限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句的区别

..限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区别限制性定语从句提供有关主语或宾语的重要信息,起限定作用,与被修饰部分的关系紧密,如果省略该从句会使主句语义表达不完整。例如：Thisistheverypersonthatiswantedbythepolice.Heisthemanwho/thatlivesnextdoor.ItwasameetingwhoseimportanceIdidnotrealizeatthetime.非限制性定语从句只是用来对被修饰部分作补充性的说明,与先行词关系比较松散,先行词与从句间可以用逗号隔开,从句可略去：Hewillnotbeabletospendtheholidaywithhisfamily,whichisabigannoyancetohim.Theminister,whoistovisitouruniversity,issaidtobeaQinghuaUniversityThebook,whichyoursisterboughtyouinXinhuaBookstore,isveryusefulinimprovingyourspokenEnglish.Thebusinessman,whosesuitcasehasbeenfoundbyastranger,hasleftforBeijing.如果定语从句的先行词是专有名词或是带有形容词性物主代词<my,his,etc>或形容词性指示代词<this,that,etc>作限定词的名词词组,其后的定语从句通常为非限制性的。例如：TheThames,whichisnowcleanenoughtoswimin,waspollutedforoverahundredyears.Mymother,whohasbeenonavisittoAustralia,willflybacktomorrow.Allofthesebooks,whichhavebeendonatedbyvisitingprofessors,aretobeusedbythechildreninHopeSchool限制性定语从句的先行词只能是名词,代词或名词性词组,而非限制性定语从句的先行词除了是名词及名词性词组外,还可能是句子的一部分或是整个句子。例如：Theysayheplaystruant,whichhedoesn’t.[which指代playstruant]Themeetingwasputofftillnextmonth,aswehoped.[as指前面的句子]下面的表格归纳了前面已提到的两者不同之处：表一：限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区别限制性定语从句非限制性定语从句1．提供确定或限定主句中某个名词的信息。1．提供对确定主句中某个名词的非主要附加信息。2．由深层嵌入句派生而来。2．由两个独立的深层嵌入句派生而来。3．无分隔定语从句和主句和停顿或特殊标点符号〔逗号/插入语/破折号。3．书面语中用逗号,口语中用特殊的停顿和降低声调来把定语从句和主句分隔开来。4．不可以修饰整个命题,只修饰一个名词。4．可以修饰一个中心名词,或以评价的形式修饰整个命题。5．可使用that和who<m>,which等关系代词。5．That不能当作关系代词,只可用wh-代词。6．不常用来修饰专有名词。6．既可修饰普通名词,也可修饰专有名词。7．可修饰带有any或every等类属限定词的中心名词。7．不可修饰带有any或every等类属限定词的中心名词。3.2定语从句中的关系代词关系代词that,which,who在定语从句中做主语在限制性定语从句中,who或that用于指人,that或which用于指物,它们在定语从句中代替名词性主语或代词性主语,不能省略。例如：Heisthemanwho/thatliveshere.[不能说：×Heisthemanwhoheliveshere.]Thebagwhich／thathasbeenputthereforalongtimebelongstoWangHong．who<m>,which,that在定语从句中作宾语表示人的时候用who<m>或that,它们在从句中代替名词性宾语或宾格代词,作定语从句宾语的whom/that通常可以省略,在口语中常用who代替whom。例如：He’sthemanwhom/thatImet.TherearesomepeopleherewhoIwantyoutomeet.表示动物和东西的时候应用which/that:Thepiecesofmusic<that>hehascomposedaresungbymanypopsingers.Taxesconsistofmoney<that>peoplepaytosupporttheirgovernment.They’rethepostcardswhichIsentfromAmerica.who<m>,which或that作介词的宾语,关系代词可省略。定语从句的介词的位置非常重要,我们可以说：HeisthepersontowhomIwrote.[非常正式用法]<但不可以说：×towho>.或：Heisthepersonwho<m>Iwroteto./Heistheperson<whom>Iwroteto.ThisisthepaninwhichIboiledthemilk.[非常正式用法]或：ThisisthepanwhichIboiledthemilkin./Thisisthepan<that/which>Iboiledthemilkin.whose+名词关系代词whose是既可用于限制性定语从句,也可用于非限制性定语从句,在从句中作定语,一般用来指人,代替所有格形容词〔my,his,your,her,its等,在从句中当定语,没有阴性、阳性或单数、复数的变化；有时也可指物,指物时可以用ofwhich代替。例如：TheprofessorwhosedaughterteachesyouEnglishisDr.Williams.Thebicyclewhosebrakewasdamagedhasnowbeenrepaired.