(新高考)高考英语二轮复习课时精炼考向54 阅读理解之捕捉隐含意义与态度意图等的策略(解析版)

考向54阅读理解捕捉隐含意义与推理态度意图等的策略【策略学习】隐含推断与观点态度题隐含推断题主要考查考生对特定信息、全篇、全段或上下文逻辑关系，结合相关信息的暗示，准确理解文章寓意或隐含的深层意义的能力。在解答这类题时，可采用“一步推导”法。即推理判断题的最近答案原则：推的近的要比推的远的好，直接推出的要比间接推出的好。推理判断题不是考查我们的想象力，它实际是考查我们原文中的某一个点或几个点所涉及的问题读透了没有。因此做题时不能想得太多，推得过远，是否把原文读懂才是关键。此类题目的题干一般包括以下五个动词：infer(推断)；conclude(推断，得出结论)；indicate(暗示)；imply(暗示)；suggest(暗示)。【典例】(2020·全国卷Ⅱ阅读C)Thenthere’sRighteousFuranditsunusualfashions.ModelPaigeMorgansays，“Togivepeopleaguilt－freeoptionthattheycanwearwithoutsomeonethrowingpaintonthem—Ithinkthat’sgoingtobeamassivething，atleasthereinNewYork.”DesignerJenniferAndersonadmitsittookherawhiletocomearoundtotheopinionthatusingnutriafurforhercreationsismorallyacceptable.She’stryingtocomeupwithalabeltoattachtonutriafashionstoshowitiseco－friendly.31.WhatcanweinferaboutwearingfurinNewYorkaccordingtoMorgan?A.It’sformal. B.It’srisky.C.It’sharmful. D.It’straditional.【分析】·第一步通读题目找出题干关键词：inferaboutwearingfur·第二步定位到原文，寻找相关信息：Togivepeopleaguilt－freeoptionthattheycanwearwithoutsomeonethrowingpaintonthem—Ithinkthat’sgoingtobeamassivething，atleasthereinNewYork.·第三步仔细比对选项：Morgan觉得在纽约，给予人们一种没有负罪感的选择，他们可以穿海狸鼠皮做的衣服而不被人泼颜料——我认为是一件大事，由此可推断出穿皮草具有风险性。观点态度题是高考英语阅读理解常考的一种题型，也是考生很容易失分的一种题型。文章作者或文中人物对某事物所持的情感、观点或态度往往隐含在文章的字里行间或流露于修饰词之中。常见的设问方式有：·Howdoestheauthorfeelabout...?·Whatdoestheauthorthinkof...?·Whatistheauthor’sattitudetowards/to...?·Theauthor’sattitudetowards...canbedescribedas________.▲4关注1不要(1)关注首段首尾句，确定文章主题，判断作者的观点态度。(2)关注but后表示观点态度的语句来判断作者或文中人物的观点。(3)关注作者所举的例子或者所引用的话语，来判断文章作者或文中人物的态度倾向。(4)关注文章语言的褒贬去判断作者的态度。(5)不要将个人的好恶态度糅进题中，要学会分清作者本人的态度和作者引用观点的态度。▲4类选项常用词汇肯定positive积极乐观的；optimistic乐观的；supportive支持的；hopeful有希望的；promising有前途的；favourable赞许的否定negative否定的，消极的；disapproving不赞成的；critical批评的；unfavourable不赞同的怀疑suspicious可疑的，怀疑的；doubtful可疑的客观objective客观的；neutral中立的；skeptical怀疑的【典例】(2020·全国卷Ⅲ阅读C)“Wefloatedtheideatomymumofsharingahouse，”saysKathrynWhitehead.Ritacutsin：“WespokemorewithNickbecauseIthinkit’sabigthingforNicktolivewithhismother－in－law.”AndwhatdoesNickthink？“Frommystandpoint，itallseemstoworkverywell.WouldIrecommendit？Yes，IthinkIwould.”29.WhatisNick’sattitudetowardssharingthehousewithhismother－in－law?A.Positive. B.Carefree.C.Tolerant. D.Unwilling.【分析】·第一步通读题目找出题干关键词：Nick’sattitudetowardssharingthehousewithhismother－in－law·第二步定位到原文，寻找相关信息：“Frommystandpoint，itallseemstoworkverywell.WouldIrecommendit?Yes，IthinkIwould.”·第三步仔细比对选项：尼克对于与岳母住在一起持积极的态度。写作意图题与文章出处/读者对象题一般情况下，作者在文中不直接陈述自己的意图，而是通过文中所列事物使读者感受到其所传递的想法。所以，这种题型要求考生具备对作者阐述的内容进行总结和分析的能力，是阅读理解题中较高层次的题目，它与文章主题不同，但又关系密切，所以可以算作主旨大意题的一种变体。▲从写作手法推断写作目的▲从字里行间推断写作目的在阅读中，有时作者并未把写作意图说出来，需要阅读者在阅读、理解整体语篇的基础上，根据字面意思，通过全篇逻辑关系，研究细节的暗示，推敲作者的写作意图。