大学英语四级考试阅读讲义(三十三)

大学英语四级考试阅读讲义（二十八）Questions36to40arebasedonthefollowingpassage:考试大Therelationshipbetweenthehomeandmarketeconomieshasgonethroughtwodistinctstages.Earlyindustrializationbegantheprocessoftransferringsomeproductionprocesses(e.g.clothmaking,sewingandcanningfoods)fromthehometothemarketplace.Althoughthehomeeconomycouldstillproducethesegoods,theprocesseswerelaborious(费力的)andthemarketeconomywasusuallymoreefficient.Soon,themoreimportantsecondstagewasevident—themarketplacebeganproducinggoodsandservicesthathadneverbeenproducedbythehomeeconomy,andthehomeeconomywasunabletoproducethem(e.g.electricityandelectricalappliances,theautomobile,advancededucation,sophisticatedmedicalcare).Inthesecondstage,thequestionofwhetherthehomeeconomywaslessefficientinproducingthesenewgoodsandserviceswasirrelevant;ifthefamilyweretoenjoythesefruitsofindustrialization,theywouldhavetobeobtainedinthemarketplace.Thetraditionalwaysoftakingcareoftheseneedsinthehome,suchasinnursingthesick,becamesociallyunacceptable(and,inmostseriouscases,probablylesssuccessful).Justastheappearanceoftheautomobilemadetheuseofthehorse-drawncarriageillegalandthenimpractical,andtheappearanceoftelevisionchangedtheradiofromasourceofentertainmenttoasourceofbackgroundmusic,somostofthefruitsofeconomicgrowthdidnotincreasethepurchasetheminthemarket.Growthbroughtwithitincreasedvarietyinconsumergoods,butnotincreasedflexibilityforthehomeeconomyinobtainingthesegoodsandservices.Instead,economicgrowthbroughtwithitincreasedconsumerrelianceonthemarketplace.Inordertoconsumethesenewgoodsandservices,thefamilyhadtoenterthemarketplaceaswageearnersandconsumers.Theneoclassical(新古典主义的)modelthatviewsthefamilyasdecidingwhethertoproducegoodsandservicesdirectlyortopurchasetheminthemarketplaceisbasicallyamodelofthefirststage.Itcannotaccuratelybeappliedtothesecond(andcurrent)stage.Thereasonwhymanyproductionprocessesweretakenoverbythemarketplacewasthat.itwasanecessarystepintheprocessofindustrializationtheydependedonelectricityavailableonlytothemarketeconomyitwastroublesometoproducesuchgoodsinthehomethemarketplacewasmoreefficientwithrespecttoprocessesItcanbeseenfromthepassagethatinthesecondstage.sometraditionalgoodsandserviceswerenotsuccessfulwhenprovidedbythemarketeconomyprovidednewgoodsandservicesneverproducedbythehomeeconomyproducingtraditionalgoodsathomebecamesociallyunacceptablewhethernewgoodsandserviceswereproducedbythehomeeconomybecameirrelevantDuringthesecondstage,ifthefamilywantedtoconsumenewgoodsandservices,theyhadtoenterthemarketplace.aswageearnersC)bothasworkersandpurchasersbothasmanufacturersandconsumersascustomersEconomicgrowthdidnotmakeitmoreflexibleforthehomeeconomytoobtainthenewgoodsandservicesbecause.A)thefamilywasnotefficientinproductionitcouldnotsupplythembyitselfthemarketforthesegoodsandserviceswaslimitedTheneoclassicalmodelisbasicallyamodelofthefirststage,becauseatthisstage.thefamilycouldrelyeitheronthehomeeconomyoronthemarketplacefortheneededgoodsandservicesmanyproductionprocesseswerebeingtransferredtothemarketplaceconsumersreliedmoreandmoreonthemarketeconomythefamilycoulddecidehowtotransferproductionprocessestothemarketplace大学英语四级考试阅读讲义(三十六)Questions36to40arebasedonthefollowingpassage:Theauthorthinksthereasonwhycustomhasbeenignoredintheacademicworldisthat.customrevealsonlythesuperficialnatureofhumanbehaviorthestudyofsocialorderscanreplacethestudyofcustompeoplearestillnotawareoftheimportantrolethatcustomplaysinformingourworldoutlookcustomhaslittletodowithourwaysofthinkingWhichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtoJohnDewey?Anindividualcanexerciseverylittleinfluenceontheculturaltraditionintowhichheisborn.Customisthedirectresultofthephilosophicalprobingsofagroupofpeople.Anindividualisstronglyinfluencedbytheculturaltraditionevenbeforeheisborn.Customrepresentsthecollectivewisdomwhichbenefitstheindividual.Theword“custom“inthispassagemostprobablymeans.theconceptofthetrueandthefalseofasocietytheindependentlydevelopedsocialorderstheadjustmentoftheindividualtothenewsocialenvironmentAccordingtothepassage,aperson'slife,fromhisbirthtohisdeath,isconstantlyshapingtheculturaltraditionsofhispeopleispredominatedbytraditionalcustom考试大D)ischieflyinfluencedbythepeoplearoundhim.Theauthor'spurposeinwritingthispassageis.tourgeindividualstofollowtraditionalcustomstostressthestronginfluenceofcustomsonanindividualtoexaminetheinteractionofmanandsocialcustomstoshowman'sadjustmenttotraditionalcustoms大学英语四级考试阅读讲义（三十八）Unit11PartIIReadingComprehension(35minutes)Directions:Thereare4readingpassagesinthispart.Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD).YoushoulddecideonthebestchoiceandmarkthecorrespondingletterontheAnswerSheetwithasinglelinethroughthecentre.Questions21to25arebasedonthefollowingpassage:WhatstartedthepublicandCongressionalconcernaboutdeceptivepackagingrumpus?考试大Asenator'sdiscoveryofthetricksinpackaging.Expensivepackagingforpoorqualityproducts.Theriseintheunitpriceformanyproducts.Theword"undue"(Line2,Para.2)means"A)improperB)adequateC)excessiveD)unexpectedConsumersareconcernedaboutthechangesinpackagesize,mainlybecause.theunitpriceforaproductoftenrisesasaresulttheyhatetoseeanychangesinthingstheyarefamiliarwiththeyhavetopayforthecostofchangingpackagesizesthisentailsanincreaseinthecostofpackagingmeettheneedsofconsumerssuitallkindsofproductsintroducenewproductsenhancethemarketpositionofproducts25.Theauthoriscriticalmainlyof.inferiorpackagingdishonestpackagingthechangesinpackagesizeexaggeratedillustrationsonpackages大学英语四级考试阅读学习笔记(19)InfraredscanningtechnologymaybebroughtbackintooperationbecauseofgrowingconcernabouttheexcessiveuseofpesticidesoncropsthedesireoffarmerstoimprovethequalityoftheirproducetheforcefulpromotionbytheDepartmentofAgriculturefullsupportfromagricultureexperts注：因果关系词becauseof"Thistechniquecanbeusedon75percentofagriculturallandintheUnitedStates,"saysGeorgeQertherofTexasA&M.RayJackson,whorecentlyretiredformtheDepartmentofAgriculture,thinksremoteinfraredcropscanningcouldbeadoptedbytheendofthedecade.ButonlyifPaleyfindsthefinancialbackingwhichhefailedtoobtain10yearsago.