小升初知识结构

小升初笔试部分知识结构一.语法部分整体结构:(1)时态,一般现在时现在进行时•般过去时•般将来时(及各个时态的否定形式也要相应的教授)(2)句型,一般疑问句特殊疑问句祈使句感叹句Therebe句型反义疑问句(3)词类’名词一单复数和所有格动词代词介词冠词数词形容词和副词连词感叹词(4)固定搭配，句式及短语二.详细分析小升初所考知识点(1)时态部分：注：时态多在动词适当形式填空,句型转换和单选中考察五种时态的构成模式："一般现在时：主语+动词原形/动词第三人称单数+......

现在进行时：主语+be动词+动词一+ ，一般将来时：主语+will/shall+动词原形+ +将来时■间一般过去时：主语+动词过去式（-ed）+ +过去时间现在完成时：主语+have/has+动词过去分词+ 如以drink为例：.我每天都喝牛奶：Idrinkmilkeveryday..我现在正在喝牛奶：Iamdrinkingmilknow..我明天要喝牛奶：Iwilldrinkmilktomorrow..我昨天喝牛奶了：Idrankmilkyesterday..我刚刚喝过牛奶了：Ihavejustdrunksomemilk.动作发生时间不同动词的形式就不同注意（一定要把时间放后面）补充：大动词现在分词的构成方法变法例词直接在动词后加“ing”see-seeingcarry-carryinggo-going以不发音音的“e”结尾时，去掉“e”加“ing”leave-leaving live-livingdance-dancing以重读闭音节结尾，辅元辅字母结尾的动词双写最后一个辅音字母，再加“ing”begin-beginning dig-diggingwin-winning forget-forgettinghit-hittingstop-stopping以ie结尾的动词，将ie改成y加“ing"die-dyinglie-lyingtie-tying（2）句型部分：（常见于句型落换题）Be动词+主语.一般疑问句：情态动词（C4〃，卬〃/......）+动词原形》+其他助动词（do,does,did）+动词原形[Be动词+主语.特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词+情态动词Ccan,will……）+主语+动词原形|助动词（do,does,did）+主语+动词原形★特殊疑问词：what（什么）how（怎样,如何）ftime（什么时候）多大”（年龄）many4-可复"多少",colour（什么颜色） ,whatS how<1much+不可"多少”class （哪个班）/o〃g"多久"（时间）1…"多远"（距离）where（哪里）次e〃"多少次"（频率）why （为什么）when（何时，什么时候）who（谁）whom（谁一作宾语）whose（谁的）which（哪一个）如:⑴Heisastudent.（变一般疑问句） >Isheastudent?HecanspeakEnglish.（同上） >CanhespeakEnglish?Heoftengoestoschoolbybus.（同上） >Doesheoftengotoschoolbybus?注：此处一定要点一下汉语语序与英语语序的区别。如：⑴HeisfromBeijing.（划线部分提问） >Whereishefrom?Icanseeabirdinthetree.（同上） >Whatcanyouseeinthetree?（此处要注意人称的转於Hegoestoschoolbybuseveryday.（同上） >Howdoeshegotoschooleveryday?.祈使句及其否定形式：祈使句特点：以动词原形开头.如：Openthedoor,please.Closethewindow,please.祈使句的否定形式：Don't+动词原形+ 如：Don'topenthedoor.Don'tclosethewindow..感叹句（考查较少且简单）。/。〃+形容词+可数名词单数'构成:What+< 」不可数名词 ，+主谓！构成:形容词+4[ I可数名词复数 J“ow+形容词（或副词）+（。,。〃）+（名词）+主谓!例题：Whatafinedayitis!（同义句转换） >Howfine（aday）itis!.Therebe句型：（此处注意与have/has的区别）如卡下卜[is/was（〃。力+可数名词单数/不可数名词। /山，k、构成：There.皿一皿 +地方（出处）are/were（not）+可数名词复数意为“在某处有……”而have/has的构成为：主语+have/has+名词 如：1.Thereis(be)abookonthedesk.There were(be)twopensonthetableyesterday.There is(be)astudentandtwoteachersintheclassroom.(就近一致原则)另外：注意therebe句型的疑问形式8.反义疑问句：(考查不多，只涉及以下几种情况)特点：①.前肯后否，前否后肯②.一定要用代词，及否定缩写反义疑问句在小升初考试中的几种情况:⑴.一般情况：如：Hedoesn'tlikeswimming,doeshe?Sheisateacher,isn'tshe?⑵.祈使句的反义疑问句：基本都是 willyou?如：Openthedoor,willyou?⑶.特殊祈使句的反义疑问句：Let's+ shallwe?(侧重大家一起)Letus+ willy。”？(侧重请求长辈/上级允许)如：let'sgotothepark,shallwe?Letusgotothepark,willyou?(3)词类部分1.名词考查单复数变化规律和不可数名词★尤其注意：.单复数同形的单词:fish,sheep,deer,Chinese等.复和名词的复数:boystudent boystudents,nightschool nightschoolwomandoctor womendoctors,mansinger mensingers（3）以“y”结尾的名词,有两种变法：A.词尾为兀音+y,直接加sboy boys,monkey monkeys,key keys,way waysB.词尾为辅音+y,则变y为i再加esbaby babies,lady ladies,city cities,country countries（4）数词加名词作形容词时，该名词为单数Ihaveatwo-year-oldday.Hewroteathree-thousand-wordcomposition.（作文）Thatisathree-foot-hightable.⑸不可数名词：1.液体名词：water,coffee,tea,milk等.抽象名词：work,happiness等.物质名词（一般为不可数名词）：air,food,paper,butter,bread,rice等★注：不可数名词的数量表达法如：acupoftea（一杯茶）一twocupsoftea（两杯茶）apieceofpaper（一张纸）—twopiecesofpaper（两张纸）3.所有格：（考查较多）表示有生命的东西的名词所有格在词尾加“s”。若是复数并以“s”、“es”结尾的名词只加""如：thePeople'sR叩ublicofChina,Women'sDayMary'sfather,thestudents5books,Charles'sbag★上述“'s”所有格也适用下列几类名词：*表示时间、距离、价格、重量的名词的所有格。*世界、国家和城镇的所有格及某习惯表达法。today'snewspaper,fiveminutes,talk,Beijing'sfinestparks,myvillage'sweather表示无生命的东西的名词的所有格一般与of结成短语。★当表示有生命的名词有较长的修饰语或前面有表示数量的概念的词(如:a,two,some,no,few,any等)也用of短语形式。thetopofthehill,thestudentsofourschoolafewfriendsofmine,aphotoofyourbrother's例题：Passmetwoof!A.bottles,riceB.bottle,ricesCbowls,riceD.bowl,ricesnthefridgearebig.A.AppleB.TheappleC.ApplesD.Theapples