【典例】(2020·新高考卷Ⅰ阅读C)Inthemid－1990s，TomBisselltaughtEnglishasavolunteerinUzbekistan.Heleftaftersevenmonths，physicallybrokenandhavinglosthismind.Afewyearslater，stillattractedtothecountry，hereturnedtoUzbekistantowriteanarticleaboutthedisappearanceoftheAralSea.Hisvisit，however，endedupinvolvingalotmorethanthat.Hencethisbook，ChasingtheSea：LostAmongtheGhostsofEmpireinCentralAsia，whichtalksaboutaroadtripfromTashkenttoKarakalpakstan，wheremillionsofliveshavebeendestroyedbytheslowdryingupofthesea.ItisthestoryofanAmericantravellingtoastrangeland，andofthepeoplehemeetsonhisway：Rustam，histranslator，alovely24－year－oldwhopickeduphiscolorfulEnglishinCalifornia，OlegandNatasha，hishostsinTashkent，andastringofforeignaidworkers.ThisisaquicklookatlifeinUzbekistan，madeoffriendlinessandwarmth，butalsoitsdarkersideofsociety.InSamarkand，MrBisselladmiresthearchitecturalwonders，whileonhiswaytoBukharahegetsatasteofpolicemethodswhensuspectedofdrugdealing.InFerghana，heattendsamountainfuneral(葬礼)followedbyastrangedrinkingparty.AndinKarakalpakstan，heissaddenedbytheduststorms，diseasesandfishingboatsstuckmilesfromthesea.MrBissellskillfullyorganizeshistoricalinsightsandculturalreferences，makinghistaleawell－roundedpictureofUzbekistan，seenfromWesterneyes.HisjudgmentandreferencesaredecidedlyAmerican，aswellashisdelicatestomach.Astheauthorexplains，thisisneitheratravelnorahistorybook，orevenapieceofreportage.Whateveritis，theresultisafineandvividdescriptionofthepurestofCentralAsiantraditions.11.Whatisthepurposeofthistext?A.Tointroduceabook.B.Toexplainaculturalphenomenon.C.Torememberawriter.D.Torecommendatraveldestination.【分析】·第一步审读题目找出题干关键词：thepurposeofthistext·第二步从字里行间推断写作目的：迅速读懂原文理清文章脉络：文章开头引出汤姆·比塞尔写书的背景，从第二段到最后一段分别介绍了这本书的概要、主要内容和对这本书的评价。·第三步仔细比对选项：全文围绕着这本书展开，目的就是向读者介绍并推荐这本书。文章出处要从文章结构、语言特色和标志信息着手，结合文章的具体内容来断定。确定读者对象要从文章内容和文章措辞来判断。▲熟知8类文体判文章出处▲3步确定读者对象【典例】(2019·全国卷Ⅰ阅读C)Asdataandidentitytheftbecomesmoreandmorecommon，themarketisgrowingforbiometric(生物测量)technologies—likefingerprintscans—tokeepothersoutofprivatee－spaces.Atpresent，thesetechnologiesarestillexpensive，though.ResearchersfromGeorgiaTechsaythattheyhavecomeupwithalow－costdevice(装置)thatgetsaroundthisproblem：asmartkeyboard.Thissmartkeyboardpreciselymeasuresthecadence(节奏)withwhichonetypesandthepressurefingersapplytoeachkey.Thekeyboardcouldofferastronglayerofsecuritybyanalyzingthingsliketheforceofauser’stypingandthetimebetweenkeypresses.Thesepatternsareuniquetoeachperson.Thus，thekeyboardcandeterminepeople’sidentities，andbyextension，whethertheyshouldbegivenaccesstothecomputerit’sconnectedto—regardlessofwhethersomeonegetsthepasswordright.31.Whereisthistextmostlikelyfrom?A.Adiary. B.Aguidebook.C.Anovel. D.Amagazine.【分析】·第一步确定题干中的关键信息：thistextmostlikelyfrom·第二步定位到原文，寻找相关信息：根据本文的话题“智能键盘”以及第二段中的“ResearchersfromGeorgiaTechsaythattheyhavecomeupwithalow－costdevice...”，尤其是其中的关键词researchers，low－costdevice等来推断，这篇文章是一篇科研报道。·第三步结合文章的具体内容合理推断得出答案：科研报道最有可能出现在杂志上。