一、翻译标准：忠实、通顺.忠实指意义忠实于原文.通顺指符合中文表达习惯。."信、达、雅"、评分情况（每题2分）.全句结构（句子当中各个成分位置顺序安排是否恰当合理）0.5分.除全句结构0.5分之外，剩下1.5分分布于句子当中三个重要给分点（通常为重要词组或者重要结构）重要结构：定语从句、比较结构、虚拟语气、倒装结构、双重否定例：Researchershaveestablishedthatwhenpeoplearementallyengaged,biochemicalchangesoccurinthebrainthatallowittoactmoreeffectivelyincognitive（认矢口的）areassuchasattentionandmemory.研究人员证实人们在动脑筋时，头脑里会产生生化变化，使头脑在注意力和记忆力这类认知领域中更加有效的活动。（全句结构0.5）三、翻译过程L找到需翻译语句对应文中的位置2.理解阶段1）根据上下文关系2）分析句子结构3）表达阶段（注意中英文表达习惯的差异）1）词序：即词与词或词与句子之间的位置顺序关系，中文习惯为修饰语前置。例：Thegirlinredismysister.穿红衣服的女孩是我姐姐。Ilikethewatchwhichyouboughtme.我喜欢你给我买的那块表。Wecankeepfitbygoinginforexercise.我们可以通过参加体育锻炼来保持健康。2）句序：a.中文习惯为状语从句前置，英语中状语从句（如原因、条件从句）有时置于主句之后，而汉语一般将状语从句置于主语之前。例：IwouldbemosthappytogowithyouifIamnotintheway.如果不碍事的话我很高兴和你们一起去。b.中文按照时间逻辑顺序安排句序，英文按照事情的重要性来安排句序。彳列：ItwasakeendisappointmentwhenIhadtopostponethevisitwhichIhadplannedtopaytoChinainJanuary.我原计划1月份访问中国，后来必须推迟，对此我深表遗憾。翻译技巧.增词法：目的在于使译文通顺而不是增加含义1）增加动词彳列：Afterthebanquetandtheconcert,hewouldworkonhisreport.（参加）宴会和（出席）音乐会之后他会继续写报告。2）增加名词例：Hecann'tendurethetensionofmodernlife.他不能忍受现代生活的紧张（节奏）。彳列：Youarefrankandhonestwithallyourfaults.你对错误的（态度）坦诚。.转译法：1）含有动词意味的名词转译为动词例：Itisevidenceenoughofthedesireofallofustosolvetheproblemaccordingtopeople'swillassoonaspossible（ASAP）.这充分证明了我们都希望按照人们的意愿尽快解决问题。2）动词转译为名词彳列：Formalityhasalwayscharacterizedtheirrelationship.他们之间关系的特点是以礼相待。按照设计大部分卫星在完成任务后自行燃烧。3）形容词副词之间相互转译例：Wetookseveralbriefandrestlessnaps.我们简短不安地睡了几次。大学英语四级考试阅读笔记⑷Questions6to10arebasedonthefollowingpassage:Theauthor'spurposewritingthispassageistotell,readershowtobepopularinwitharoundteen-agershowtolearntodecidethingsforthemselvesparentshowtocontrolandguidetheirchildrenpeoplehowtounderstandandrespecteachotherAccordingtotheauthor,manyteen-agersthinktheyarebraveenoughtoactontheirown,but,infact,mostofthem.havemuchdifficultyunderstandingeachotherlackconfidencedarenotcopewithproblemssingle-handedareverymuchafraidofgettinglostWhichofthefollowingisNOTtrueaccordingtothepassage?Thereisnopopularitythatreallycounts.Whatmanyparentsaredoingisinfacthinderingtheirchildrenfromfindingtheirownpaths.Itisnotnecessarilybadforateen-agertodisagreewithhisorherclassmates.Mostteen-agersclaimthattheywanttodowhattheyliketo,buttheyareactuallydoingthesame.Theauthorthinksofadvertisementsas.A)convincingB)influentialC)instructiveD)authoritativeDuringtheteen-ageyears,oneshouldlearnto.A)differfromothersinasmanywaysaspossiblefindone'srealselfrebelagainstparentsandthepopularitywaves注：1.rebel背叛、反叛3.should虚拟语气，表示负态度.reassurance=re+assure-ance使确信；boldly勇敢的；strikeout开辟.setoff开始3.endup结果treason用来解释前面的现象.把青少年从众心理比喻成蚕茧：1.第一句结论句，后面跟着解释.第二、三句Industry...工业广告对青少年的影响.第四句Andmanyof...父母亲对青少年的影响注:l.path路径三个youmay举例来支持前面一句话Thepathisworthfollowing.Findyourself.Beyourself.