中-3微生物栖息地

微生物的栖息地-皮肤Microbial

Habitats

of

theSkin皮肤的微生物栖息地Microbial

Habitats

of

the

Skin皮肤的微生物栖息地Structural

components

结构组成coat,

skin

surface,follicles,

ears...被毛、皮肤表面、丘疹、耳–space

&

opportunities

for

colonisation定殖的场所与机会Microbial

Habitats

of

the

Skin皮肤的微生物栖息地Structural

components

结构组成coat,

skin

surface,follicles,

ears...被毛、皮肤表面、丘疹、耳–

space

&

opportunities

for

colonisation定殖的场所与机会Physical

&

chemical

constraints

物理与化学参数Gases-aerobes,anaerobes

气体-需氧菌、厌氧菌Nutrients

-

skin

secretions,

transudates营养-皮肤 物与渗出液Inhibitors

-

host

&

microbial

competitors抑制因素-宿主和微生物竞争者Promoters–mutualism

促进因素-共生Microbial

Habitats

of

the

Skin皮肤的微生物栖息地Structural

components

结构组成coat,

skin

surface,follicles,

ears...被毛、皮肤表面、丘疹、耳–

space

&

opportunities

for

colonisation定殖的场所与机会Physical

&

chemical

constraints

物理与化学参数Gases-aerobes,anaerobes

气体-需氧菌、厌氧菌Nutrients

-

skin

secretions,

transudates营养-皮肤 物与渗出液Inhibitors

-

host

&

microbial

competitors抑制因素-宿主和微生物竞争者Promoters–mutualism

促进因素-共生A

dynamic

situation

动态环境skin

turnover,

environment,

host

factors皮肤更新、环境、宿主因素Equine

cryo-‐-SEMtrunk

skin马躯干皮肤冷冻扫描电镜Canine

hair;

acridine

orange

fluorescenceMicrofloral

Interactions

微生物的相互作用A

dynamic

equilibrium

动态平衡Competition

for

竞争niches/atta ent

sites/receptors

生态位/附着点/受体nutrients,oxygen

营养/氧气Collaboration

共生exchange

of

nutrients

&

growth

factors交换营养和生长因子Aggression

拮抗antimicrobial

products

抗生素产品often

aimed

at

closely

related

spp.经常作用于相近的细菌属Survivalstrategies

生存策略quorum

sensing

群体感应Residential

Status细菌群存在状态*Somerville-Millar

&Noble,

1974Residential

Status细菌群存在状态Residents

常驻菌群Established

建立Persist

long-term

长期存在>75%

of

samples*>75%的样本*Somerville-Millar

&Noble,

1974Residential

Status细菌群存在状态Residents

常驻菌群Established

建立Persist

long-term

长期存在>75%

of

samples*>75%的样本Transients

一过性菌群Passive

carriage

传染‘Contaminants’“污染物”<25%

of

samples<25%的样本*Somerville-Millar

&Noble,

1974Residential

Status细菌群存在状态Residents

常驻菌群Established

建立Persistlong-term

长期存在>75%

of

samples*>75%的样本Transients

一过性菌群Passive

carriage

传染‘Contaminants’“污染物”<25%

of

samples<25%的样本Nomads

流动菌群Brief

colonisation

短暂的定殖Proliferation

增殖<75%

&

>25%

of

samples<75%和>25%样本*Somerville-Millar

&Noble,

1974S.

intermedius

–

New

classification中间型葡萄球菌-新的分类Now

divided

into

2

species

现分为2类S.

intermedius

&

S.

pseudintermedius中间型葡萄球菌和假中间型葡萄球菌S.Pseudintermedius

假中间型葡萄球菌associated

with

infections

in

dogs

and

cats,

&

found

in

humans与犬和猫的 有关，并也见于人的样本S.intermedius

中间型葡萄球菌principally

associated

with

wild

pigeons

主要见于野生鸽子S.delphini

海豚葡萄球菌originally

from

dolphins;

now

also

associated

with

isolates

fromdomestic

pigeons

(see

Sasaki

et

al.