=Thebicycle,thebrakeofwhichwasdamaged,hasnowbeenrepaired.Edisonisagreatinventorwhosefameisworld-wide.that的用法1、that只用于限制性定语从句,既可指人,又可指物,在句中用做主语或宾语。〔见、3.2.22、当先行词是all,much,little,theone,anything,something,nothing,everything,none等不定代词时,关系代词只用that。例如：Thereislittlethatcanbedoneaboutit.That'sallthatIknewaboutit.IsthereanythingthatIcandoforyou?Haveyoudoneeverythingthatisassignedtoyou?3、先行词被形容词最高级以及first,last,any,only,few,much,no,some,very等词修饰时,关系代词只用that。例如：ItisthemostinterestingfilmthatI’veeverread.Thebestthingthathecoulddoatpresentistoleave.Thisisthefirsttimethathehasbeenthere.Sheistheonlyonethathasfinishedhertaskontime.Attheverybeginning,wehavejusttoomuchworkthatneedstobedone.4、在therebe句型中,只用that,不用which。例如：TherearesomepeoplethatI’dliketointroducetoyou.Thereisaveryinterestingstorythateverychildwouldliketolistento.5、先行词既有人,又有物时,用that。例如：Avictimisaperson,animalorthingthatsufferspain,death,harm,etc.Themanandhisdogthatwerenappingoutsidetheroomwerephotographedbythejournalist.6、在"Itis+名词+定语从句1+定语从句2”的强调结构中,从句2要用that。Itisalwaysthemouthwhichtalkstoomuchthatincurstroubles.〔言多必失。Itisonlyamanwhoisquiteexperiencedthatcanfulfillthistask.which的用法1、which一般只用于指物<a>,有时也用来指性别不明的婴儿<b>。例如：a:Thetileswhichfellofftheroofcausedseriousdamage.b:ThebabywhichthenursehasjustbroughtinisJohn’schild.2、如果指物的关系代词紧跟在介词后面,只能用which,不能用that。例如：Thisisthehouseinwhichshespentherchildhood.Theagencyfromwhichweboughtourticketsisbankrupt.3、引导非限制性定语从句时,用来指物替代名词词组。例如：Thisbook,whichhasonlybeenreviewed,waspublishedayearago.4、替代整个句子或句子的一部分：ThemeetinghasbeenputofftillnextFriday,whichisgoodnewstothem.<指代整个主句>Shesaidthathersonwouldbecomeascientist,whichwethoughtpossible.<指代that分句>Sheisveryattentiveinclass,whichherarelyis.<指代整个短语>3.2.7as的用法1、as引导限制性定语从句时,常与such或thesame连用,构成thesame…as;such…as结构,as用于代替指人或物的先行词。例如：Ihavenevereatensuchtastyfoodsasshecookedme.Suchbooksastherewereontheshelfinterestedus.Ihavegotintothesametroubleashe<has>.试比较thesame…as和thesame…that：ThisisthesamebookasIreadlastweek.〔这和我上周读的那本书是一样的。ThisisthesamebookthatIreadlastyear.〔这就是我上周读的那本书。如果先行词表示抽象概念,则没有这种区别,例如：Shetoldmethesamestoryas/thatshehadtoldyou.Ihadthesamedifficultythat/asyouhadlastyear.在as／so…as结构中,后面的as也是关系代词,例如：Wetookasmanymenascouldbepermittedtoattendthemeeting.Youcanstayhereaslongasyoulike.Thingsdonotgoonassmoothlyaswehoped.2、引导非限制性定语从句关系代词as引导非限制性定语从句时,用于代替整个主句,意思是"正如",相当于andthis或andthat。as从句位置较之which引导的非限制性定语从句更加灵活,因而as从句既可以指前面提到的内容,也可以指后面将要提到的内容,which一般在主句后。例如：Asismentionedabove,thismethodaimsatimprovingthestudents’abilityinamoreeffectiveway.Thetestiscancelled,asyouhavehoped.Thetest,asyouhavehoped,iscancelled.Asemiconductormaterial,asthenameindicates,haspoorerconductivitythanaconductor.