallconcernsand,unlikelargebusinesses,theyoftenneedtomakesubstantialinvestmentsinnewplants,staff,equipment,andthelikeinordertoperformworksubcontractedtothem.If,thereafter,theirsubcontractsareforsomereasonreduced,suchfirmscanfacepotentiallycripplingfixedexpenses.Theworldofcorporatepurchasingcanbefrustratingforsmallentrepreneurswhogetrequestsforelaborateformalestimatesandbids.Bothconsumevaluabletimeandresources,andasmallcompany’seffortsmustsoonresultinorders,orboththemoraleandthefinancialhealthofthebusinesswillsuffer.

AsecondriskisthatWhite-ownedcompaniesmayseektocashinontheincreasingapportionmentsthroughformationofjointventureswithminority-ownedconcerns.Ofcourse,inmanyinstancestherearelegitimatereasonsforjointventures;clearly,Whiteandminorityenterprisescanteamuptoacquirebusinessthatneithercouldacquirealone.ButcivilrightsgroupsandminoritybusinessownershavecomplainedtoCongressaboutminoritiesbeingsetupas“fronts”withWhitebacking,ratherthanbeingacceptedasfullpartnersinlegitimatejointventures.

Third,aminorityenterprisethatsecuresthebusinessofonelargecorporatecustomeroftenrunsthedangerofbecoming—andremaining—dependent.Eveninthebestofcircumstances,fiercecompetitionfromlarger,moreestablishedcompaniesmakesitdifficultforsmallconcernstobroadentheircustomerbases:whensuchfirmshavenearlyguaranteedordersfromasinglecorporatebenefactor,theymaytrulyhavetostruggleagainstcomplacencyarisingfromtheircurrentsuccess.

31.Theprimarypurposeofthepassageisto______.

32.Accordingtothepassage,civilrightsactivistsmaintainthatonedisadvantageunderwhichminority-ownedbusinesseshavetraditionallyhadtolaboristhattheyhave______.

33.Thepassagesuggeststhatthefailureofalargebusinesstohaveitsbidsforsubcontractsresultquicklyinordersmightcauseitto______.

34.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethat,comparedwiththerequirementsoflaw,thepercentagegoalssetby“somefederalandlocalagencies”(inParagraph1)are______.

35.Whichofthefollowing,iftrue,wouldmostweakentheauthor’sassertionthat,inthe1970’s,corporateresponsetofederalrequirements(inParagraph2)wassubstantial?

问题1选项

A.presentacommonplaceideaanditsinaccuracies

B.describeasituationanditspotentialdrawbacks

C.proposeatemporarysolutiontoaproblem

D.exploretheimplicationsofafinding

问题2选项

A.beenespeciallyvulnerabletogovernmentalmismanagementoftheeconomy

B.beendeniedbankloansatratescomparabletothoseaffordedlargercompetitors

C.nothadsufficientopportunitytosecurebusinesscreatedbylargecorporations

D.nothadadequaterepresentationinthecentersofgovernmentpower

问题3选项

A.experiencefrustrationbutnotseriousfinancialharm

B.facepotentiallycripplingfixedexpenses

C.havetorecorditseffortsonformsfiledwiththegovernment

D.increaseitsspendingwithminoritysubcontractors

问题4选项

A.morepopularwithlargecorporations

B.morespecific

C.lesscontroversial

D.easiertocomplywith

问题5选项

A.Between1970and1972,corporatecontractswithminority-ownedbusinessesdeclinedby25percent.

B.Thefigurescollectedin1977underrepresentedtheextentofcorporatecontractswithminority-ownedbusinesses.

C.Theestimateofcorporatespendingwithminority-ownedbusinessesin1980isapproximately$10milliontoohigh.

D.The$1.1billionrepresentedthesamepercentageoftotalcorporatespendingin1977asdid$77millionin1972.