2007)原见于海豚；现在也可见于家养鸽Bacterial

Acquisition

by

Puppies幼犬获取细菌Pet

dogs

宠物犬

-

domestic

environment

家养环境transfer

of

microbes微生物的传递–

when

sac

opened

by

teeth

of

bitchfloracontact

is

with

oral

not

vaginal母犬牙齿咬开胎囊，因此首次接触的是口腔菌群，而不是

菌群transferred

bitch

flora

母犬菌群的传递both

skin

&

mucosal

colonisation

皮肤和粘膜定殖gut

colonised

in<12h

12小时内在肠道定殖dominant

clones

of

S.(pseud)intermedius

主要为(假)中间型葡萄球菌菌落established

in<8h

8小时内建立Laboratory

beagles

比格犬very

cleanenvironment

十分洁净的环境Lower

level

colonisation

of

bitches

母犬的菌落水平较低colonisation

of

puppies

gradualover

7d幼犬的细菌定殖时间超过7天Populations

&

colonisation

frequency

细菌定殖的数量与频率greatest

at

points

ofcontact

接触点最大和唾液污染–contamination

by

milk

&

saliva

被abdominal

skin

腹部皮肤oral

&

nasal

mucosae

口腔和鼻部粘膜hygiene

is

important卫生很重要Bacterial

Acquisition

by

Puppies幼犬获取细菌The

Normal

Canine

Skin

Flora

正常犬皮肤菌群The

Normal

Canine

Skin

Flora

正常犬皮肤菌群Many

studies

&

different

techniques

大量研究和不同的技术cultures,

tape

strips,

histology,

microdissection培养物，胶带，组织学，显微解剖The

Normal

Canine

Skin

Flora

正常犬皮肤菌群Many

studies

&

different

techniques

大量研究和不同的技术cultures,

tape

strips,

histology,

microdissection培养物，胶带，组织学，显微解剖Likely

resident

flora

-

general

skin

surfaceThe

Normal

Canine

Skin

Flora

正常犬皮肤菌群Many

studies

&

different

techniques

大量研究和不同的技术cultures,

tape

strips,

histology,

microdissection培养物，胶带，组织学，显微解剖

Likely

resident

flora-general

skin

surface可能的常驻菌群-一般的皮肤表面micrococci,

coagulase-negative

staphylococci微球菌，凝血酶 葡萄球菌follicles:Propionibacterium

acnes

毛囊：痤疮丙酸杆菌Malassezia

pachydermatis

厚皮马拉色菌at

certain

sites

(lips,feet…)在特定的位置(唇、足…)The

Normal

Canine

Skin

Flora

正常犬皮肤菌群Many

studies

&

different

techniques

大量研究和不同的技术cultures,

tape

strips,

histology,

microdissection培养物，胶带，组织学，显微解剖

Likely

resident

flora-general

skin

surface可能的常驻菌群-一般的皮肤表面micrococci,

coagulase-negative

staphylococci微球菌，凝血酶 葡萄球菌follicles:Propionibacterium

acnes

毛囊：痤疮丙酸杆菌Malassezia

pachydermatis

厚皮马拉色菌at

certain

sites

(lips,feet…)在特定的位置(唇、足…)Staphylococcus

pseudintermedius假中间型葡萄球菌

nomadic

status

流动状态

generally

seeded

from

mucosae

通常经过粘膜The

Normal

Canine

Skin

Flora

正常犬皮肤菌群Many

studies

&

different

techniques

大量研究和不同的技术cultures,

tape

strips,

histology,

microdissection培养物，胶带，组织学，显微解剖

Likely

resident

flora-general

skin

surface可能的常驻菌群-一般的皮肤表面micrococci,

coagulase-negative

staphylococci微球菌，凝血酶 葡萄球菌–follicles:Propionibacterium

acnes

毛囊：痤疮丙酸杆菌Malassezia

pachydermatis

厚皮马拉色菌–at

certain

sites(lips,feet…)在特定的位置(唇、足…)Staphylococcus

pseudintermedius假中间型葡萄球菌

nomadic

status

流动状态

generally

seeded

from

mucosae

通常经过粘膜Resident

fauna

-

Demodex

…..?常驻动物群-蠕形螨….?Peanutshapedyeast花生形酵母Sphericalbacteria球形细菌The

Normal

Canine

Skin

Flora

正常犬皮肤菌群Dominated

by

gram-positives

革兰氏阳性菌占主导地位mainly

staphylococci

主要是葡萄球菌Residents

常驻菌群Coagulase-negative

staphylococci

凝血酶S.xylosus

木糖葡糖球菌Micrococci微球菌proximal

hair

shaft

populations

<

follicular葡萄球菌毛干近端数量<毛囊Propionibacterium

acnes

痤疮丙酸杆菌recovered

from

follicles

从毛囊复发Clostridiumspp.