【检测训练】1It’salmostspring,thetimeofyearwhenthechangeinseasonscouldleadtosomeprettyfascinatingcloudactivityinthesky.NASAandtheGLOBEProgramareinvitingyoutotakepartinacitizensciencecloudobservationchallenge.TheGLOBEProgramisaninternationalscienceandeducationprogramprovidingthepublicwiththeopportunitytoparticipateinthescientificprocess.FromMarch15throughApril15,citizenscientistscanmakeupto10cloudobservationsperdayusingtheGLOBEObserverapporoneoftheotherdataentryoptions(fortrainedGLOBEmembers).ChallengeparticipantswiththemostobservationswillbecongratulatedbyaNASAscientistinavideopostedontheGLOBEProgram’swebsiteandsocialmedia.“TheGLOBEProgramisofferingthischallengetoshowhowimportantitistoNASAtohavecitizenscientistobservationsfromgroundup,”saidMarileColonRobles,leadfortheGLOBECloudsteamatNASA’sLangleyResearchCenterinHampton,Virginia.ResearchersuseandvaluethiscitizenscienceclouddatabecauseithelpsconfirmdatafromEarth-observinginstruments.ScientistsatLangleyworkwithasetofsixinstrumentsknownastheCloudsandtheEarth’sRadiantEnergySystem(CERES).EventhoughCERES’instrumentsuseadvancedtechnology,itisnotalwayseasyforresearcherstopositivelyidentifyalltypesofcloudsintheirimages.Forexample,itcanbedifficulttotellthin,wispycirrusclouds(细小的卷云)fromsnow,sincebotharecoldandbright;itisevenmoresowhencirruscloudsareaboveasurfacewithpatchysnow(片状雪)orsnowcover.Onesolutionistolookatsatelliteimagesfromaparticularareaandcomparethemtodatasubmittedbycitizenscientistsontheground.“Lookingatwhatanobserverrecordedascloudsandlookingattheirsurfaceobservationsreallyhelpsusbetterunderstandtheimagesthatwerematchedfromthesatellite,”saidColonRobles.Youdon’thavetobeacloud-gazingprofessionaltoparticipate.Forthosewhowanttobepartofthechallengebutdon’thavealotofexperienceidentifyingclouds,ColonRoblesoffersthefollowingadvice:“Justgooutside.Themorecloudsyouobserve,themorecomfortableyou’llbecollectingdata.”1.Whatdoestheauthorintendtodoinparagraph1?A.Providebackgroundinformation.B.Presentanargument.C.Attractreaders’attention.D.Offeradvicetoreaders.2.Whydoresearcherslaunchthecloudobservationchallenge?A.TheGLOBEProgramisbadlyshortofhands.B.ThetechnologyCERESusesisnotadvanced.C.Cirruscloudsaredifficulttoidentifywithsnowcover.D.Scientistscancomparedatafromdifferentinstruments.3.Whatcanwelearnfromthepassage?A.Citizenobserverscanonlysubmitdatabymeansofanapp.B.Observerswiththemostobservationswillreceiveaspecialhonor.C.Observationsfromthegroundarenotasvaluableassatelliteimages.D.Thedatacollectedbycitizenscientistswillbepostedonsocialmedia.4.Whichisthebesttitleforthepassage?A.NASAtoEmployNewMembers.B.CloudActivitiesBringaNewChallenge.C.ScientiststoTeachYoutoObserveClouds.D.CitizensGainExperiencethroughObservation.【答案】1.C2.D3.B4.B【解析】这是一篇新闻报道。短文介绍了美国宇航局和地球计划邀请你参加公民科学云观测挑战赛的相关信息，包括参加人员，参加时间，活动的意义。1.推理判断题。根据第一段“It’salmostspring,thetimeofyearwhenthechangeinseasonscouldleadtosomeprettyfascinatingcloudactivityinthesky.NASAandtheGLOBEProgramareinvitingyoutotakepartinacitizensciencecloudobservationchallenge.”可知，快到春天了，一年中的这个时候，季节的变化可能会导致天空中一些非常迷人的云活动。美国宇航局和地球计划邀请你参加公民科学云观测挑战赛。由此判断出，第一段是为了吸引读者的注意力。故选C项。2.细节理解题。根据第四段“ResearchersuseandvaluethiscitizenscienceclouddatabecauseithelpsconfirmdatafromEarth-observinginstruments.”