提出建议，后面句子给出原因countvi.重要，vt.数Theauthor'spurposewritingthispassageistotell.readershowtobepopularinwitharoundteen-agershowtolearntodecidethingsforthemselvesparentshowtocontrolandguidetheirchildrenpeoplehowtounderstandandrespecteachother注：写作目的题型，目标读者：青少年大学英语四级考试阅读学习笔记(10)WhichofthefollowingbestcharacterizesthemainfeatureofthenursingsystematBethIsraelHospital?Thedoctorgetsmoreactiveprofessionalsupportfromtheprimarynurse.Eachpatientistakencareofbyaprimarynursedayandnight.Theprimarynursewritescareplansforeverypatient.Theprimarynursekeepsrecordsofthepatient'shealthconditionseveryday.注：第三段末句，B选项dayandnight,C选项everypatient,D选项everydayItcanbeinferredfromthepassagethat.inmosthospitalspatientcareisinadequatefromtheprofessionalpointofviewinmosthospitalsnursesgetlowsalaries注：1.推理题，正确答案为原文内容的同义改写。2.A项中的patient为耐心的，混淆"病人"意思3.inadequate不完善的，B项为文章第二句的同义改写句NursingatBethIsraelHospitalproducesthebestpatientcarepossible.Ifwearetosolvethenursingshortage(不足)，hospitaladministrationanddoctorseverywherewoulddowelltofollowBethIsrael'sexample.同类型题：ItwastoMauryoftheUSNavythattheAtlanticTelegraphCompanyturned,in1853,forinformationonthismatter.Inthe1840s,Mauryhadbeenresponsibleforencouragingvoyagesduringwhichsoundings(测深)weretakentoinvestigatethedepthsoftheNorthAtlanticandPacificOceans.Later,someofhisfindingsarousedmuchpopularinterestinhisbookThePhysicalGeographyoftheSea.TheaimofvoyagesMauryencouragedinthe1840swas.tomakesomesoundexperimentsintheoceanstocollectsamplesofseaplantsandanimalstoestimatethelengthofcablethatwastobemadetomeasurethedepthsoftwooceansAprimarynursecanproposeadifferentapproachoftreatmentwhenthepresentoneisrefusedbythepatientthepresentoneprovestobeineffectivethepatientisfoundunwillingtocooperate注：第三段第二句Themaindifferencebetweenanurse-managerandaheadnurseisthattheformer.isamemberoftheMedicalExecutiveCommitteeofthehospitalhastoarrangetheworkshiftsoftheunit'snursescanmakedecisionsconcerningthemedicaltreatmentofapatienthasfullresponsibilityintheadministrationoftheunit'snurses注：1.倒数第二段，former前者指代nurse-manager,反义latter后者2.A选项为窜段选项,B与黑体部分矛盾。D选项对应划线部分。大学英语四级考试阅读笔记(13)Questions21to25arebasedonthefollowingpassage:WhichofthefollowingbestcharacterizesthemainfeatureofthenursingsystematBethIsraelHospital?Thedoctorgetsmoreactiveprofessionalsupportfromtheprimarynurse.Eachpatientistakencareofbyaprimarynursedayandnight.Theprimarynursewritescareplansforeverypatient.Theprimarynursekeepsrecordsofthepatient'shealthconditionseveryday.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethat.inmosthospitalspatientcareisinadequatefromtheprofessionalpointofviewinmosthospitalsnursesgetlowsalariesAprimarynursecanproposeadifferentapproachoftreatmentwhen.A)thepresentoneisrefusedbythepatientC)thepresentoneprovestobeineffectiveD)thepatientisfoundunwillingtocooperateThemaindifferencebetweenanurse-managerandaheadnurseisthattheformer.isamemberoftheMedicalExecutiveCommitteeofthehospitalhastoarrangetheworkshiftsoftheunit'snursesC)canmakedecisionsconcerningthemedicaltreatmentofapatientD)hasfullresponsibilityintheadministrationoftheunit'snursesTheauthor'sattitudetowardsthenursingsystematBethIsraelhospitalisA)negativeB)neutralC)criticalD）positiveNursingatBethIsraelHospitalproducesthebestpatientcarepossible.Ifwearetosolvethenursingshortage（不足），hospitaladministrationanddoctorseverywherewoulddowelltofollowBethIsrael'sexample.