&

-

haemolytic

streptococci梭菌属和-溶血性链球菌possibly

resident;

Clostridium

in

follicles可能是常驻菌：毛囊内的梭菌The

Normal

Canine

Skin

Flora

正常犬皮肤菌群S.

Pseudintermedius

假中间型葡萄球菌Hair毛发higher

populations

&

frequency

较高数量和出现频率on

distal

than

on

proximal

parts

远端多于近端suggestive

of

contamination

提示有污染Skin皮肤higher

populations

&

frequency

on

较高的数量和频率在exposed

skin

e.g.abdomen

的皮肤如腹部skin

prone

to

contact

with

mucosae

易于接触粘膜的皮肤in

multi-dog

environments

多犬的环境evidence

of

nomadic

foci

on

abdomen短期

菌群的存在集中于腹部in

follicles毛囊-higher

populations

than

surface

较表面数量大existence

of

a

follicular

population?存在一个毛囊的种群？Nares鼻孔

36-75%more

prox.Oral口腔33-46%EarC

耳道Conjunctivae结膜26-65%Anus36-60%Genitals生殖道

10-75%Canine

S.

pseudintermedius

Colonisation

犬假中间型葡萄球菌定植Nomads

ofskin

&

coat皮肤和被毛临时菌群Canine

Cutaneous

Bacterial

Flora

犬皮肤菌群Gram-negative

bacteria

革兰氏

菌generally

regarded

as

transients

通常认为是短期存在的–

early

studies

suggested

Acinetobacter

spp.

were

residents早期的研究认为不动杆菌属某些种是常在菌aerobic

gram-negatives

需氧革兰氏

菌isolated

from

follicles

&

hair

shafts

从毛囊和毛干分离出来higher

populations

on

hairs,proximally

毛发近端部位上有较高数量suggests

not contamination

提示不是污染needs

further

study

需要进一步研究Occasionally

isolated

from

skin

偶尔从皮肤分离出来Proteus,

Pseudomonas,

Alcaligenes

spp.,

E.

coli变形杆菌属，假单胞菌属，产碱菌属某些种，大肠杆菌Microfloral

Interactions

微菌落的相互作用Competition

for

竞争niches/atta ent

sites/receptors

生存环境/附着部位/受体–

come- served

concept

先到先得原则nutrients,oxygen

营养成分，氧气Collaboration

共生exchange

of

nutrients

&

growth

factors营养物质和生长因子的交换Aggression

拮抗antimicrobial

products

抗菌产品often

aimed

at

closely

related

spp.通常作用于相近的菌属many

S.

(pseud)

intermedius

make

substances

antagonistic

to

otherS.

(pseud)

intermedius很多(假)中间型葡萄球菌产生拮抗其他(假)中间型葡萄球菌的物质offers

potential

for

control

of

canine

pyoderma

by

bacterial

interference为利用细菌的相互作用控制犬脓皮症提供可能SG皮脂腺Cor

:c.

90%

in

top4

layers.Hair

densityaffectscontamination角质层:90%位于最上4层毛发密度影响污染程度?Distal

hair

shaft:

populationsdepend

oncontamination

&grooming末梢毛干:菌群数量取决于污染和毛发梳理Proximal

hair

shaft:populations

tend

to

reflectresidency近端毛干:数量取决于反应部位Follicles:

aerobes

&anaerobes

-

e.g.(Propionibacterium,Clostridium?)毛囊:需氧菌和厌氧菌-如丙酸杆菌属，梭菌属Location

of

the

caninecutaneous

bacterial

flora犬皮肤菌群的位置Canine

Cutaneous

Fungal

Flora犬皮肤真菌菌群Malassezia

马拉色菌other

fungi

appear

to

be

transients

其他真菌表现为一过性的M.

