考研考博-英语-宁波职业技术学院考试押题卷含答案详解

书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟！住在富人区的她考研考博-英语-宁波职业技术学院考试押题卷含答案详解（图片大小可自由调整）全文为Word可编辑，若为PDF皆为盗版，请谨慎购买！第I卷一.综合题库-全考点押密(共100题)1.单选题

Majorexamsarethebaneofmanyastudent'slife.Theyrepresentaone-offchancetoscribblemonthsoryearsoflearningontopaper,andcanmakeorbreakfuturecareerprospects.Thetroubleisthattakinganexamatatimerigidlysetbytheacademiccalendarhasneverbeenanidealwaytodeterminecompetence—theymaycomeattherighttimeforsomeluckystudents,butnotformanyothers.

Perhapsitdoesn'thavetobethatway.Asteachingbeginstomoveonline,wenolongerneedtowaituntiltheendofacoursetoperformassessments.Instead,computersoftwarecanassessunderstandingduringthelearningprocessitselfbyanalyzingastudent'severymouseclickandkeystroke.Socouldwefinallybeabletogetridofthedreadedfinalexam?

Abetteroptionisasystemthatallowsstudentstoadvanceattheirownpacewhentheyhavemasteredthematerial,saysJuliaFreeland,aneducationresearcher.Thisiscalledcompetency-basedlearning,anditrequirestailoringtheeducationalprograminadifferentwayforeachstudent.Thisisclearlysomethingthatteachersinabusyclassroommaystruggletodo.Ifcoursematerialisofferedonline,though,withthestudent'sinputanalyzedautomaticallybycomputersoftware,studentscanbeassessedindividually—eventothepointthatthesoftwarecanidentifywhenagivenstudentislikelytoperformtotheirfullpotentialonanexam.

Competency-basedlearningsoftwareisnowbeingusedbothinhighschoolsandincollegesacrosstheUS,saysFreeland.TheVirtualLearningAcademyCharterSchoolinthestateofNewHampshireisoneprominenthighschoolexample.

Theideabehindthesoftwareisrelativelystraightforward.Ittakesinformationaboutthestudent'sactivityoncoursewebsite—thepagestheyhavevisitedandwhetherthestudenthasverifiedthattheyhavereadapassageoftextorwatchedavideo,forinstance—andcombinesitwithdataonthestudent’sperformanceoninformaltestsandquizzestoestablishinrealtimehowwellthestudentunderstandsaconcept.Whenthatunderstandingreachesapredeterminedlevel,thestudentischallengedwithnewconcepts,orofferedtheopportunitytotakeaformalexam.Sincethisformofcompetency-basedlearningapproachwasintroducedinsomeclassesatArizonaStateUniversity,passrateshavereportedlyincreased.AndPhilipRegier,thedeanoftheuniversity’sonlinearm,saystherearenowplansfordoing“anentiredegreeadaptively”.

Somefirmspushthetechnologyfurther.Theirartificialintelligencesoftwareanalysesthedatacollectedtoconstantlytweakthewayitpresentsnewinformationtotheindividual.Withinafewweeks,claimtheirmakers,thesealgorithmscanevenidentifywhattimeofthedayastudentismostreceptivetolessonsinagivensubject.

1.ItcanbelearnedfromParagraph1that（）.

2.WhichofthefollowingisTRUEabout“competency-basedlearning”?

3.TheVirtualLearningAcademyCharterSchoolismentionedinthepassageto（）.

4.Whatis“theideabehindthesoftware”inParagraph5?

5.Towhichofthefollowingstatementswouldtheauthormostlikelyagree?

问题1选项

A.takingexamsmakesmoststudentsnervousandstressful

B.sometimesmajorexamscandeterminepeople’sfuturecareerprospects

C.takinganexamatatimerigidlysetbytheacademiccalendarisafairwaytodeterminecompetence

D.manystudentspasstheexamsbecauseoftheirgoodluck

问题2选项

A.Itisasystemthatallowsstudentstoimprovetheircompetencyallbythemselves.