【答案】第1题:B

第2题:C

第3题:A

第4题:B

第5题:D

【解析】31.【选项释义】

31.Theprimarypurposeofthepassageisto______.31.文章的主要目的是为了______。

A.presentacommonplaceideaanditsinaccuraciesA.提出一个老生常谈的观点及其不准确之处

B.describeasituationanditspotentialdrawbacksB.描述一种情况及其潜在的缺点

C.proposeatemporarysolutiontoaproblemC.对一个问题提出临时的解决方案

D.exploretheimplicationsofafindingD.探索一个发现的含义

【考查点】主旨大意题。

【解题思路】文章的结构是总分结构；文章第一句是“近年来，美国的少数民族企业既面临前所未有的机遇，也面临新的重大风险”，可知文章讨论的主题是美国少数民族企业所面临的机遇和风险；文章第一段和第二段前半部分讨论的是机遇的一面，后面部分讨论的是少数民族企业面临的三个潜在风险；所以推断，文章的目的是为了描述少数民族企业所面临的机遇以及潜在的一些风险和缺陷，所以B项正确。

【干扰项排除】

A选项中的inaccuracies并不符合原文中的risk，属于曲解原文；

C选项在原文并没有讨论所面临的风险的解决办法；

D选项没有提到，属于无中生有。

32.【选项释义】

32.Accordingtothepassage,civilrightsactivistsmaintainthatonedisadvantageunderwhichminority-ownedbusinesseshavetraditionallyhadtolaboristhattheyhave______.32.根据文章，民权运动人士认为，少数民族企业传统上不得不面对的一个不利条件是，他们______。

A.beenespeciallyvulnerabletogovernmentalmismanagementoftheeconomyA.在政府对经济管理不善的情况下尤其脆弱

B.beendeniedbankloansatratescomparabletothoseaffordedlargercompetitorsB.无法获得与大型竞争对手相当的银行贷款利率

C.nothadsufficientopportunitytosecurebusinesscreatedbylargecorporationsC.没有充分的机会来确保大企业的业务

D.nothadadequaterepresentationinthecentersofgovernmentpowerD.在政府权力中心没有足够的代表权

【考查点】推理判断题。

【解题思路】根据题干的关键信息civilrightsactivists可以定位到文章第一段第二句“民权活动人士长期以来一直认为（havelongargued），黑人、拉美裔和其他少数民族难以在商界立足的主要原因之一是他们无法获得（lackaccessto）大公司的大宗订单和分包合同”，从中我们可知，民权运动人士认为少数民族企业传统上必须面对的劣势就是无法获得大公司的订单和分包合同，句子中的lackaccess相当于lackopportunity，所以推断C项正确。

【干扰项排除】

A、D选项在文中并未提到，属于无中生有；

B选项中的bankloans没有提到，属于无中生有。

33.【选项释义】

33.Thepassagesuggeststhatthefailureofalargebusinesstohaveitsbidsforsubcontractsresultquicklyinordersmightcauseitto______.33.这篇文章暗示，大型企业投标分包合同的失败可能会迅速导致______。

A.experiencefrustrationbutnotseriousfinancialharmA.经历一些挫折，但不会造成严重的经济损失

B.facepotentiallycripplingfixedexpensesB.面对潜在的严重的固定费用

C.havetorecorditseffortsonformsfiledwiththegovernmentC.必须将其努力记录在政府存档的表格上

D.increaseitsspendingwithminoritysubcontractorsD.增加对少数分包商的支出

【考查点】推理判断题。

【解题思路】原文并没有提到大企业投标失败会怎样，但是文中提到了小企业的情况，定位第二段第五句“因为大多数公司都是小公司，而且与大公司不同（unlikelargebusinesses），它们经常需要在新工厂、员工、设备等方面进行大量投资，以便完成分包给它们的工作”，从unlikelargebusinesses可以看出，这里对大企业和小企业进行了对比；结合该段最后一句“小公司的努力必须很快带来订单，否则公司的士气和财务都会受到影响”我们可以得出，大企业的情况与小企业的相反，即大企业的士气和财物不会受到影响，所以A项正确。

【干扰项排除】

B选项是小型企业面临的风险，属于反向干扰；

C选项是国会要求的内容，与题干无关，属于出处错位；

D选项没有提到，属于无中生有。

34.【选项释义】

34.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethat,comparedwiththerequirementsoflaw,thepercentagegoalssetby“somefederalandlocalagencies”(inParagraph1)are______.34.从文章中可以推断，与法律的要求相比，第一段中的“一些联邦和地方机构”设定的百分比目标是______。