注：1.patientn.病人，adj.耐心的.第一句强烈结论：主题句.administration管理.dowellto AtBethIsraeleachpatientisassignedtoaprimarynursewhovisitsatlengthwiththepatientandconstructsafull-scalehealthaccountthatcoverseverythingfromhismedicalhistorytohisemotionalstate.Thenshewritesacareplancenteredonthepatient'sillnessbutwhichalsoincludeseverythingelsethatisnecessary.注：1.assign分配2.atlength长时间3.account纪录，账户注：l.keeptrackwith跟踪3.approach接近，方法4.本段讲BethIsrael医院医生和护士协调合作注：1.self-contained自成一体2.划线句为列举语言现象，可能出考题，快速阅读此部分3.shift班次BethIsrael'snurse-in-chiefranksasanequalwithothervicepresidentsofthehospital.ShealsoisamemberoftheMedicalExecutiveCommittee,whichinmosthospitalsincludesonlydoctors.注：1.nurse-in-chief护士长2.首句说明护土长的地位很高3.only出现，是考点WhichofthefollowingbestcharacterizesthemainfeatureofthenursingsystematBethIsraelHospital?Thedoctorgetsmoreactiveprofessionalsupportfromtheprimarynurse.Eachpatientistakencareofbyaprimarynursedayandnight.Theprimarynursewritescareplansforeverypatient.Theprimarynursekeepsrecordsofthepatient'shealthconditionseveryday.注：第三段末句，B选项dayandnight,C选项everypatient,D选项everydayItcanbeinferredfromthepassagethat.inmosthospitalspatientcareisinadequatefromtheprofessionalpointofviewinmosthospitalsnursesgetlowsalaries注：1.推理题，正确答案为原文内容的同义改写。2.A项中的patient为耐心的，混淆"病人"意思nadequate不完善的，B项为文章第二句的同义改写句NursingatBethIsraelHospitalproducesthebestpatientcarepossible.Ifwearetosolvethenursingshortage(不足)，hospitaladministrationanddoctorseverywherewoulddowelltofollowBethIsrael'sexample.同类型题:ItwastoMauryoftheUSNavythattheAtlanticTelegraphCompanyturned,in1853,forinformationonthismatter.Inthe1840s,Mauryhadbeenresponsibleforencouragingvoyagesduringwhichsoundings(测深)weretakentoinvestigatethedepthsoftheNorthAtlanticandPacificOceans.Later,someofhisfindingsarousedmuchpopularinterestinhisbookThePhysicalGeographyoftheSea.TheaimofvoyagesMauryencouragedinthe1840swas.tomakesomesoundexperimentsintheoceanstocollectsamplesofseaplantsandanimalstoestimatethelengthofcablethatwastobemadetomeasurethedepthsoftwooceansAprimarynursecanproposeadifferentapproachoftreatmentwhen.A)thepresentoneisrefusedbythepatientC)thepresentoneprovestobeineffectiveD)thepatientisfoundunwillingtocooperate注：第三段第二句Themaindifferencebetweenanurse-managerandaheadnurseisthattheformer.isamemberoftheMedicalExecutiveCommitteeofthehospitalhastoarrangetheworkshiftsoftheunit'snursesC)canmakedecisionsconcerningthemedicaltreatmentofapatientD)hasfullresponsibilityintheadministrationoftheunit'snurses注：L倒数第二段，former前者指代nurse-manager,反义latter后者2.A选项为窜段选项,B与黑体部分矛盾。