B.Itwouldmaketeachersverybusyintheclassroom.

C.Itrequiresstudentstoattendclassonline,andthustheyneednotgotoclassroomanymore.

D.Itrequiresmakingtheeducationalprograminadifferentwayforeachstudent.

问题3选项

A.showthatthecompetency-basedlearningsoftwareisnowbeingusedbothinhighschoolsandincollegesacrosstheUS

B.illustratehowagoodhighschoolperformsincompetency-basedlearningandtesting

C.showhowthecompetency-basedlearningsoftwareisdesignedbyhighschoolsandcollegesacrosstheUS

D.illustratethatthecompetency-basedlearningsoftwareisveryimportantbothinhighschoolsandincollegesacrosstheUS

问题4选项

A.Ittakesinformationaboutthestudent’sactivityoncoursewebsitestohelptoassesshiscompetence.

B.Itmoreemphasizesinformaltestsandquizzestoknowhowwellthestudentunderstandsaconcept.

C.Thestudentwillnotbeofferedtheopportunitytotakeaformalexamunlesshemanagestounderstandalltheconceptsinthetextbook.

D.Teachersmustrequirestudentstoreadtextsandwatchvideosoncoursewebsites.

问题5选项

A.Wemustgetridofthedreadedexamswiththehelpofcomputersoftware.

B.Sincecoursematerialsareofferedonline,teachersneednotcareaboutstudents’performanceintheclassroom.

C.Sincethecompetency-basedlearningapproachwasprovedsuccessfulinsomecases,weshouldtrytoadoptitinmoreschools.

D.Weshouldtrytodevelopnewartificialintelligencesoftwaretocollecttheprivateinformationofteachersandstudents.

【答案】第1题:B

第2题:D

第3题:B

第4题:A

第5题:C

【解析】1.推断题。根据文章第一段，“Theyrepresentaone-offchancetoscribblemonthsoryearsoflearningontopaper,andcanmakeorbreakfuturecareerprospects.”，可知大考代表着一个一次性机会，将几个月或者几年学到的知识草草地写到纸上，可能会毁掉或者成就一个人未来的职业前景。可推断出一些考试确实能决定一个人的职业前景。选项B符合题意。

2.细节理解题。根据文章第三段，“Thisiscalledcompetency-basedlearning,anditrequirestailoringtheeducationalprograminadifferentwayforeachstudent.”，可知这种能力本位学习要求为每个学生定制不同的教育计划。选项D符合题意。

3.推断题。根据文章第五段，“theVirtualLearningAcademyCharterSchoolinthestateofNewHampshireisoneprominenthighschoolexample.”，可知在基于能力的学习软件的应用方面，虚拟学习学院特许学校是一个突出的高中学校例子，可推断出举这个例子主要是为了描述以能力为基础的学习和测试在好的高中学校的表现。选项B符合题意。

4.推断题。根据文章第五段第二句，“Ittakesinformationaboutthestudent'sactivityoncoursewebsite—thepagestheyhavevisitedandwhetherthestudenthasverifiedthat…toestablishinrealtimehowwellthestudentunderstandsaconcept.”，她获取学生在课程网站上的活动信息，他们访问过的页面等，实时确定学生对概念的理解程度。可推断出这个软件是通过学生的活动信息来判断他们的能力。选项A符合题意。

5.作者态度题。根据文章第五段倒数第二句，“Sincethisformofcompetency-basedlearningapproachwasintroducedinsomeclassesatArizonaStateUniversity,passrateshavereportedlyincreased.”，可知自从这种基于能力的学习方法引入到亚利桑那州立大学的一些课程中，通过率提升了。所以可推断出作者会赞同这种基于能力的学习方式应该得到更多学校的采用。学习C符合题意。

2.翻译题

Idon’trecallFrenchcivilizationfeelingsoimportantinmylifetime.Therewillbeuglyargumentsoverthecomingweeks,oncethefirstshockpasses,overwhowasresponsible,howthisdisasterhappened,whatnegligencewasinvolved.Butinthosesilent,reverent,hymn-singingcrowdsonthestreetsofParis,IalsosawthepossibilityofaFrenchcoming-togetherinthedeterminationtorebuildnotonlytheNotre-Damecathedral,butalsoanationshakenbytheviolenceoftheYellowVestmovementandthesocialdivisionsitreflects.ThestoryofNotre-Dameisastoryofenduranceandrebirth.