研究人员使用并重视公民科学云数据，因为它有助于确认来自地球观测仪器的数据。所以为什么研究人员要发起云观测挑战是因为科学家可以比较来自不同仪器的数据。故选D项。3.细节理解题。根据第二段“ChallengeparticipantswiththemostobservationswillbecongratulatedbyaNASAscientistinavideopostedontheGLOBEProgram’swebsiteandsocialmedia.”可知，美国宇航局的一位科学家将在GLOBE网站和社交媒体上发布一段视频，向观测最多的挑战参与者表示祝贺。由此可知，观察最多的观察家将获得特别的荣誉。故选B项。4.主旨大意题。根据第一段“根据第一段“It’salmostspring,thetimeofyearwhenthechangeinseasonscouldleadtosomeprettyfascinatingcloudactivityinthesky.NASAandtheGLOBEProgramareinvitingyoutotakepartinacitizensciencecloudobservationchallenge.”可知，快到春天了，一年中的这个时候，季节的变化可能会导致天空中一些非常迷人的云活动。美国宇航局和地球计划邀请你参加公民科学云观测挑战赛”以及下文介绍了此次参加人员，参加时间，活动的意义。所以短文的最佳标题为“云活动带来了新的挑战”。故选B项。2Windowsareakeycomponentinabuilding'sdesign,buttheyarealsotheleastenergy-efficientpart.Accordingtoa2009reportbytheUnitedNations,buildingsaccountfor40percentofglobalenergyusage,andwindowsareresponsibleforhalfofthatenergyconsumption.Ifconventionalwindowsareusedtobetterblocksunlightpassingintoabuilding,theyneedexpensivecoatings.Evenso,theycannotadjusttheindoortemperatureeffectively.ScientistsattheNanyangTechnologicalUniversity,Singapore(NTU)havedevelopedasmartliquidwindowpanelthatcanhelp.Bycreatingamixtureofmicro-hydrogel(水凝胶),water,andastabilizer,theyfoundthatitcaneffectivelyreduceenergyconsumptioninavarietyofclimates.Thankstothehydrogel,themixturebecomeshard-to-see-throughwhenexposedtoheat,thusblockingsunlight,and,whencool,itreturnstoitsoriginalclearstate.Thehighheatcapacityofwaterallowsalargeamountofheatenergytobestoredinsteadofgettingtransferredthroughtheglassandintothebuildingduringthehotdaytimewhenofficebuildingsmainlyoperate.Theheatwillthenbegraduallycooledandreleasedatnightwhenthestaffareoffduty.Asaproofofconcept,thescientistsconductedoutdoortestsinhot(Singapore,Guangzhou)andcold(Beijing)environments.TheSingaporetestrevealedthatthesmartliquidwindowhadalowertemperature(50°C)duringthehottesttimeoftheday(noon)comparedtoanormalglasswindow(84°C),TheBeijingtestsshowedthattheroomusingthesmartliquidwindowconsumed11percentlessenergytomaintainthesametemperaturecomparedtotheroomwithanormalglasswindow.Theyalsomeasuredwhenthehighestvalueofstoredheatenergyofthedayoccurred.This"temperaturepeak"inthenormalglasswindowwas2pm,andinthesmartliquidwindowwasshiftedto3pm.Ifthistemperaturepeakshiftleadstoashiftinthetimewhenabuildingneedstodrawonelectricalpowertocoolorwarmthebuilding,itshouldresultinlowerenergychargesforusers.Theresearchteamisseekingwaystocutdownthecostofproducingthesmartwindowandsofar,theyhavefoundseveralindustrypartnerstocommercializeit.5.Whatisthedisadvantageofconventionalwindows?A.Theyareexpensive.B.Theyarenotheatproof.C.Theycontributelesstoenergysaving.D.Theycan'tblocklightintothebuilding.6.Howdoesasmartliquidwindowpanelworktocoolbuildings?A.Bytakinginmuchofheatenergy.B.Byreturningtoitsoriginalclearstate.C.Bygettingmostofsunlighttransferred.D.Byspreadingsunlightindifferentdirections.7.Accordingtoparagraph3,whatisthevalueofthetemperaturepeakshift?A.Itwillmakethewindowslong-lasting.B.Itcouldhelpthebuildingusersreducecosts.C.Itmakesthebuildingsrelyonnoelectricalpower.D.Ithelpsthewindowsmaintainaconstanttemperature.8.Whatcanweexpectofthesmartwindowinthefuture?A.Itwillbeunaffordable.B.Itneedstobefurtherimproved.C.Itwillbewidelyusedinthecity.D.Itwillcomeontothemarketsoon.