▲注：as代表前面的整个主句并在从句中做主语时表达的意思应与主句一致,而且从句中的谓语必须是系动词；若为行为动词,则从句中的关系代词只能用which.例如：Hefailedtopasstheexamagain,asispredicted.Hefailedtopasstheexamagain,whichannoyedhismothergreatly.记住以下的as结构：asisknowntoall<众所周知>,asisoftenthecase<情况常常如此>,asthenameIndicates／suggests<顾名思义>,asmaybeimagined<可以想象得出>,asoftenhappens<这种情况常常发生>,ashasbeensaidbefore<如前所述>,ashasbeenpointedout<正如已经指出的>,aswillbeshownin<将在…中指出>,asishoped<正如所希望的>but的用法but用作关系代词相当于who…not,which…not,that…not。but既可指人,也可指物,常在定语从句中充当主语或宾语。but本身含"否定"的意思,它前面的主句通常有"否定"的词,如：<no,not,little,few,hardly等>.but引导的肯定定语从句和否定的主句连用,达到强烈肯定的修饰效果。例如：Thereisnomotherbutlovesherownchildren.<=Thereisnomotherthat／whodoesnotloveherownchildren.>[主语]Thereisscarcelyagoodmoviebuthehasseen.<=thathehasnotseen>.[宾语]Thereisneverafriendbutheremembersthebirthdayof.[介词宾语]Whoistherebutcommitserrors？[but间或也可用在疑问句后]Thereisnomanbuterrs.=Thereisnomanwhodoesnoterr.[主语]Whathesawinthoseplacesbutwasnotmiserable〔but=whichwasnot<他所到之处,看到的均是凄惨不已的景象。>[主语]Thereareveryfewbutadmirehistalents.〔很少有人不赞赏他的才干的。But=whodon’t[主语]but结构有时可省略。例如：<Thereis>Norulebuthasexceptions.<ThereareFewbooksbuthaveamisprintortwo.than的用法关系代词than一般用于含有比较级的句子中,兼有连词和代词的性质。例如：Youspentmoremoneythanwasintendedtobespent.Shehasdonemuchmoreworkthanwasrequiredofher.Thequestionismorecomplicatedthanappearsonthesurface.3.3介词+关系代词"介词+关系代词"引导的定语从句既可以是限制性定语从句,又可以是非限制性定语从句,"介词+关系代词"在从句中做主语、宾语、状语、定语等,介词的选择则要根据它与其先行词的关系或前后名词、动词等的搭配关系来决定,同时还应该考虑句子在上下文中要表达的意思。"介词+which／whom／whose"这时应注意介词与句中短语的搭配。例如：TheproblemwithwhichIhavetroublehasnowbeensolved.Oil,ofwhichthereareseveraldifferenttypes,isusedformanypurposesbycountriesallovertheworld.Theman,becauseofwhosehelpthemurdererwascaughtbythepolice,iscomingtoourschooltomorrow.介词放在关系代词之前的形式的定语从句较之将介词至于从句之末的定语从句正式,因此多用于书面语当中,但在口语中有时也会出现；或者将介词后置,或在介词后置后用that〔人、物／who〔人代替which／whom,并且that可省略。例如；CanyoulendmeapenorpencilwithwhichIcanwrite?Canyoulendmeapenorpencilthat/whichIcanwritewith?Canyoulendmeapenorpencil<that>Icanwritewith?Whoisthemantowhomyouweretalking?Whoisthemanwhom/that/whoyouweretalkingto?Whoistheman<that>youweretalkingto?如果介词过长,则不适于后置,例如：Soundisatool,bymeansofwhichpeoplecommunicatewitheachother.Wemaybecaughtbyafire,incaseofwhichwemustfindwaystoescape."名词+介词+which／whom"引导的定语从句Hereferredtoapersonthenameofwhomslippedbymemoryatthatmoment.Wehadadiscussionthepurposeofwhichwastofindasolutiontothisproblem.在非限定性定语从句中,ofwhich／whom可用来修饰不定代词all,each,one,many,much,more,most,any,some,afew,alittle,none,both,several,thelatter,theformer等。练习时,应该判断填空的部分为主句的定语从句还是与主句并列的成分。例如：Wehaveinterviewedmorethan50students,onlyafewofwhomgavesatisfactoryanswerstoourquestions.