Pachydermatis

厚皮马拉色菌common

on

normal

skin

在正常皮肤常见c.42%of

dogs

42%的犬especially

interdigital

&

perioral

特别是趾间和口周can

be

a

resident

in

可以常住在ears, sacs,mucosae

耳朵，肛囊，粘膜higher

carriage

rates

in

basset

hounds

(Bond

&

Lloyd

1998)巴吉度 具有更高的携带率Other

yeasts

&

moulds

not

resident其他酵母菌和霉菌不是常在菌Malasseziapachydermatis厚皮马拉色菌Carriage

sites携带部位Often

present常发部位Resident

Fungi

常在真菌AnusEar

c

耳道Other

yeasts

&

moulds

not

resident其他酵母菌和霉菌不是常在菌Malasseziapachydermatis厚皮马拉色菌Carriage

sites携带部位Often

present常发部位Resident

Fungi

常在真菌AnusEar

c

耳道Lips唇Interdigital趾间Other

yeasts

&

moulds

not

resident其他酵母菌和霉菌不是常在菌Malasseziapachydermatis厚皮马拉色菌Carriage

sites携带部位Often

present常发部位Resident

Fungi

常在真菌Canine

Cutaneous

Fungal

Flora犬皮肤真菌菌落Reports

of

lipid

dependent

species

脂质依赖种类M.furfur

皮屑马拉色菌–

small

colony

variants

of

M.

pachydermatis?厚皮马拉色菌的小的变种？Mixed

composition

of

1o

canine

Malassezia

isolates性犬马拉色菌群混合组成–M.furfur

in45%;

皮屑马拉色菌占45%M.

sympodialis

in

75%are

we

missing

these?合轴马拉色菌占75%忽略这些了吗？–isolationprocedures

need to

be

reviewed

评价生物程序Feline

Cutaneous

Bacterial

Flora

毛皮肤细菌群落Bacterial

colonisation

细菌paucity

of

data;资料缺乏most

information

onstaphylococci大部分资料关于葡萄球菌results

confused

by

description

of结论被下列资料coagulase-negative

staphylococci

in

1975

(Kloos)S.

intermedius

in

1976

(Hajek)S.

felis

in

1989

(Igimi)S.

pseudintermedius

in

2005

(Devriese

et

al.)Feline

Cutaneous

Bacterial

FloraStaphylococci

葡萄球菌Cox

et

al.(1985)环化酶等827

isolates

from

113

healthy

cats

(7/cat)从113只健康猫

到827个群落(7/只猫)2

species

2种S.

simulans

commonest

coagulase

–ve模仿葡萄球菌是最常见的凝血酶阳性菌44%of

isolates

44%的菌落S.

(pseud)intermedius

commonest

coagulase

+ve(假)中间型葡萄球菌最常见的凝血酶阳性14%of

isolates 14%的菌落Pa et

al.

(2000)273

isolates

from

21

healthy

cats

(13/cat)

;16

species从21只健康猫S.273样本(13/只猫);16种monest

coagulase

-ve

;

BUTdifferentiated

from

S.simulans

猫葡萄球菌区别于溶血酶–

S.

(pseud)intermedius

commonest

coagulase

+ve葡萄球菌Feline

Cutaneous

Fungal

Flora

猫皮肤真菌菌群Dermatophytes

皮肤真菌isolation

from

healthycats

于健康猫的菌群–

evidence

of

contamination

or

failure

to

recognise

focal

infection污染的

或鉴别局部

失败(Pier

&

Moriello

1998)M.Pachydermatis

厚皮马拉色菌likely

resident可能是常在菌–

isolated

from

skin

(+ear)

&

mucosae

of

c.

20%

of

cats20%的猫皮肤(+耳)和粘膜

到的菌群Feline

Cutaneous

Fungal

FloraLipid

dependent

Malassezia

spp.脂质依赖型马拉色菌M.

sympodialis

合轴马拉色菌in

laboratory

cats

(Bond

et

al.1996)

内的猫in

domestic

cats

in

2/17

households2只/17只家养猫M.

globosa

in

one

catM.furfur

in

ear

of

皮屑马拉色菌在耳部1/33

healthy

cats

(Crespo

et

al

1999)1/33只健康猫–

2

cats

withotitis

externa2只患外耳炎(Crespo

et

al

2000)Host

Control

of

Skin

Populations

皮肤菌群的宿主管理Innate