【答案】5.C6.A7.B8.D【解析】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍了智能液体窗面板。5.细节理解题。根据文章“Windowsareakeycomponentinabuilding'sdesign,buttheyarealsotheleastenergy-efficientpart.（窗户是建筑设计中的一个重要组成部分，但也是最不节能的部分。）”可知，传统窗户的缺点是不节能。故选C项。6.细节理解题。根据文章“Thehighheatcapacityofwaterallowsalargeamountofheatenergytobestoredinsteadofgettingtransferredthroughtheglassandintothebuildingduringthehotdaytimewhenofficebuildingsmainlyoperate.（水的高热容量使大量的热能得以储存，而不是在炎热的白天通过玻璃传递到建筑物中，而办公楼主要是在白天运行。）”可知，智能液体窗面板通过吸收大量热能来冷却建筑物。故选A项。7.推理判断题。根据文章“theroomusingthesmartliquidwindowconsumed11percentlessenergytomaintainthesametemperaturecomparedtotheroomwithanormalglasswindow.（使用智能液体窗的房间比使用普通玻璃窗的房间要少消耗11%的能量来保持相同的温度。）”以及下文“This"temperaturepeak"inthenormalglasswindowwas2pm,andinthesmartliquidwindowwasshiftedto3pm.Ifthistemperaturepeakshiftleadstoashiftinthetimewhenabuildingneedstodrawonelectricalpowertocoolorwarmthebuilding,itshouldresultinlowerenergychargesforusers.（正常玻璃窗的“温度峰值”为下午2点，智能液体窗的“温度峰值”为下午3点。如果这种温度峰值偏移导致建筑物需要用电来冷却或加热建筑物的时间发生偏移，则应该会降低用户的电费。）”可推知，温度峰值偏移的价值是节约成本。故选B项。8.推理判断题。根据文章“Theresearchteamisseekingwaystocutdownthecostofproducingthesmartwindowandsofar,theyhavefoundseveralindustrypartnerstocommercializeit.（该研究团队正在寻找降低智能窗生产成本的方法，到目前为止，他们已经找到了几个行业合作伙伴将其商业化。）”可知，研究团队已经找到了合作伙伴将其商业化。由此推知它应该很快就会上市。故选D项。3AnewresearchaddedbraindegradationsuchasAlzheimer(阿尔兹海默症）tothegrowinglistofeffectsoffineparticles(微粒）.Astudyof63millionadultsolderthan65intheUnitedStatesshowedthatfrom2000to2016,first-timehospitaladmissionsforAlzheimer'sdisease,andrelateddiseasesroseby13percentwithevery5-microgram(percubicmeterofair)increaseinannualconcentrationsofPM2.5.Suchparticlesareproducedmainlyduringtheburningoffossilfuels,especiallycoalandoil.Theriskremainedhighevenatconcentrationsbelow12microgramspercubicmeter,aleveltheU.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgencycurrentlyconsiderssafe.“Ourstudybuildsonthesmallbutclearevidenceindicatingthatlong-termPM2.5exposuresareassociatedwithanincreasedriskofworseningbrainhealth,evenatPM2.5concentrationswellbelowthecurrentnationalstandards,”saidXiaoWu,adoctoralstudentinHarvard.AntonellaZanobetti,aco-authorofthestudy,saidthenewresearchresultsshowthatcurrentU.S.regulationsareinadequatetoprotecttheagingAmericanpopulation,“highlightingtheneedforstricterstandardsandpoliciesthathelpfurtherreducePM2.5concentrationsandimproveairqualityoverall”。