[定语从句]Wehaveinterviewedmorethan50students,butonlyafewofthemgavesatisfactoryanswerstoourquestions.[并列]Manypeoplecametohergraduationparty,mostofwhomwereherformerclassmates.[定语从句]Manypeoplecametohergraduationparty,andmostofthemwereherformerclassmates.[并列]Thereare32studentsinourclass,upto20ofwhomarefromthesouth.[定语从句]"介词+which+名词"引导的定语从句which是一个代表所有关系的关系代词,可用来代表一个名词／代词或句子的一部分,但更多地是来代表整个句子。其中的名词通常是一个抽象名词,如case,fact,state,time,point等。例如：Waterboilsatl00℃,atwhichtemperatureitchangesintogasHewasabouttoleave,atwhichmomentIcamebackhome.WeiHuaspentfouryearsintheUnitedStates,duringwhichperiodshestudiedlaw.Reader'sDigest,towhichwehavejustsubscribed,hasanenormouscirculation.3.4定语从句中的关系副词关系副词引导的定语从句〔限制性／非限制性在从句中作状语,意思相当于"介词+which",常见的引导定语从句的关系副词有：where,when和why等,不常见的如表示时间的关系副词：since,after和before。关系副词where〔=at,inwhich引导表示地点的定语从句Thisistheplacewherehe’dmostliketolivetherestofhislife.Londonisthecitywhereshewasborn.Thatistheplacewheretheymetforthefirsttime.在表示"情况、方面、状况"等有地点含义的抽象名词如case,game,spot,point,conditions,situation,circumstances等作为先行词的定语从句时,也用where引导,其意义相当于underwhich。例如：It’sakindofgamewhereyoucantrainyoureyesightEveryonemayfacethesituationwhereyouhavetomakeadecisionyourself.I’llshowhimthepointwherehefailed.Underthecircumstanceswherefoodshortageisthemostseriousproblem,wemusttryourbesttoseekinternationalaid.关系副词when〔=at,on,during,inwhich引导表示时间的定语从句I’llneverforgetthedaywhen<=onwhich>Ifirstcametothisuniversity.Thisistheseasonwhen<=inwhich>mostfisherswillbeverybusy.ThatisthetimewhenmanyAmericanswereoutofwork.MostpeopleliketogothereinMay,whentheflowersareinfullbloom.关系副词why〔=forwhich引导表示原因的定语从句Doyouknowthereasonwhyheleftthepartyearlythatnight?Thereasonwhyshemissedthetrainisthatshewasheldupbyanaccident.其他关系副词引导的定语从句ImissyoueverydaysinceIcamehere.Onthedaybeforeshegotmarried,hermotherhandedherthefamilyheirloom.Themonthaftershetooktheentranceexaminationwasspentinrelaxingherself3.5关系代词和关系副词的省略关系代词的省略1、关系代词which,whom,who,that在定语从句中作直接宾语时可以省略Hereistheman<who/that/whom>you’vebeenlookingfor.Thewoman<whom/who/that>IwastalkingtoisourEnglishteacher.Isthereanyquestion<that>youwanttoaskme?2、当that在从句中作补语时可以省略Georgeisnottheman<that>heusedtobe.Heisall<that>ateachershouldbe.3、在therebe结构中出现定语从句,或在定语从句中出现therebe结构时,用做主语的关系代词that可省略Thereisamandownstairs<who>wantstoseeyou.Thisisthebestdictionary<that>thereisinthelibrary.That’sall<that>thereistoit.<如此而已。>Haveyounoticedanything<that>thereishappeninginthecompany?关系副词的省略1、当先行词是reason,而且在定语从句中做原因状语时,关系代词可用why或that,可以省略Thereason<why/that>hefailedwashislaziness.Thatisthereason<why>Ididit.2、当先行词是way,且在定语从句中作方式状语时,关系代词可用inwhich或that,可以省略Theway<inwhich/that>thesecomradeslookatproblemsiswrong.Thatwastheway<inwhich/that>sheworkedtheproblemout.