经典RFID技术及应用课件

RFIDOverviewGregLeemingIntelCorporation11/8/2004RadioFrequencyIDentification

FrequencyDistanceExampleApplicationLF125khzFewcmAuto-ImmobilizerHF13.56Mhz1mBuildingAccessUHF900Mhz~7mSupplyChainμwave2.4Ghz10mTrafficTollFourmainfrequencies:Tagwirelesslysendsbitsofdatawhen

itistriggeredbyareaderPowersourcenotrequiredfor

passivetags…adefiningbenefitSuperiorcapabilitiesto

barcode:NonLineofSightHi-speed,multiplereadsCanreadandwritetotagsUnitspecificIDFocusofthispresentationisonUHFPresentationObjectives:ExplaintechnicalprinciplesbehindRFIDProvideoverviewofRFIDtechnologyDiscuss:ForcesdrivingtheadoptionofRFIDChallengesRFIDdeploymentmustovercomeThefutureRFIDHistoryFirstBarcodepatents–1930sFirstuseofRFIDdevice–2ndworldwar–BrittanusedRFID-liketechnologyforIdentify-FriendorFoeHarryStockmanOctober1948Paper–Communicationbymeansofreflectedpower(TheproceedingsoftheInstituteofRadioEngineers)FirstRFIDPatent-1973Auto-IDcenterfoundedatMIT–1999StandardizationefforttakenoverbyEPCGlobal(ElectronicProductCode)CurrentthrustprimarilydrivenbyWal-MartandDoDAutomateDistribution:Reducecost(manpower,shippingmistakes)Increasesales(keepshelvesfull)DoDTotalAssetVisibilityInitiativeSourceofdata:EDN–October2004-“ReadingBetweentheLines”BrianDipertBasicTagOperationalPrinciplesNSTAGReaderReaderTAGBackscatterNearfield(LF,HF):inductivecouplingoftagtomagneticfieldcirculatingaroundantenna(likeatransformer)Varyingmagneticfluxinducescurrentintag.Modulatetagloadtocommunicatewithreaderfieldenergydecreasesproportionallyto1/R3(tofirstorder)Farfield(UHF,microwave):backscatter.ModulatebackscatterbychangingantennaimpedanceFieldenergydecreasesproportionallyto1/RBoundrybetweennearandfarfield:R=wavelength/2piso,oncehavereachedfarfield,lowerfrequencieswillhavelostsignificantlymoreenergythanhighfrequenciesAbsorptionbynon-conductivematerialssignificantproblemformicrowavefrequenciesInductiveCouplingSourceofdata:“IntroductiontoRFID”CAENRFIDanIITCorporationTagsTypesofTagsPassiveOperationalpowerscavengedfromreaderradiatedpowerSemi-passiveOperationalpowerprovidedbybatteryActiveOperationalpowerprovidedbybattery-transmitterbuiltintotagGenericTagArchitecture

(HighlySimplified)ProtocolEngineReceiverMemoryAntennaWritePathDSGCompetingUHFProtocols(EPConly)ReadRateReadorRead/WriteTagCostPrivacySecurityGlobalStandardClass0NA:800reads/secEU:200reads/secReadOnly$$24bitpasswordReaderbroadcastsOIDorAnonymousmodeswithreducedthroughputNoClass0+NA:800reads/secEU:200reads/secRead&Write$$SeeaboveSeeaboveNoClass1NA:200reads/secEU:50reads/secRead&Write$8bitpasswordReaderbroadcastspartialOIDNoClass1Gen2*(UHFGen2)NA:1700reads/secEU:600reads/secRead&Write?32bitpasswordandconcealedmodeAuthenticationandEncryptionYes*Class1Gen2isstillindevelopment,expectedtocloseinQ4,2004Class0SignalingDefaultClass0ReaderCommunicationSequenceTagSingulationProcessTagpowerup,reset,andcalibrationprocessSingleBinaryTransversalRepeatedaftereachfrequencyhopOncetaghasbeensingulated,readercansendcommandstoitorbeginnextBTcycleReset:800microsecuninterruptedcontinuouswaveOscillatorcalibration:8116microsecpulsesDatacalibration:3pulses(data“0”,data“1”,data“null”)ReaderpowerupTagSingulationProcess

readindividualtagfromgroupofalltagsinrangeofreader

Basicprocess:AlltagswithinrangeofreaderbackscattertheirMSBtothereader.Readerrespondswitheithera1ora0.Iftagbitequalsreaderbit,tagbackscattersthenextbitinit’scode.Ifinstead,tagbitdoesnotequalreaderbit,taggoesmuteforremainderofsingulation.Processcontinuesuntilreaderhascompletelyreadasingletag.Readerconductsconsecutivesingulationsuntilalltagsinitsrangeareread.Readercaninterruptthesingulationprocesstosendcommandstoasingletag,asubsetofalltagsinrange,orgloballytoalltagsinrange.ReadersUHFReaderStandardsGEO/CountryFrequencyBandNorthAmerica900–930MHzEMEA866–868MHzKorea908.5–914MHzAustralia918–926MHzChina(PRC)TBDJapanTBDTransmitterNorthAmericaOutputFreq.Band902–928MhzOutputPower4wattsEIRPTXChannelstep500KhzHopfrequency2.5to20timespersecondTXChannels902.75,903.25,…,927.25MhzModulationTypicallyASK–-20%to100%modulationdepthNote:EIRP=1.64XERP(EffectiveRadiatedPower)PossibleUHFReaderRFProcessorTransmitpathReceivePathFrequencySynthesizerDigitalRFIDREADER

RFModuleDACHostDeviceADCCrystalMicro-

ControllerAGCFiltersI/Q

DemodPLLVCODACPowerControlPAFilterCouplerCouplerPower

DetectCouplerFPGARegulationBaseband

&

ProtocolPossibleDigitalBackEndEthernetIXP425

ProcessorPower

SupplyRAMFlashRFBoard

InterfaceGPIOSerialPortLEDsRF

ModuleTheRFIDMarketTraditionalRFIDMarketSegmentsAutoImmobilizersAccessControlAnimalTrackingAutomatedVehicleIdIsolatedsystemsSimplereadsSlowgrowthUsageModelsHandheldSmartShelvesPointofSaleConveyorBeltPrintersForkliftDockDoorRFID:ALongSimmeringMarketAccelerates2005VDCRFIDReaderForecast:BeforeWal*MartAnnouncement$371M2005BairdEquitiesRFIDReaderFcst(JustReleased)$1.6B2005UpdatedVDCForecast(JustReleased)$683M2007RFIDReaderMarketFcsttripled…achieving$1.6BinrevenuesMarketDrivers:WhereistheBangfortheBuckRetailers(suchasWalMart)operateonverysmallmargins(typicallylessthat5%)Costreductionorprofitabilityincreaseof1%equatestohugeadvantageovercompetitors:Canbeachievedthrough:Reductionofdistributioninefficiency:lessshippingmistakes(areexpensivetocorrect) efficientrestocking:keepretailshelvesfullAutomation:reductionofmanpowercostsReductionoftheftandfraudDoDtotalAssetVisibilityinitiative:Supplyinganarmyisacostly,logisticalnightmareRFIDpromisestoreducethechaosPrivacyIssuesTheFutureWhatfundamentalchangesdoesRFIDheraldin?Whataretheprobableconsequencesofthesechanges?Thefuture:RFID:Drivingintelligencetoedgeo