【答案】在我的一生中，法国文明从未有过如此重要的感觉。在接下来的几周内，一旦第一波冲击过去，谁应该对此负责，这场灾难是如何发生的，哪些过失牵涉其中，将会有令人不快的争论。但在那些沉默的,虔诚的,只需人群在巴黎街头,我也看到了一个法国相遇了的可能性的决心重建不仅圣母院大教堂,也是一个国家遭受的暴力黄色背心运动和社会部门反映。巴黎圣母院的故事是一个关于忍耐和重生的故事。

3.单选题

Theshowthatwewatchedwasso（

）thatwelaughedloudly.

问题1选项

A.comical

B.laughable

C.animated

D.attractive

【答案】A

【解析】考查形容词辨析。comical意为“好笑的，滑稽的，有趣的”；laughable意为“可笑的，荒谬的，值得当真的”，含有贬义；animated意为“活跃的，生气勃勃的”；attractive意为“诱人的，吸引人的”。由welaughedloudly（我们大声笑）可推测theshow（演出、节目）好笑，因此选A。

句意：我们看的表演太好笑了，我们大笑起来。

4.单选题

AlthoughthemembersofCongresswantedtogohome,nohopeforanearly（

）couldbeentertained.

问题1选项

A.postponement

B.adjournment

C.adjustment

D.compromise

【答案】B

【解析】考查名词辨析。A选项postponement“延期，延缓”；B选项adjournment“休会；延期”；C选项adjustment“调整，调节”；D选项compromise“妥协；和解”。句意：虽然国会议员们想要回家，但不能抱着早点······的希望。国会议员们“想回家”与nohope存在对立关系，因此B选项的“休会”这一词义更符合句意。

5.单选题

Thisprojectwould（

）ahugeincreaseindefensespending.

问题1选项

A.result

B.assure

C.entail

D.accomplish

【答案】C

【解析】动词辨析。句意:这个项目必须要在国防上的开支。

Result导致;assure保证,使某人相信;entail使是必需的;accomplish完成,实现(目标)，多用于完成某项任务或目标。因此C项符合句意。

6.单选题

Itmakesherveryangrywhenhesaysthatmenareintrinsically（）towomen.

问题1选项

A.meticulous

B.applicable

C.superior

D.inferior

【答案】C

【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。meticulous“一丝不苟的，小心翼翼的”；applicable“可适用的，可应用的”；superior“优越，优秀”；inferior“差的；自卑的”。句意：当听到他说男人在本质上优于女人这个说法时，她很生气。选项C符合题意。

7.单选题

When（

）atthedoor,shewasgivenawarmwelcome.

问题1选项

A.appear

B.appeared

C.appearing

D.appears

【答案】C

【解析】考查状语从句的省略。在when引导的时间状语从句中，当主句与从句的主语一致时，可以省略相同的主语和be动词。此题从句中的逻辑主语为she，she与appear之间是主动关系，因此用现在分词，选C。句意：当她在门口出现时，受到了热烈的欢迎。

8.单选题

Theofwomantomanatouruniversityisaboutfivetofour.

问题1选项

A.rate

B.proportion

C.portion

D.percentage

【答案】B

【解析】考查名词词义辨析。A选项raten.比率，率，等级；B选项proportionn.比例，占比，面积；C选项portionn.部分，份数；D选项percentagen.百分比，百分数。根据搭配，proportion...to...表示“（两者）比例”，因此，B项为正确答案。

9.单选题

China’sresponsetoNorthKorea’sshellingofYeonpyeongIslandtwoweeksagohasbeenremarkablyflaccid.