注意：当关系代词在定语从句中做主语时,不省略。例如：Idon’tknowthewaythat/whichleadstothetopofthemountains.3、当先行词表示时间时,关系代词可用when或有时用that,有时也可以省略Thesecondtime<that>Isawhimwasin1980.Idon’tknowtheexacttime<when/that>thesportsmeetwilltakeplace.Hisgrandpastillrememberstheday<that/when>thecitywasliberated.4、当先行词表示地点时,关系代词可用where或有时用that,有时也可以省略Thisisthevillage<where/that>thegreatmanspenthischildhood.Doyouknowthesite<where/that>thisancienttombwasdiscovered.Iknowtheplace<that/where>shelives.3.6what关系代词"whatis〔was+形容词比较级"结构what泛指上文或下文,意思是"更……,尤其……"。该结构常为插入语：Sheisveryintelligent,andwhat’smore,veryhard-working.Greatmenareoftenunknown,orwhatisworse,misknown.Shedecided,whatwastheonlychoice,thatshewouldkeepitasecret.what=先行词+关系词what相当于thething〔swhich或theperson〔sthat,既可以指人,也可指物,意思相当于"……的〔人或物",此种情况的what本身已包含先行词,因而其前不能再有先行词。what在其从句中可以做主语、宾语和表语。例如：Thisiswhatyoucallfashion?Thatisexactlywhatyouaretoldtodo?Neverpretendtobewhatyouarenot.Sheiswhatwecallanoptimist."what+名词"="allthe+名词+that"what在从句中作定语。例如：Onherdeath,theoldwomangavewhatpropertyshehadtotheyoungmanwhostayedwithherduringthelastyearsofherlife.<=allthepropertythat>Wewillgiveyouwhathelpwecan.<=allthehelpthat>Hesharedwhatlittlewaterhehadwithhiscompanions.<=allthelittlewaterthat>Whatpoemswehavelearnedatpresentareaboutlove.<=allthepoemsthat>3.7先行词与其定语从句的分割有时先行词与其定语从句会被其他的一些语法成分割裂开来,如：状语、定语或谓语等。例如：Wehavemadeanumberofcreativeadvancesintheoreticalresearchofappliedsciencewhichareuptoadvancedworldlevels.Doyourememberoneafternoontenyearsagowhenlcametoyourhouseandborrowedadiamondnecklace?Duringtheconstruction,problemsoftenarisewhichrequiredesignchanges.3.8定语从句与同位语从句的区别〔详见3.9关系代词与关系副词的判断3.9.1谓语动词是否及物用关系代词还是关系副词完全取决于从句中的谓语动词。从句中如果及物动词后面接宾语,就必须要用关系代词；而不及物动词则要求用关系副词。例如：Thedayswhenwestayedtogetherareunforgettable.〔stay不及物I’llneverforgetthedayswhichIspentwithyouinTokyo.〔spend及物,有宾语Thisisthereasonwhyhedidnotcomethatmorning.<come不及物动词>Thisisthereasonwhich/thathefoundtoexcuseforhimself.<find及物动词>先行词在定语从句中的成分〔主、谓、宾、定、状先行词表示时间、地点或原因时,就选用关系副词,用when,where或why,在从句中应该是做状语,否则的话则应该用which／that等,that有时可以代替when,where或why,但when,where或why中不能代替that。例如：1.Isthismuseumyouvisitedafewdaysago?A.whereB.thatC.onwhichD.theone2.Isthisthemuseumtheexhibitionwasheld.A.whereB.thatC.onwhichD.theone在句1中,所缺部分为宾语,而where,that,onwhich都不能起到宾语的作用,只有theone既做了主句的表语,又可做从句的宾语,可以省略关系代词,所以应选D；而在句2中,主、谓、宾俱全,从句部分为句子的状语表地点,既可用副词where,又因inthemuseum词组,可用介词in＋which引导地点状语。而此题中,介词on用的不对,所以选A。当从句的逻辑主语是some,any,no,somebody,anybody,nobody,something,anything,everything或nothing时,常用thereis来引导。例如：Idon’twanttoconcentrateonanythingthereisworryingme.