D选项对应划线部分。25.Theauthor'sattitudetowardsthenursingsystematBethIsraelhospitalisA)negativeB)neutralC)criticalD)positive注：态度题，找直接评价，文章第一句话在态度题中出现neutral的话，一定不会是答案。NursingatBethIsraelHospitalproducesthebestpatientcarepossible.Ifwearetosolvethenursingshortage(不足)，hospitaladministrationanddoctorseverywherewoulddowelltofollowBethIsrael'sexample.大学英语四级考试阅读笔记(19)Questions31to35arebasedonthefollowingpassage:AccordingtothepassagetheJarvik-7artificialheartprovedtobe.atechnicalfailureatechnicalwonderagoodlifesaveraneffectivemeanstotreatheartdiseaseFromthepassageweknowthatSymbionInc.,hasbeenbannedbythegovernmentfromproducingartificialheartswillreviewtheeffectsofartificialheartsbeforedesigningnewmodelsmaycontinuetoworkonnewmodelsofreliableartificialheartscanmakenewmodelsofartificialheartsavailableonthemarketin10to20yearsThenewmodelsofartificialheartsareexpected.tohaveaworkinglifeof10or20yearstobesetfullyinthepatient'schesttobeequippedwithanexternalpowersourcetocreateanewpassageforinfectionTheword"them"inLine7,Para.2refersto.doctorswhotreatheartdiseasesmakersofartificialheartsAmerica'shealth-careprogramsnewmodelsofartificialhearts注：指代题Somepeoplefeelthat.大学英语四级考试阅读笔记汇总artificialheartsareseldomeffectivethecountryshouldnotspendsomuchmoneyonartificialheartsthecountryisnotspendingenoughmoneyonartificialheartsAmerica'shealth-careprogramsarenotdoingenoughforthenation'shealthJustsevenyearsago,theJarvik-7artificialheartwasbeingcheeredasthemodelofhumancreativeness.ThesightofBarneyClark-aliveandconsciousaftertradinghisdiseasedheartforametal-and-plasticpump-convincedthepress,thepublicandmanydoctorsthatthefuturehadarrived.Ithadn't.AftermonitoringproductionoftheJarvik-7,andreviewingitseffectsonthe150orsopatients(mostofwhomgotthedeviceasatemporarymeasure)theU.S.FoodandDrugAdministrationconcludedthatthemachinewasdoingmoretoendangerlivesthantosavethem.Lastweektheagencycancelleditsearlierapproval,effectivelybanning(禁止)thedevice.注：1.cheer欢呼、喝彩.convince使 相信.monitor监视.review回顾.theU.S.FoodandDrugAdministration美国食物药品管理局简写FDA•成果型文章:.文中出现新、老两个成果，新成果正评，老成果负评，抓住正负评价原因.抓住新老成果各自技术特点TherecallmayhurtSymbionInc,makeroftheJarvik-7,butitwon'tendtherequestforanartificialheart.Oneproblemwiththebannedmodelisthatthetubesconnectingittoanexternalpowersourcecreatedapassageforinfection（感染）.Inventorsarenowworkingonnewdevicesthatwouldbefullyplaced,alongwithatinypowerpack,inthepatient'schest.Thefirstsampleproductsaren'texpectedforanother10or20years.Butsomepeoplearealreadyworryingthatthey'llwork-andthatAmerica'soverextendedhealth-careprogramswillloseaprecious$2.5billionto$5billionayearprovidingthemforarelativelyfewdyingpatients.Ifsuchexpenditures（开支）cutintofundingformorebasiccare,theneteffectcouldactuallybeadeclineinthenation'shealth.注：l.recall取消，re有"向后”含义.看至ljSymbionInc.就把32题标在这里；看到newdevices就把33题标在这里。.external外部的，passage通道.work可行、有效，they指代前文thefirstsampleviding引导现在分词做状语指代题做法：1.将代词所在句代词之前部分的名词以及代词之前句子的名词划出.根据单复数缩小范围.