A.morepopularwithlargecorporationsA.更受大公司欢迎

B.morespecificB.更具体

C.lesscontroversialC.更少争议

D.easiertocomplywithD.易于遵守

【考查点】推理判断题。

【解题思路】根据题干中的关键信息定位至第一段，倒数第二句提到“现在，国会显然同意，通过法律规定获得超过50万美元联邦合同的企业必须尽力寻找少数民族分包商并在政府存档的表格上记录他们所做的努力”，可知法律要求的只是超过50万美金联邦合同的企业要将少数民族企业的努力记录在档，而从最后一句“事实上，一些联邦和地方机构甚至为将部分公共工程合同分配给少数民族企业制定了具体的（specific）百分比目标”可知，一些联邦政府和地方机构为少数民族企业要求的是具体的百分比目标，所以我们可以推断，B项正确。

【干扰项排除】A、C、D选项都没有提到，属于无中生有。

35.【选项释义】

35.Whichofthefollowing,iftrue,wouldmostweakentheauthor’sassertionthat,inthe1970’s,corporateresponsetofederalrequirements(inParagraph2)wassubstantial?35.如果下列哪一项是正确的，将最削弱作者的断言，即第二段中，在20世纪70年代，企业对联邦要求的响应是积极的？

A.Between1970and1972,corporatecontractswithminority-ownedbusinessesdeclinedby25percent.A.1970年至1972年间，与少数民族企业签订的公司合同下降了25%。

B.Thefigurescollectedin1977underrepresentedtheextentofcorporatecontractswithminority-ownedbusinesses.B.1977年收集的数据不足以代表与少数民族企业签订的公司合同的范围。

C.Theestimateofcorporatespendingwithminority-ownedbusinessesin1980isapproximately$10milliontoohigh.C.据估计，1980年在少数民族企业上的支出大约有1000万美元，实在是太高了。

D.The$1.1billionrepresentedthesamepercentageoftotalcorporatespendingin1977asdid$77millionin1972.D.这11亿美元在1977年的企业支出总额中所占比例与1972年的7700万美元相同。

【考查点】推理判断题。

【解题思路】定位到第二段前两句“企业的反应似乎相当积极。根据1977年收集的数据，与少数民族企业签订的公司合同总额从1972年的7700万美元上升到1977年的11亿美元。”，这是题干的信息所在之处，从上一段最后一句“事实上，一些联邦和地方机构甚至为将部分公共工程合同分配给少数民族企业制定了具体的百分比目标”可知，联邦的做法是“为给少数民族企业分配合同制定了具体的百分比目标”，所以作者的断言是，企业对联邦要求的积极响应使得这些少数民族企业从1972年到1977年，合同总额大大增加；那么反推，如果1977年的合同额和1972年的合同额在当年的占比是一样的，那么corporateresponsetofederalrequirementswassubstantial就没有足够的理由成立，因此，该题选择D项正确。

【干扰项排除】

A选项中的合同下降不代表合同总额下降，该项属于曲解原文；

B选项中的extent和联邦的要求无关，该项属于无中生有；

C选项不是weaken而是strength了作者在第二段的主张，该项属于反向干扰。

7.单选题

Weneedonehundredmoresignaturesbeforewetakethe（

）tothegovernor.

问题1选项

A.panel

B.kernel

C.petition

D.paragraph

【答案】C

【解析】panel仪表板,陪审员；kernel核心,要点；petition请愿书,诉状。句意:在把请愿书递交给州长之前,我们还需要100多人的签名。选项C符合句意。

8.单选题

“Veryfewpeopleliketotalkabouthowmuchmoneytheymake—especiallypeoplewhoearnalotofmoney,”wroteSalmoninhispostWhySalariesShouldn’tBeSecret,inthewakeofnewsthatrecently—departedNewYorkTimeseditorJillAbramsonhadstartedaskingquestionsaboutthepaydiscrepancybetweenherandherpredecessor.“Sincecompaniestendtoberunbypeoplewhoearnalotofmoney,theresultisacultureofsilenceandsecrecywhenitcomestopay.”