Women,whitepeople,andurbanpopulations,particularlyintheNortheast,wereparticularlyatrisk,theresearchshowed.Theresearchersfiguredthattheincreasedeffectsonurbanpopulationsmightbeduetothe“abundanceofmetal-bearingparticlesintheurbanatmosphere,whichhaveverysmallersizeandcanaccessthebraindirectly”.Theyowetheincreasedrisktowomenandwhitepeopletolongerlife,whichmeanstheprobabilityofdeathfromothercausesbeforedevelopingAlzheimerishigherinmenandnonwhites.9.WhatcanwelearnaboutthenewresearchinParagraph1?A.ItprovedPM2.5wascausedbyfossilfuel.B.Itaimedatimprovingtheelders'brainhealth.C.ItshowedAlzheimerwaslinkedtoairpollution.D.ItfocusedontheeffectofPM2.5onenvironment.10.Whatistheresearchers'attitudetowardsthecurrentU.S.PM2.5nationalstandards?A.Supportive. B.Disapproving. C.Cautious. D.Ambiguous.11.Whydowomenandwhitepeoplehavehigherriskofbrainhealthproblems?A.Theymainlyliveincities.B.Theyareinmuchworsecondition.C.TheyareaffectedbyPM2.5moreeasily.D.Theylivelongerthanmenandnonwhites.12.What'sthepurposeofthetext?A.Topresentfindingsofanewresearch.B.Tocallonustoprotecttheenvironment.C.ToanalyzevariousreasonsforAlzheimer.D.Todrawourattentiontotheelders'health.【答案】9.C10.B11.D12.A【解析】这是一篇说明文。文章展示了一项对阿尔兹海默症的新的研究的几个发现。9.细节理解题。根据第一段第一句“AnewresearchaddedbraindegradationsuchasAlzheimer(阿尔兹海默症）tothegrowinglistofeffectsoffineparticles(微粒）.”（一项新的研究将阿尔茨海默氏症等大脑退化列入了不断增加的细颗粒影响名单。）和第二句“Astudyof63millionadultsolderthan65intheUnitedStatesshowedthatfrom2000to2016,first-timehospitaladmissionsforAlzheimer'sdisease,andrelateddiseasesroseby13percentwithevery5-microgram(percubicmeterofair)increaseinannualconcentrationsofPM2.5.”（一项针对美国6300万65岁以上成年人的研究显示，从2000年到2016年，pm2.5的年浓度每增加5微克(每立方米空气)，首次因阿尔茨海默氏症和相关疾病住院的人数就增加了13%。）可知，研究表明阿尔茨海默病与空气污染有关。故选C。10.观点态度题。根据第二段中的“Ourstudybuildsonthesmallbutclearevidenceindicatingthatlong-termPM2.5exposuresareassociatedwithanincreasedriskofworseningbrainhealth,evenatPM2.5concentrationswellbelowthecurrentnationalstandards”（我们的研究建立在少量但明确的证据之上，这些证据表明，即使PM2.5浓度远低于当前的国家标准，长期接触PM2.5也会增加大脑健康恶化的风险）可知，研究者对美国目前的PM2.5国家标准并不赞同。故选B。11.细节理解题。根据第四段第三句“Theyowetheincreasedrisktowomenandwhitepeopletolongerlife,whichmeanstheprobabilityofdeathfromothercausesbeforedevelopingAlzheimerishigherinmenandnonwhites.”（女性和白人患病风险增加的原因是寿命延长，这意味着男性和非白人在患老年痴呆症之前死于其他原因的概率更高。）可知，因为女性和白人的寿命比男人和非白人更长，所以他们更容易患老年痴呆症。故选D。12.目的意图题。根据第一段第一句“AnewresearchaddedbraindegradationsuchasAlzheimer(阿尔兹海默症）tothegrowinglistofeffectsoffineparticles(微粒）.”（一项新的研究将阿尔茨海默氏症等大脑退化列入了不断增加的细颗粒影响名单。）和第二句“Astudyof63millionadultsolderthan65intheUnitedStatesshowedthatfrom2000to2016,first-timehospitaladmissionsforAlzheimer'sdisease,andrelateddiseasesroseby13percentwithevery5-microgram(percubicmeterofair)increaseinannualconcentrationsofPM2.5.”（一项针对美国6300万65岁以上成年人的研究显示，从2000年到2016年，pm2.5的年浓度每增加5微克(每立方米空气)，首次因阿尔茨海默氏症和相关疾病住院的人数就增加了13%。），第三段第一句“AntonellaZanobetti,aco-authorofthestudy,saidthenewresearchresultsshowthatcurrentU.S.regulationsareinadequatetoprotecttheagingAmericanpopulation”（这项研究的合著者AntonellaZanobetti说，新的研究结果表明，目前的美国法规不足以保护老龄化的美国人口）和第四段第一句“Women,whitepeople,andurbanpopulations,particularlyintheNortheast,wereparticularlyatrisk,theresearchshowed.”