2.代词①人称代词（必考内容，一定要掌握）主格宾格形容词性物主代词名词性物主代词I我me我my我的mine我的we我们us我们our我们的ours我们的you你you你your你的yours你的you你们you你们your你们的yours你们的he他him他his他的his他的she她her她her她的hers她的it它it它its它的its它的they他/它/她们Them他/它/她们their他/它/她们的theirs他/它/她们的★主格通常作主语，放在句首★作宾语，放在动词和介词后★通常作定语，与名词连用如：Heismyfriend.★可作很多成分，要单独用②不定代词考查较多的有：.复合不定代词some（某个，一些）］即： （任［+而〃g（东西，事情）/body（人）/o〃e（人）no（没有）every（每个）以上可任意组合，如：nothing（没有什么，没有东西），anything（任何东西，任何事情）……注：复合不定代词被定语修饰时定语只能放在这些词的后面，其用法如下：派复合不定代词+形容词+todosth.e.g.1.Ihavesomethingtotellyou..Wehavenothingtoeat.2.区分以下儿组不定代词many+可数名词复数“、左夕”< 、，、 讦多much+不可数名词some 用于肯定句和需要得到肯定回答的疑问句中 “心”any 用于否定句和疑问句中（注：some和any既可修饰可数名词也可修饰不可数名词）e.g.Ihavegotsomelettersthismonth.Haveyougotanyinterestingbooks?Idonothaveanyink.

littlealittle表否定“几乎没有”

表肯定“一些”注：修饰不可数名词fewafew表否定“儿乎没有”littlealittle表否定“几乎没有”

表肯定“一些”注：修饰不可数名词fewafew表否定“儿乎没有”

表肯定“一些”修饰可数名词e.g.1.―Canyougivemesomewater?一Thereislittleleftinmybottle2.—Youhavefewbooks,doyou?一Yes,Ihavequiteafew.3.1amnewhere,Ihavefewfriends.4.Thereislittletimeleft,hurry.5.Thereistimeleft.Don'tworry.A.afewB.fewC.alittleD.littleX下面这几组词，一般的小升初考试不考，但一些较好的学校会考到:both “两者都” 谓语动词用复数“两者关系” "两者个中任何一个” 谓语动词用单数neither"两者中那一个也不” 谓语动词用单数either和neither做定语时名词要用单数e.g.Bothofthecarsarenew.Eitherofthecarsisnew.Neitherofthecarsisnew.NeithercariswhatIwant.Hecouldwritewitheitherhand.Eitheroftheboysisready.