注意结合动词判断所指代为人、事或物Theword"them"inLine7,Para.2refersto.doctorswhotreatheartdiseasesmakersofartificialheartsAmerica'shealth-careprogramsnewmodelsofartificialhearts注：指代题，按照指代题的作法解题AccordingtothepassagetheJarvik-7artificialheartprovedtobe.atechnicalfailureatechnicalwonderagoodlifesaveraneffectivemeanstotreatheartdisease注：对老成果负评价FromthepassageweknowthatSymbionInc..hasbeenbannedbythegovernmentfromproducingartificialheartswillreviewtheeffectsofartificialheartsbeforedesigningnewmodelsmaycontinuetoworkonnewmodelsofreliableartificialheartscanmakenewmodelsofartificialheartsavailableonthemarketin10to20years注：屡败屡战。A选项为泛指而文章为特指；B选项为窜段选项，另外选项中的artificialhearts扩大了文章中的指代范围。二段首句：TherecallmayhurtSymbionInc,makeroftheJarvik-7,butitwon'tendtherequestforanartificialheart.Thenewmodelsofartificialheartsareexpected.tohaveaworkinglifeof10or20yearstobesetfullyinthepatient'schesttobeequippedwithanexternalpowersourcetocreateanewpassageforinfection注：第二段考新成果的技术特点Somepeoplefeelthat.artificialheartsareseldomeffectivethecountryshouldnotspendsomuchmoneyonartificialheartsthecountryisnotspendingenoughmoneyonartificialheartsAmerica'shealth-careprogramsarenotdoingenoughforthenation'shealth注：定位第二段Butsomepeoplearealreadyworrying...TherecallmayhurtSymbionInc,makeroftheJarvik-7,butitwon'tendtherequestforanartificialheart.Oneproblemwiththebannedmodelisthatthetubesconnectingittoanexternalpowersourcecreatedapassageforinfection(感染).Inventorsarenowworkingonnewdevicesthatwouldbefullyplaced,alongwithatinypowerpack,inthepatient'schest.Thefirstsampleproductsaren'texpectedforanother10or20years.Butsomepeoplearealreadyworryingthatthey'llwork-andthatAmerica'soverextendedhealth-careprogramswillloseaprecious$2.5billionto$5billionayearprovidingthemforarelativelyfewdyingpatients.Ifsuchexpenditures（开支）cutintofundingformorebasiccare,theneteffectcouldactuallybeadeclineinthenation'shealth.大学英语四级考试阅读笔记（26）一、翻译标准：忠实、通顺忠实指意义忠实于原文通顺指符合中文表达习惯。"信、达、雅"二、评分情况（每题2分）L全句结构（句子当中各个成分位置顺序安排是否恰当合理）0.5分2.除全句结构0.5分之外，剩下1.5分分布于句子当中三个重要给分点（通常为重要词组或者重要结构）重要结构：定语从句、比较结构、虚拟语气、倒装结构、双重否定例：Researchershaveestablishedthatwhenpeoplearementallyengaged,biochemicalchangesoccurinthebrainthatallowittoactmoreeffectivelyincognitive（认知的）areassuchasattentionandmemory.研究人员证实人们在动脑筋时，头脑里会产生生化变化，使头脑在注意力和记忆力这类认知领域中更加有效的活动。（全句结构0.5）三、翻译过程.找到需翻译语句对应文中的位置1）根据上下文关系2）分析句子结构3）表达阶段（注意中英文表达习惯的差异）1）词序：即词与词或词与句子之间的位置顺序关系，中文习惯为修饰语前置。例：Thegirlinredismysister.穿红衣服的女孩是我姐姐。Ilikethewatchwhichyouboughtme.我喜欢你给我买的那块表。Wecankeepfitbygoinginforexercise.我们可以通过参加体育锻炼来保持健康。2）句序：a.中文习惯为状语从句前置，英语中状语从句（如原因、条件从句）有时置于主句之后，而汉语一般将状语从句置于主语之前。彳列：IwouldbemosthappytogowithyouifIamnotintheway.如果不碍事的话我很高兴和你们一起去。b.中文按照时间逻辑顺序安排句序，英文按照事情的重要性来安排句序。仞U：ItwasakeendisappointmentwhenIhadtopostponethevisitwhichIhadplannedtopaytoChinainJanuary.我原计划1月份访问中国，后来必须推迟，对此我深表遗憾。翻译技巧.增词法：目的在于使译文通顺而不是增加含义1）增加动词例：Afterthebanquetandtheconcert,hewouldworkonhisreport.（参加）宴会和（出席）音乐会之后他会继续写报告。2）增加名词例：Hecann'tendurethetensionofmodernlife.