Thereareseveralsurprisingreasons.“Secrecysurroundingpayisgenerallyabadideaforanyorganizations,”Salmonwrote.“Foronething,secrecyaboutpayisbadforwomen,whoareworseataskingforraisesthanmenare.Ifmensecretlyaskforraisesandsecretlygetthen,whilewomendon’t,thenthathelpstoexplain,atleastinpart,whymenendupearningmorethanwomen,”Salmonwrote.“Secrecyaroundpayisalsoagreatwaytoallowmanagersto—consciouslyorunconsciously—playfavoriteswiththeirstaff.”

“We’veallworkedincompanies,I’msure,wheretheonlywaytogetasubstantialraiseistoconfrontmanagementwithajobofferfromsomewhereelse,”headded.“That’sclearlyadreadfulwaytorunacompany,sinceitgivesallemployeesahugeincentivetospendalotoftimelookingforworkelsewhere,evenifthey’rehappywheretheyare.”

“Ifyouworkforacompanywhereeverybodyknowswhateverybodyelseisearning,thenit’sgoingtobeveryeasytoseewhat’sgoingon.You’llseewhothestarsare,you’llseewhatkindofskillsandtalentthecompanyrewards,”hewrote.“You’llalsoseewhethermengetpaidmorethanwomen,whethermanagersaregenerallyoverpaid,andwhetherbehaviorlikethreateningtoquitisrewardedwithbigraises.What’smore,becausemanagementknowsthateverybodyelsewillseesuchthings,they’llbemuchlesslikelytodothekindofsecretdealswhicharealltoocommoninmostcompaniestoday.”

1.Whatdowelearnfromthefirstparagraph?

2.WhatisapossiblereasonwhymenusuallyearnmorethanwomenaccordingtoSalmon?

3.Theitalicizedphrase“playfavoriteswith”mostlikelymeansto______.

4.Anotherbigproblemsecrecyaboutpaymightcauseis______.

5.WhatdoesSalmonsuggestmighthappenifthereisnosecrecyinpay?

问题1选项

A.Salmonisthefirstwriterwhoputforwardthequestionofpaydiscrepancy.

B.JillAbramsonleftNewYorkTimeswhensheknewthatdifferenceinpay.

C.Managersseldomtalkabouttheirpaybecauseitisatraditionnotto.

D.JillAbramsondidn’tgetthesamepaywithsomeonewhodidthesamejob.

问题2选项

A.Menaremorelikelytogetthetrustoftheirboss.

B.Managerstendtothinkmenaremorecapablethanwomen.

C.Menexpectmorepressureonthebossforpayraisethanwomen.

D.Menaremorelikelytomakesecretdealwiththemanageraboutpay.

问题3选项

A.makesecretdealswith

B.treatdifferently

C.showprejudiceagainst

D.cheat

问题4选项

A.employees’lackoffullcommitment

B.lowproductivity

C.unhappyemployees

D.frequentconfrontations

问题5选项

A.Managerswillearnlessthantheydotoday.

B.Employeeswillbemoreskilledthantoday.

C.Itwillbeclearwhotheboss’sfavoriteis.

D.Thecompanywillbecomeafairerplacethantoday.

【答案】第1题:C

第2题:D

第3题:A

第4题:C

第5题:D

【解析】1.细节事实题。根据题干可定位到文章第一段“Sincecompaniestendtoberunbypeoplewhoearnalotofmoney,theresultisacultureofsilenceandsecrecywhenitcomestopay.（由于公司往往是由赚大钱的人经营的，其结果是在薪酬方面形成了一种沉默和保密的文化。）”，由此可知C选项“经理们很少谈论他们的薪酬，因为这是一种传统”正确。A选项“萨尔蒙是第一个提出工资差距问题的作家”文中没有说到；B选项“吉尔•艾布拉姆森知道工资的差别后离开了《纽约时报》”文章也没有明确说到这二者有因果关系；D选项“吉尔•艾布拉姆森没有和做同样工作的人得到同样的报酬”说法错误，文中只提到吉尔•艾布拉姆森质疑她和自己前辈的工资差异，并没有说到他们是否是做的同样的工作，因此C选项正确。