“全都”“都不，全不”“全都”“都不，全不”“任何”（侧重选择性）“三者或三者以上关系％noneanye.g.Alltheboysarehere.Noneoftheroomsareclean.—Whenshallwemeetnextweek?---AnydayisOK.。卅er+名词 “其他的（泛指）”Uothers"其他的（泛指）”<the。%er+名词 ”（整体中除去一部分后）剩余的全部”Utheothers"（整体中除去一部分后）剩余的全部"③反身代词my（我）'your（你）our（我们）him（他）>+自己） your （你们） 卜se/yes（自己）her（她）them（他/她/它们）Jit（它）注：对反身代词的考察不多，知道意思及写法即可。3.介词考查方向：主要考察儿组特殊介词的区分和固定短语中介词的用法。★区分以下儿组介词：7〃+（较长时间）如：年，月，季节，世纪等（1）（表时间〃意为“在"）<。〃+具体某天或某天的上午（下午，晚上等）[4+具体时刻，节日等e.g.in:in1995,inJuly,insummer on:onSunday,onacoldmorning,onMondaymorning at:at8:00o'clock,atChristmas（美地占）川+较大地点，如：城市，国家等衣+较小地点，如：家,车站，医院等通常和动词arrive搭配，构成arrive?意为“到达，抵达某地”[ate.g.HewillarriveinBeijingtomorrow.Heisathomenow.⑶in的特殊用法由卜语言 （表示用某种语言）m[+颜色（表示穿着某种颜色的衣服）e.g.CanyouwritetheletterinEnglish?Thegirlinblueismysister.（穿蓝色衣服的女孩是我妹妹）in（在……内部、里面）on（在......表面）⑷（表方位）.under（在......下面）behind（在 后面）nextto （紧挨着，在……旁边）near（在......附近）e.g.onthedesk（在桌子上）behindthedoor（在门后）乂弁frontof（在 前面）inthefrontof（在 前部一侧重内部/所属）e.g.Thereisatreeinfrontoftheclassroom.Theblackboardisinthefrontoftheclassroom.⑹注意以下几组词的意思区分:

in time （及时） J。" the right（在右边）on time （准时） [on the left （在左边）p'z?thetree（鸟等在树上）|onthetree （苹果等长在树上）busby(乘坐).onfoot步行cartrainplane例题：(1).Thebedby(乘坐).onfoot步行A.onB.inC.atD.of.Igetupaboutsevenfifty-five.A.in B.on C.at D.for.Who,stheladyblue?A.in B.on C.at D.with.WeusuallystayhomeSaturdayafternoon.A.at...in B.at...onC.in...atD.on...on.TheyarrivedLondontheafternoonofNovemberA.in,inBin,on C.at,in D.for,on.Someonerangyouuphalfpastnineyesterdaymorning.A.at B.on C.in D.by.MrWhitewon'tcomebackFriday.A.in B.at C.until D.on.—IsJimpickingapplesthetree?

一Yes,theapplesthetreearebigandred.A.in,onB.in,inC.on,onD.on(9).Tilbebackatonce.Pleasewait thebusstop.A.atB.untilC.fromD.for(10).Canyousing. Japanese?A.inB.withC.byD.on(11).Heoftengoestowork car.A.withB.inC.onD.by4.冠词★小升初对冠词的考查较简单，主要考察不定冠词(a,an)的用法①(①(a,an)用法区分:a+辅音因素开头的单词

+元音因素开头的词(学生很容易把此认为是以元音/辅音字母开头的单词，所以老师要注重举例说明)e.g.anhour a_bookanapple aunitanumbrellaauniversitystudentanhonestman ②对the的考查主要考几个特殊用法:(1)表示特指例：LastnightIreadastory.ThestorywasaboutLeiFeng.(2)用以指上句提到过，以后再次出现的人或物例：OnmywaytoschoolIsawanoldman.Theoldmanwalkedveryslow.(3)用以表示某些天体名词等例：Themoonmovesaroundtheearth.Theearthmovesroundthesun.(4)演奏乐器时，乐器名称前用the例：Sheisplayingthepiano.(5)在形容词最高级，序数词前例：themostinterestingfilm,thefirsttime(6)用在姓氏复数前表示一家人例：theBrowns★③不用冠词的情况⑴季节，月份，星期几及节日名词前不用例：Teachers5DayisinSeptember.OnSunday⑵三餐饭前不用例：Idon'thavelunch.Whatdidyoueatforsupper?⑶球类运动，棋类等名词不用例：playfootball,Canyouplaychess?

