2021年自考《英美文学选读》(英)浪漫主义时期：Percy Bysshe Shelley

2021（英）浪漫主义时期：PercyByssheShelleyPercyByssheShelleyHisLifeShelley(1792-1822)wasbornintoawealthyfamilyatSussex.Thoughgentlebyhisrebelliousqualitieswerecultivatedinhisearlyyears.AtShelleyenteredOxfordwherehehadwritten&circulatedapamphlet，TheNecessityofAtheism(1811)，repudiatingtheexistenceofGod.Thiseventresultedinhisexpulsionfromtheuniversity&beingdisinheritedbyhisheadstrongfather.Earlyin1818，Shelley&hiswifeMaryleftEnglandforItaly.DuringtheRemainingfouryearsofhislife，Shelleytraveled&livedinvariousItaliancities.Shelleywasdrownedin1822instormnearLaattheageof30.HisLiteraryOutlookShelleygrewupwithviolentrevolutionaryideasundertheinfluenceofthefreethinkerslikeHume&Godwin，soheheldalife-longaversiontoinjustice，authority，institutionalreligion&theformalshamsofrespectablecondemningtyranny&exploitation，However，undertheinfluenceofChristianhumanism，Shelleytookinterestinsocialreforms.Herealizedthattheevilwasalsoinman’smind.Sohepredictedthatonlytroughgradual&suitablereformsoftheexistinginstitutionscouldbenevolencebeuniversallyestablished&noneoftheevilswouldsurviveinthis“genuinesociety”，wherepeoplecouldlivetogetherhappily，freely&peacefully.Hismajorworks“ToaSkylark”&“OdetotheWestWind”InaSkylark，”thebird，suspendedbetweenreality&poeticimage，poursforthanexultantsongwhichsuggeststothepoetbothcelestialrapture&humanlimitation.Bestofallthewell-knownlyricpiecesisShelley’s“OdetotheWestWind“(1819);hereShelley’srhapsodic&declamatorytendenciesfindasubjectperfectlysuitedtothem.Theautumnwind ，buryingthedeadyear，preparingforanewSpring，becomesanimageofShelleyhimself，ashewouldwanttobe，initsfreedom，itsdestructive-constructiveitsuniversality.“IfalluponthethornsofLife!Ibleed!”callstheShelleythatcouldnotbearbeingfetteredtothehumdrumrealitiesofeveryday!Thewholepoemhasalogicofanoteasilyanalyzableprogressionthatleadstothetriumphant，hopeful&convincing“IfwintercanSpringbeforebehind?”ThepoemiswrittenintheterzarimaformShelleyderivedfromhisreadingofDante.ThenervousthrillofShelley’sresponsetonaturehoweverisheretransformedthroughthepowerofart&imaginationintoalongingtobeunitedwithaforceatoncephysical&prophetic.Hereisnoconservativereassurance，nocomfortablemysticism，buttheprimalamoralityofnatureitself，withitsmadfury&itspaganruthlessness.Shelley’sodeisaninvocationtoaprimitivedeity，apleatoexalthiminitsfury&totrumpettheradicalprophecyofhope&rebirth.PoeticPrometheusUnbound(1820)Shelley’sgreatestachievementishisfour-actpoeticdrama，PrometheusUnbound.AccordingtotheGreekmythology，Prometheus，thechampionofhumanity，whohasstolenthefirefromHeaven，ispunishedbyZeustobechainedonMountCaucasus&suffersthevulture’sfeedingonhisliver.ShelleybasedhisdramaonPrometheusBoundbyAeschylus，inwhichPrometheusreconcileswiththetyrantZeus.Radical&revolutionaryashewroteinthepreface：“Intruth，IwasaversefromacatastrophesofeebleasthatreconcilingtheChampionwiththeoppressorofMankind.”Sohegaveatotallydifferentinterpretation，transformingthecompromiseintoaliberation.WiththestrongsupportofEarth，hismother;Asia，hisbride&thehelpfromDemogorgon&Hercules，Zeusisdrivenfromthethrone;Prometheusisunbound.Theplayisanexultantworkinpraiseofhumankind’spotential，&Shelleyhimselfrecognizeditas“themostperfectofmyproducts.”Prose：DefenceofPoetry领会CharacteristicsofShelley’sPoetryShelleyisoneofthelendingRomanticpoets，anintense&originallyricalpoetintheEnglishlanguage.LikeBlake，hehasareputationasadifficultpoet：erudite，imagisticallycomplex，fullofclassical&mythologicalallusions.Hisstyleaboundsinpersonification&metaphor&otherfiguresofspeechwhichdescribevividlywhatwesee&feel，orexpresswhatpassionatelymovesus.应用SelectedReadingsAMenofEngland(1)Thispoemwaswrittenin1819，theyearofthePeterlooMassacre.ItisunquestionablyoneofShelley’sgreatestpoliticallyrics.ItisnotonlyawarcrycallinguponallworkingpeopleofEnglandtoriseupagainsttheirpoliticaloppressors，butalsoanaddresstopointouttothemtheintolerableinjusticeofeconomicexploitation.InthepoemShelleypicturedthecapitalistsocietyasdividedintotwohostile：theparasiticclass(“drones”)&theworkingclass。Thesongcontainseightquatrains;generallyeachlinecontains4accentedsyllables.Therhymeschemeforeachstanzaisuniformlyaabb.Thelasttwostanzasofthepoemareironicallyaddressedtothoseworkerswhosubmitpassivelytocapitalistexploitation.Theyserveasawarningtotheworkingpeople，thatifthelattershouldgiveuptheirstruggletheywouldbedigginggravesforthemselveswiththeirownhandscomparedtotheprecedingstanzas ，linesappearweak&ineffectual.OdetotheWestWindThepoemOdetotheWestWindwasthebestknownofShelley’sshorterpoems.InthepoemthepoetdescribesvividlytheactivitiesoftheWestWindontheinthesky&onthesea，&thenexpresseshisenvyfortheboundlessfreedomoftheWestWind&hiswishtobefreelikethewind&scatterhiswordsamongmankind.Hegatheredinthispoemawealthofsymbolism，employedastructuralart&hispowersofmetricalorchestrationattheirmightiest.Theautumnwind，buryingthedeadyear，preparingforanewSpring，becomesanim