2.细节事实题。根据题干可定位到文章第二段“Foronething,secrecyaboutpayisbadforwomen,whoareworseataskingforraisesthanmenare.Ifmensecretlyaskforraisesandsecretlygetthen,whilewomendon’t,thenthathelpstoexplain,atleastinpart,whymenendupearningmorethanwomen.（一方面，工资保密对女性不利，因为女性比男性更不善于要求加薪。如果男人偷偷地要求加薪，然后偷偷地得到加薪，而女人却没有，那么这就有助于解释，至少在一定程度上，为什么男人最终会比女人挣得多。）”，由此可知D选项“男人更容易和经理就工资问题做秘密交易”正确。A选项“男人更容易得到老板的信任”；B选项“经理们倾向于认为男人比女人更有能力”以及C选项“男性施加给经理的加薪压力比女性更大”文章都没有提及，因此D选项正确。

3.语义推测题。根据题干可定位到文章第二段“Secrecyaroundpayisalsoagreatwaytoallowmanagersto—consciouslyorunconsciously—playfavoriteswiththeirstaff.（关于薪酬的保密也是一个很好的方法，可以让管理者有意识或无意识地与员工达成某种协议）”以及前文可知A选项“与……做秘密交易”与playfavoritewith意思更接近。B选项“区别对待”；C选项“对……有偏见”；D选项“欺骗”。因此A选项正确。

4.细节事实题。根据题干可定位到文章第三段“We’veallworkedincompanies,I’msure,wheretheonlywaytogetasubstantialraiseistoconfrontmanagementwithajobofferfromsomewhereelse,”headded.“That’sclearlyadreadfulwaytorunacompany,sinceitgivesallemployeesahugeincentivetospendalotoftimelookingforworkelsewhere,evenifthey’rehappywheretheyare.”（我敢肯定，我们都在一些公司工作过，要想获得大幅加薪，唯一的办法就是让管理层面对来自其他地方的工作邀请。这显然是一种可怕的管理公司的方式，因为这给了所有员工巨大的动力，让他们花大量时间在别处找工作，即使他们在那里很开心。）”，由此可知薪酬保密导致如果员工想加薪就只有不停地去别处找工作，从而导致员工的心情变差，影响工作效率，C选项“不开心的员工”符合题意。A选项“员工缺乏充分的承诺”；B选项“生产率低”以及D选项“频繁的对抗”文章都没有提及，因此C选项正确。

5.判断推理题。根据题干可定位到文章最后一段“You’llseewhothestarsare,you’llseewhatkindofskillsandtalentthecompanyrewards,”hewrote.“You’llalsoseewhethermengetpaidmorethanwomen,whethermanagersaregenerallyoverpaid,andwhetherbehaviorlikethreateningtoquitisrewardedwithbigraises.What’smore,becausemanagementknowsthateverybodyelsewillseesuchthings,they’llbemuchlesslikelytodothekindofsecretdealswhicharealltoocommoninmostcompaniestoday.”（你会看到最受老板青睐的是谁，你会看到公司奖励的是什么样的技能和才能。你还将看到，男性的薪酬是否高于女性，管理人员的薪酬是否普遍过高，以及威胁辞职等行为是否会得到大幅加薪的回报。更重要的是，因为管理层知道其他人都会看到这样的事情，所以他们不太可能做今天大多数公司都太常见的秘密交易。）”，由此可知如果薪酬不保密，公司内部的各种规则会更透明化，工资制度相对来说会更公平，D选项“公司将变得比今天更公平”符合题意。A选项“经理们的收入将比现在少”和B选项“员工们的技能会比今天更高”文章中并没有直接体现；C选项“老板最喜欢谁将一目了然”虽然文章有提到，但是不符合题意，因此D选项正确。

9.单选题

Asa（

）actor,hecanperform,sing,danceandplayseveralkindsofmusicalinstruments.

问题1选项

A.flexible

B.versatile

C.sophisticated

D.productive

【答案】B

【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。flexible“灵活的，柔韧的”；versatile“多才多艺的”；sophisticated“世故的”；productive“高产的”。句意：作为一个多才多艺的演员，他会表演、唱歌、跳舞，而且会演奏很多种乐器。选项B符合题意。

10.单选题

PreviousresearchbyscientistsfromKeilUniversityinGermanymonitoredAdeliepenguinsandnotedthatthebirds'heartratesincreaseddramaticallyatthesightofahumanasfaras30metersaway.Butnewresearchusinganartificialegg,whichisequippedtomeasureheartrates,disputesthis.ScientistsfromtheScottPolarResearchInstituteatCambridgesaythataslowmovinghumanwhodoesnotapproachthenesttooclosely,isnotperceivedasathreatbypenguins.