他不能忍受现代生活的紧张（节奏）。彳列：Youarefrankandhonestwithallyourfaults.你对错误的（态度）坦诚。.转译法：1）含有动词意味的名词转译为动词例：Itisevidenceenoughofthedesireofallofustosolvetheproblemaccordingtopeople'swillassoonaspossible（ASAP）.这充分证明了我们都希望按照人们的意愿尽快解决问题。2）动词转译为名词例：Formalityhasalwayscharacterizedtheirrelationship.他们之间关系的特点是以礼相待。按照设计大部分卫星在完成任务后自行燃烧。3）形容词副词之间相互转译例：Wetookseveralbriefandrestlessnaps.我们简短不安地睡了几次。四、一些具体结构的翻译：.限定性定语从句：按照修饰语前置翻译方法。通常译为"……的"。（置于被修饰的名词之前）仞U：Forthepopulationasawhole,wemustbemoreconcernedwiththedelayedeffectsofabsorbingsmallamountsofthepesticidesthatinvisiblypolluteourworld.从人口的总体考虑，我们必须更多地关注摄入少量的、在不知不觉中污染我们世界的杀虫剂所造成的延迟效应。.非限定性定语从句（即which之前有逗号）译为单句例：Hesaidthatthiswasagoodidea,whichhewouldconsider.他说这是一个好主意，他会加以考虑。1）分译法：将先行词与同位语从句分开翻译，中间用"即"、"就是说"、冒号、破折号分开。例：Hesaidthatthiswasagoodideathathewouldconsider.（定语从句）Wehavetofacethefactthatwearestillpoor.（同位语从句）我们必须面对一个事实，即我们还很贫穷。2）转换法：如果同位语修饰的名词含有动作意义，则可将该名词译为动词。这类词有：suggestion/opinion/belief/hope例：Hehasafeelingthathissonwasnotwrong.他感觉到他的儿子没有错。4.比较结构：最根本的译法译为"比…更...”例：Researchershaveestablishedthatwhenpeoplearementallyengaged,biochemicalchangesoccurinthebrainthatallowittoactmoreeffectivelyincognitiveareassuchasarentionandmemory.研究人员证实人们在动脑筋时，头脑里会产生生化变化，使头脑在注意力和记忆力这类认知领域中更有效地活动。Andsomeonewithahistoryofdoingmoreratherthanlesswillgointooldagemorecognitivelysoundthansomeonewhohasnothadanactivemind.后者忽视了向分散居住的社区提供充分的服务需要较高的花费，以及近郊居民上下班既费钱又费时间1）将more...than...译为“比...更...”；将more译为“更...”例：HewasmoreactivethanI.他比我更积极。2）用比较级表达级含义时，可译为"最"、"莫过于"。例：Thereisnobetterexamplethanthis.这是的例子。5.被动结构1）译为被动。如"被"、"受到"、"遭到"、"由"、"为...所"。由联合国建立的委员会正在考虑这个问题。2）译为表语。即"是的”例：Thedecisionwasnotmadeeasily.这个决定不是轻易做出的。3）译为主动句。例：Hewasgivenahighmarkbyhisteacher.他的老师给了他一个高分。大学英语四级考试阅读讲义(五十六)Questions31to35arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Whateverthecause,theeffectcanbedevastating.AsanAmericanwoman,youhaveanalmostnine-out-of-tenchanceofendingupalone.Eitheryourmarriageisoneofthefourintenthatwillbebrokenupbydivorce,oryouwilloutliveyourmalepartnerbyfourtosixyears—evenlongerifyouareyoungerthanhe(andyouprobablyare).Anddon'tdeceiveyourself.Widowsaren'tallblue-hairedladiesplayingmahjong(麻将)inMiami.They'realsoyourfiftyishbigsistersfromcollege.Whetherbydeathordivorce,youwilllikelysomedaybesolelyresponsibleforyourfinancialsecurityandwell-being.Ifyouaren'tpreparingforthat,youareathighriskofoutlivingyourassets.ThreeoutoffourolderpoorAmericansarefemale.Thispassageismainlyabout.thecauseandeffectofwomen'snotsavingmoneywomen'slowpositioninthesocietywhywomenearnlessthanmenthereasonwhywomendonotsavemoneyWhatisNOTtrueaccordingtothepassage?40%Americanfamiliesendindivorce.AmongtheolderpoorAmericans,75%arefemale.Everywomanhastoberesponsibleforherownlivingatoldage.Awomangenerallysurvivesherhusbandby4~6years.AccordingtoAdeleMorrissette,women.shouldnotworktoohardpaymoreattentiontomakingthansavingmoneyshouldthinkoutbetterwaystomakemoneyaresobusythattheyarenotabletomakemoneyThe