冠词专练:.Wehavelunchatnoon.A./,/ B.a,/C.the,a D.a,a.magazinesontableareveryinteresting.A.Z,a B.Z,/ C.The,theD.The,a.Greensgotocinemaonceaweek.A./,aB./,theC.The,theD.The,a.YellowRiverissecondlongestriverinChina.A.the B.an C.a D./.Aliceisfondofplayingpiano.A./B.aC.theD.an.Wouldyoulikepearororange?A.a,anB.an,aC.an,anD.a,aA.a,anB.an,aC.an,anD.a,a5.数词★小升初对数词的单独考查较少,主要考察个别基数词与序数词的转化，及个别特殊用法。㈠区分基数词和序数词：⑴基数词一表示“数目多少”，如one,ten；⑵序数词一表示“数目顺序”，如first,tenth.最基本的基数词如下表：Abcd1one11eleven1002two12twelve20twentyahundred3three13thirteen30thirty1,0004four14fourteen40fortyathousand5five15fifteen50fifty1,000,0006six16sixteen60sixtyamillion7seven17seventeen70seventy1,000,000,8eight18eighteen80eighty0009nine19nineteen90ninetyabillion10ten★注意不规则的序数词。如：first,second,third,fifth,eighth,ninth,twelfth.㈡数词用法⑴年月中，年用基数词，日用序数词如;April5(th),1998,September1(st),2001注：年的读法，先读前两位数，再读后两位数。1998年 nineteenninety-eight1800年 eighteenhundred2000年 yeartwothousand2001年 twothousandandone或twothousandone⑵表示时间，用基数词。如：5：00—five(o'clock),3:03 fivepastthree,8:45 aquartertonine一亥！J钟 aquarter 三刻钟 threequarters*注：几点过几分，如“过”的数字不超过30分，用介词past；如超过30分，则用介词to,表示差多少分到几点。⑶hundred,thousand,million,billion等词的特殊用法：当这些词前有具体数字时，后用这些词的单数形式如：twohundred',threethousand’当这些词前没有具体数字，且后有时，要用这些词的复数形式，意为“数.....如：hundredsc/(数百)；thousands/(数千)e.g.Therearestudentsinthisschool.A.eighthundredB.eighthundredsC.eighthundredofDeighthundredsof㈢奥数英语中常见数词用法①分数读法，分子用基数词，分母用序数词除了分子是一的情况下，序数词都用复数。如:1/3 onethird,4/5 fourfifths.1/4 aquarter,1/2 ahalf3/4 threequarters,52/3 fiveandtwothirds②小数读法，只用基数词。如:3.5 threepointfour,0.9 zeropointnine,4.36 fourpointthreesix③表示百分数12%twelvepercent,0.9%zeropointninepercent④表示算式4+8=12Fourandeightis/makes/isequaltotwelve.(Fourpluseightistwelve.)10-4=6Tenminusfouris/leavessix.(Fourfromtenis/leavessix.)7*8=56Seventimeseightisfifty-six.(Sevenmultipliedbyeightisfifty-six.)7/2=3...1Sevendividedbytwoisthreeandahalf.6.形容词、副词★小升初考试中，对形容词副词的考查主要限于它们的基本用法和其比较级、最高级的考查上。注意方面：⑴形容词修饰名词；副词修饰动词/形容词；⑵比较级，最高级变化规律:变化规律原级比较级最高级一般情况，talltallertallest词尾+er/estlonglongerlongest以e结尾的词，largelargerlargest词尾+r/stwidewiderwidest以“辅音字母+y”结尾的词，happyhappierhappiest变y为i再加er或estprettyprettierprettiest以重读闭音节结尾，辅元辅bigbiggerbiggest构成的形容词，双写最后一hothotterhottest个字母，再加er或estfatfatterfattest多数双音节形容词如以ing,interestingmoreinterestingmostinterestingful,less,ous结尾，和多音节beautifulmorebeautifulmostbeautiful形容词在比较级前加more,expensivemoreexpensivemostexpensive在最高级前加most比较级和最高级变化不规则:原级比较级最高级good/wel1(身体好的)betterbestill/bad/badly（副词）worseworstmany/muchmoremostlittlelessleast★小升初多考查比较级的用法：句型：A+系动词+比较级+than+B例：LilyistallerthanMary.Englishismorepopularthanmaths.⑶修饰不定代词的形容词必须放起后面如；Isthereanythingwrongwithyourbike?(4)“too+形容词+todosth.”意为“太……以致于不能……”如：Heistooyoungtogotoschool.⑸注意下列两组形容词意思/用法的区分：interesting“有趣的”exciting“令人兴奋的”注：主要修饰能给人某种情绪反应的人或物[worring "令人担忧的“interested"对感兴趣的“excited“感到兴奋的“ 注：主要修饰发出此情绪的人worried"感到担忧的”如：Itisanexcitingnews,soweallfeelexcited.e.g.l.MyWalkmansoundsthanyours.A.betterB.thebestC.bestD.goodHeseemsthanyouwiththiswork.A.busyB.busilyC.muchbusierD.morebusilyThisishatamongthefour.A.anexpensiveB.amoreexpensiveC.amostexpensiveD.themostexpensiveWhichismonth,December,January,orFebruary?A.thecoldB.thecoldestC.thecolderD.acoldTheclassroomissmalltohold50students.A.soB.tooC.veryD.muchTomlookedafterbreakfast.A.worriesB.worryC.worryingD.worriedM汰eistheinhisfamily;allhisbrothersaremuchyounger.A.youngestB.largestC.oldest D.leastThestoryis.Weareinit.A.interested; interesting B.interested; interestedC.interesting; interesting D.interesting; interestedTomgotuplategotoschoolontime.A.So,toB.too,to C.very,toD.too,and