（研究显示，女性、白人和城市人口，尤其是东北部地区的人口，面临的风险尤其大。）可知，文章主要是为了展示新的研究的发现。故选A。4Babieswhofrequentlycommunicatewiththeircaregiversusingeyecontactandvocalisations(发声)attheageofonearemorelikelytodevelopgreaterlanguagesskillsbythetimetheyreachtwo,accordingtonewresearch.Inthestudy,researcherslookedat11-and12-month-odbabies'vocalisations.gesturesandgazebehaviours,andathowtheircaregiversrespondedtothem.Tomeasureheinteractions,theresearchersvideoedinfants(婴儿)andcaregiverathome,andaskedthemtoplayasusual.TheytookthoserecordingsbacktotheuniversityThescientiststhenusedstatisticalmodelstofindthatthebestpredictorofvocabularyat24monthswaswheninfantswereseentousevocalsatiomswhilelookingattheircaregiver'sfacewhentheywereaboutayearold.Thebenefitswereevengreaterwhentheseinteractionswerefollowedbyresponsesfromthecaregiver.Thestatisticsshowedthatat19months,childrenhadanaverageofabout100words.Thosewhoexhibitedthebeneficialinteractivebehaviourearlierinlifewereseentohaveanaverageofabout30extrawords."Themessageofthispaperisthatitistheresultofajointeffort;noticingwhatyourchildisattendingtoandtalkingtothemaboutitwillsupporttheirlanguagedevelopment."saidMcGillion,aco-authorofthework."Thejoyofthismessageisthatthatcanhappeninanycontext...acrossanypartofyourday.It'snotsomethingthatrequiresspecialequipmentorevenlotsoftime.Icanhappenwhenyou'redoingthelaundry,forexample—whenyou'retakingoutthesocks,hepark,inthecar,atmealtimes,atbathtimes.Thisfindingcanbeusedinanycontext,"addedMcGillion."Thisisadevelopmentalsnapshotinthefirstyearoflife,butchildrenareconstantlygrowingandchangingandsoaretheirbehaviours.Itwouldbeinterestingtolookatthesesortsofbehavioursagainaschildrenprogressthroughthesecondyearoflifetoseewhat'shappeningthere,"saidDonnellan,theleadauthoronthestudy.13.Howdidtheresearchersgetthefindings?A.Byinteractingwithbabies.B.Byaskingbabiestovocalize.C.Byanalyzingrelevantrecordings.D.Byreferringtothepreviousstatistics.14.Whatdoesheunderlinedword"it"inParagraph5mean?A.Infants'eyecontact.B.Infants'largervocabulary.C.Theresponsefromcaregivers.D.Thebestpredictorofvocabulary.15.WhatdidMcGilionsayaboutinfants'interactivebehaviour?A.I'seasytoperform.B.It'scomplextounderstand.C.It'sdifficulttocopy.D.It'sinterestingtovideo.16.Whatmightfurtherstudiesbeon?A.Children'sacademicprogress.B.Children'sgrowingenvironment.C.Children'spotentialphysicaldevelopment.D.Children'sbehavioursacrossmoreageranges.【答案】13.C14.B15.A16.D【解析】这是一篇说明文。文章主要研究了婴儿的语言技能与护理者之间的互动的关系，得出的结论是：和孩子的眼神以及语言交流越多，孩子的语言能力就越好。13.细节理解题。根据文章第一段中句子“Babieswhofrequentlycommunicatewiththeircaregiversusingeyecontactandvocalisations(发声)attheageofonaremorelikelytodevelopgreaterlanguagesskillsbythetimetheyreachtwo,accordingtonewresearch.”（一项新的研究表明，婴儿在一岁的时候经常笑并与他们的照顾者使用目光接触和交流发声更有可能使他们在两岁的时候产生更大的语言技能。）可知，研究人员通过一项新的研究研究出了和孩子的眼神以及语言交流越多，孩子的语言能力就越好。故选C项。14.词义猜测题。根据文章第四段最后一句“Thosewhoexhibitedthebeneficialinteractivebehaviourearlierinlifewereseentohaveanaverageofabout30extrawords.”（那些更早展示有益的互动行为的婴儿获得了更多的词汇量。）