引导条件从句的连词引导条件从句的连词比较多,我们可以把它们分为以下几个大类：1、表示"只要、只有"：as,as<so>faras,as<so>longas,onlyif,onlythat,butthat：As<So>longaswedon’tloseheart,we’llfindawaytoovercomethedifficulty.There’swarinsofarasthere’stheearthbeneathourfeet.Butthatheisill,hewouldstayathome.2、表示"如果"：if,incase<that>,provided/providing<that>,suppose/supposing〔that[仅用在问句中],intheevent<that>:Ifyouarenottootired,let’sgooutforawalk.Intheeventthatourteamwins,therewillbeabigcelebration.Sendusamessageincaseyouhaveanydifficulty.Suppose<Supposing>wecan’tgetenoughfood,whatshallwedo?Provided/Providing<that>yougivemeareceipt,Iwillpaytherent.3、表示"考虑到"：given/granted<that>[正式用法],assuming<that>,Giventhatx=y,thenn<x+a>=n<y+a>mustbealsotrue.〔多用于论证4、表示"除非"：unless<=ifnot>Let’sgooutforawalkunlessyouaretootired.5、表示"一旦"：onceOnce<=Ifonce>yousmoke,youcan’tgiveupsmoking.Onceshebeginstocry,thereisnostoppingher.6、各种复杂介词表示"条件是"：onconditionthat,ontheunderstandingthat,ontheassumption/suppositionthat,withtheproviso/stipulationthat,incaseof,intheeventof等。例如：Iwillgivehimanythinghewantsonconditionthathewillshowgoodmanners.Dial119in不用连词引导的条件从句WereIabird,Iwouldflytoyou.〔虚拟语气Workhard,andyouwillsucceed.<祁使语气>Youdoitagain,I’llkillyou.<口语体>Afewdays’restandyouwillbeallrightagain.<名词+and>Nothingventure,nothinghave.<没有主语和动词>Timepermitting,wewillgotraveling.〔分词独立主格结构在口语中,真实条件句广泛使用,人们通常用于表示对话语的态度〔即起评注性状语作用。例如：Ifyoudon’tmind,I’dliketothinkaboutthatforabit.IfIrememberrightly,IthinkIhaveseenyousomewhere.Takeanothercup,ifyouplease.4.2让步从句<ClauseofConcession>让步是对比的一个特殊变体,表达的意义是"Yes,but…",使用让步连接词时,说话人/作者希望表达在承认一个命题正确和确信另一个命题也正确的情况下,削弱第一个命题的重要性,主句中的意思往往是最重要的中心意思,正是让步连接词能让读者或听者做出这样的推论。它有"虽然,尽管,即使"之意,主要由以下引导词构成：1、though,althoughAlthoughit’sraining,theyarestillworkinginthefield.Hestillworkshardthoughheisveryold.Thoughthesorebehealed,yetascarmayremain.▲注意：当有though,although时,后面的从句不能有but,但是though和yet可连用。例如：Thoughheisrich,yetheisnothappy.though还可以用做副词,放在句末。例如：Itwashardwork;Ienjoyedit,though.=Itwashardwork,butIenjoyedit.2、everif,eventhough"即使"We’llmakeatripeventhoughtheweatherisbad.3、whether…or…"不管……都"Whetheryoubelieveitornot,itistrue.4、"nomatter+疑问词<what,who,when,where,which,how>"或"疑问词+后缀ever<whatever,whoever,whenever,wherever,whichever,however>"Nomatterwhathappened,hewouldnotmind.Whateverhappened,hewouldnotmind.NomatterwhatIsayorhowIsayit,healwaysthinksI’mwrong.Don’tletthemin,whoever<=nomatterwho>theyare.▲注意：nomatter+疑问词不能引导主语从句和宾语从句。〔×Nomatterwhatyousayisofnousenow.〔√Whateveryousayisofnousenow.<Whateveryousay是主语从句>〔×Prisonershavetoeatnomatterwhatthey’regiven.〔√Prisonershavetoeatwhateverthey’regiven.〔whatever引导宾语从句5、beiteverso/letitbeeverso…<=nomatterhow…>Beiteverso/Letitbeeversohumble,thereisnoplacelikehome.<=Nomatterhowhumbleitmaybe,…>Theenterprise,beitassmallasitmay,requiresgreatability.Lettheconsequencesbewhattheymay,heremainsfirm.6