7.连词★小升初主要考察以下几个连词：and表示并列，顺接等“和，并且”but表示转折“但是”、左口”表选择/结果"或者，否则”连诃S。表示结果“因此，所以”because表原因 "因为"while表转折“然而"e.g.1.Hurryupyou'llbelate..A.and B.or C.so D.butJaneworearaincoatitwasraining.A.so B.but C.and D.becauseTherearetenmistakesintoday'snewspaper,therewasonlyinyesterday.A.soB.butC.orD.becauseBecareful,youwillcutyourfinger.A.orB.andC.soD.becauseMaryisill,shedoesn'tgotoschooltoday.A.soB.butC.whenD.becauseA.soB.butC.whenD.because★时态及句型转换专练1.用所给动词的适当形式填空Hecan(play)tennisverywell.Whattimeyou(go)towalkeveryday.Whydoyoulike(travel)?Tom(leave)NewYorkin1968.Jean(finish)herfirstbookwhenshewasfifteen.(be)theremuchbutterontheplate?startedgoingtoschoolwhenI(be)sixyearsold.yourfather(have)acomputer?Myparents(come)toseemetomorrow.Let's(go)tothecinema.Mybrotherusually(get)upatsixo'clock.Theearth(go)roundthesun.Mysisteralways(wash)clothesforme.They(do)theirhomeworkcarefullyeveryday.MaryandRose(see)afilmonceaweek.Whenspring(come),thetrees(turn)green.they(watch)TVeverySaturdayevening?Myfather(nothave)hislunchinthefactory.Healwayshasitathome.We(notstudy)Russian.WestudyEnglish.thebabyoften(cry)atnight?Hersister(notlook)likehermother.Thestudents(be)oftenbusywiththeirhomework.There(be)nearlyeightstudentsinourclass.(be)thehospitalattheendoftheroad?(be)yougoodatEnglish?Don'tmakeanynoise.Grandma(sleep).Myuncle(leave)forNanjingearlytomorrowmorning.—Whatyou(do)now?—We(have)animportantmeeting.It'sseveno'clock.Tom'sfamily(watch)TV.Listen!Who(cry)inthenextroom?Look!Thebus(come).Whereyou(go)now?they(make)modelplanesnow?Whathe(do)lastSunday?He(go)fishing.There(be)alotofYoungPioneersatthemeetingyesterday.(be)thereanyschoolsheretwentyyearsago?yourfather(have)lunchathomeyesterday?Whereyou(study)Japaneselastyear?—Howthey(go)tothezooyesterday?---They(go)thereonfoot.They(buy)twopairsoftrouserslastweek..1(make)yourbirthdaycakelastnight..1(hear)aterriblesoundjustnow.There(be)atelephonecallforJimamomentago.There(be