和第五段中句子“Themessageofthispaperisthatitistheresultofajointeffort”（它是一个共同努力的结果。）可知，这里的“它”指代的是前文婴儿更大的词汇量。故选B项。15.推理判断题。根据文章第六段第一句“Thejoyofthismessageisthatthatcanhappeninanycontext...acrossanypartofyourday.It'snotsomethingthatrequiresspecialequipmentorevenlotsoftime.Icanhappenwhenyou'redoingthelaundry,forexample—whenyou'retakingoutthesocks,hepark,inthecar,atmealtimes,atbathtimes.”（MG说,这种信息的交流可以在一天中的任何时刻发生,无论是在洗衣房,还是在公园,在车里,在吃饭的时候,在洗澡的时候）可推测，这种互动的表现是很容易去执行的。因此选A项。16.推理判断题。根据文章最后一段第二句“Itwouldbeinterestingtolookatthesesortsofbehavioursagainaschildrenprogressthroughthesecondyearoflifetoseewhat'shappeningthere”（当孩子们在第二年的成长过程中再次观察这些行为，看看那里发生了什么，这将是一件很有趣的事情。”）可知，进一步的研究应该是去研究儿童在更多年龄段的行为。故选D项。5Asahighschoolstudent,Ilearnedthisthehardwaylastyear,whenastudentIdidn'texpecttobestedmeonthemathPSAT.Hesoonadmittedthesecrettohissuccess:theCAScalculator.HemadeclearthattheCASwasabletosolveallofhisSATequations(方程式).Heclaimedallheneededwashisknowledgeofseventh-grademathandthecalculatordidtherest.Fromexperience,Iknowitisn'tthatsimple.Afancycalculatorthatcostsabout＄150isnotthatusefulifyoudon'tunderstandwhatthequestionisasking.Butitdoesfeellikecheating.Asidefrombeingfinanciallyoutofreachofmanystudents，CAScalculatorshavethepotentialtomisrepresentmathabilityandproblem-solvingskills.It'sunfairtoallowsuchanincrediblyhelpfuladvancedcalculatorunlesseverystudenthasaccesstoit.Especiallywhenthetesthasthepotentialtoaffectastudent'seducationalpath.InresponsetoanemailaskingwhethertheCollegeBoard,whichownstheSAT,isawarethattheCASisseenasgreatlyhelpingthosewhouseitandwhetherithasconsideredbanningsuchcalculators,acommunicationsofficersentalinktotheSATcalculatorpolicy,whichspellsoutthepermittedcalculators,CASamongthem.Ifallstudentshadaccesstoabettercalculator,howmanycouldimprovetheirtestscoresenoughtogetintotheirdreamschool?Howmanystudentsgetintobetterschoolsbecauseofthisprivilegehack?Itisn'trightandshouldn'tstand.Thesimplestsolutionwouldbetoleaveoutthemathsectionthatallowscalculatoruseorpermittest-takerstouseonlythemostbasiccalculators,providedbytheCollegeBoard.Theequationforfairnessissimple:Youknowitwhenyouseeit,andthiscalculatorinequity(不公)isn'tit.17.TheexampleofastudentdoingbetterthanthewriterinthemathPSATisusedto________.A.introducethetopicB.comparetheirmathachievementsC.showthewriter'senvyD.blamehischeatingintheexam18.WhydidthewriterfeelitunfairforstudentstouseCAScalculators?A.BecauseeverystudentcannotuseoneinSAT.B.Becausehedidn'tuseoneasearlyasothers.C.Becausehismodelwaslesspowerfulthanothers'.D.BecausetheCollegeBoarddidn'tprovideonetohim.19.What'stheCollegeBoard'sattitudetowardsbanningtheCAScalculators?A.Favorable.B.Disapproving.C.Ambiguous.D.Cautious.20.What'sthebesttitleofthepassage?A.CAScalculators-cheatinginSATB.SolutiontostoppingcheatinginSATC.CallsonbanningthecalculatorsD.Callsonusingbasiccalculators【答案】17.A18.A19.B20.C【解析】这是一篇议论文。本文通过在数学PSAT中，一个学生比作者做得好的例子来引出主题：考试中学生是否可以使用计算器。作者列举了使用计算器的弊