Theearlierfindingshavebeenusedtopartlyexplainthe20percentdropinpopulationsofcertaintypesofpenguinsneartouristsites.However,touroperatorshavecontinuedtoinsistthattheiractivitiesdonotadverselyaffectwildlifeinAntarctica,sayingtheyencouragenon-disruptivebehaviorintourists,andthatthedeclineinpenguinnumbersiscausedbyotherfactors.

AmandaNimonoftheScottPolarResearchInstitutespentthreesouthernhemispheresummersatCuvervilleIslandinAntarcticastudyingpenguinbehaviortowardshumans."Anestingpenguinwillreactverydifferentlytoapersonrapidlyandcloselyapproachingthenest,"saysNimon."Firsttheyexhibitlargeandprolongedheartratechangesandthentheyoftenfleethenestleavingitopenforpredators（捕食者）toflyinandremoveeggsorchicks."Theartificialegg,speciallydevelopedfortheproject,monitoredboththeparentwhohadbeendisturbedwhentheeggwasplacedinthenestandtheotherparentastheybothtookitinturnstoguardthenest.

However,BorisCulik,whomonitoredtheAdeliepenguins,believesthatNimon'sfindingsdonotinvalidatehisownresearch.Hepointsoutthatspeciesbehavedifferently一andNimon'sworkwaswithGentoopenguins.NimonandhercolleaguesbelievethatCulik'sresearchwasmethodologicallyflawedbecausethemonitoringofpenguins,responsesentailedcapturingandrestrainingthebirdsandfittingthemwithheart-ratetransmitters.Therefore,arguesNimon,itwouldnotbesurprisingiftheybecamestressedonseeingahumansubsequently.

1.PreviousresearchbyGermanscientistshasshownthat（）.

2.AnewfindinginrecentresearchbyBritishscientistsisthat（）.

3.Anartificialeggisusedinthenewresearchinorderto（）.

4.AccordingtoNimon,theconductorofthenewresearch,acomparisonoftheoldandthenewresearchrevealsthat（）.

5.Accordingtothepassage,whichfactoristhemostimportantinfluenceforpenguins'sheartrates?

问题1选项

A.theheartrateofpenguinsinAntarcticaisincreasing

B.penguinsaredisturbedbythepresenceofahuman

C.thenumberofpenguinsinAntarcticaisdeclining

D.penguinsofdifferentspeciesbehavedifferently

问题2选项

A.penguinsneartouristsitesinAntarcticahavebeendisruptedbythetouristactivities

B.penguinparentsbothtaketurntoguardtheirnestandlookaftertheireggsorchicks

C.penguinsarenotthreatenedbyahumanwhoapproachesthenestslowlyanddistantly

D.penguinsabandonthenestleavingeggsorchicksunprotectedwheneverseeingahuman

问题3选项

A.observepenguins'heartrates

B.exchangeforarealpenguinegg

C.monitorthehatchofpenguineggs

D.measurepenguins,bodytemperature

问题4选项

A.thetworesearchesproducedcontradictorybutbothvalidfindingsfortheywerebasedondifferentspeciesofpenguin

B.thetworesearchesproducedcompatibleandcomplementaryfindingsfortheystudieddifferentspeciesofpenguin

C.theoldresearchwasunreliableforithadscaredpenguinsandchangedtheirlaterbehaviorbyfittingamonitoronthem

D.thenewresearchrevealspenguinsneedbetterprotectionfromtourists

问题5选项

A.Climatechange.

B.Touristactivities.

C.Scientificresearch.

D.Notfirmlyknownyet.

【答案】第1题:A

第2题:C

第3题:A

第4题:C

第5题:D

【解析】1.细节事实题。根据关键词“German”定位到第一段首句“Previousresearch...notedthatthebirds'heartratesincreaseddramaticallyatthesightofahumanasfaras30metersaway.”他们发现，远在30米之外的企鹅看到人类时，它们的心率会急剧上升。选项A符合原文。

2.细节事实题。原文中并没有出现British，但可以看到第一段的尾句中的C