问题1选项

A.firm

B.shrewd

C.ambiguous

D.limp

【答案】D

【解析】考查形容词辨析。A选项firm“坚定的；牢固的；严格的；结实的；坚决的；牢牢控制的；坚挺的”；B选项shrewd“精明的；狡猾的；机灵的”；C选项ambiguous“模糊不清的，模棱两可的；不明确的，不明朗的；引起歧义的”；D选项limp“柔软的，无力的；软弱的”。句意：中国对朝鲜两周前炮击延坪岛的反应，一直表现得非常迟缓。flaccid“松弛的，软弱的；蔫软的；无活力的；不见成效的”，D选项与该词意思最相近，因此D选项正确。

10.单选题

Manyoftheformerassociates____himwhenitbecameknownhowhehadabusedhispositionoftrust.

问题1选项

A.turnedagainst

B.heldup

C.convincedof

D.wenton

【答案】A

【解析】【选项释义】

A.turnedagainst反对；背叛；采取敌对态度B.heldup举起；阻挡

C.convincedof使确信D.wenton继续

【答案】A

【考查点】词组辨析。

【解题思路】句意：当他滥用职权的事情被曝光后，很多前同事都……他。根据逻辑，因为他滥用职权，那么他的前同事应该是对他持反对态度的。因此选A。

【干扰项排除】B、C、D选项均无法与空格前后构成相应逻辑关系。

【句意】当他滥用职权被曝光后，许多前同事都转而反对他。

11.单选题

Thedoctorhasdifficulty______thisinfection.

问题1选项

A.fortreading

B.totreat

C.intreating

D.beingtreating

【答案】C

【解析】考查固定搭配。句意：医生在治疗这个感染病上遇到困难。做某事遇到困难用sb.havedifficulty(in)doingsth.，所以C选项intreating符合题意，故正确。其余选项语法错误。因此C选项正确。

12.单选题

M:Well,whatdidyouthinkofMr.Brokaw’sspeech?

W:IguessitwasOK,butIwasofteninthedarkinmorewaysthanone!

Q:Whatdowelearnfromtheconversation?

问题1选项

A.Thespeechwasgivenintheevening.

B.Thewomandidn’tquiteunderstandthespeech.

C.Thewomanwassomewhatinadarkplace.

D.Thewomancouldn’thearthespeechclearly

【答案】B

【解析】对话中的“inthedark”的引申含义是女士没有听懂演讲，所以B选项正确。

13.单选题

Thetestimoniesofthewitnessesprovided______proofthatmyclientisinnocent;Idemandthathebereleasedatonce.

问题1选项

A.invalid

B.incredulous

C.irrefragable

D.impotent

【答案】C

【解析】考查形容词辨析。A项invalid表示“（法律上或官方）不承认的，无效的”，B项incredulous表示“怀疑的，不轻信的”，C项irrefragable表示“不能反驳的，不能否认的”，D项impotent表示“无能为力的，不起作用的”。根据myclientisinnocent（我的当事人是无辜的）可知，______proof表示“无可辩驳的证据”符合语境。句意：证人的证词提供了无可辩驳的证据，证明我的当事人是无辜的；我要求立即释放他。因此，该题选择C项正确。

14.单选题

Oftenbebeforecomputer,theeyeisabit（

）urticantabitbetterwiththesortofeye-drop,stimulationissmall.

问题1选项

A.ache

B.fever

C.acerbity

D.sore

【答案】C

【解析】考查名词辨析。ache疼痛；fever发烧；acerbity酸，涩；sore溃疡，痛处。句意：经常在电脑前，眼睛有点痒，有点涩，用那种眼药水比较好，刺激小。C项符合句意。

15.填空题

Socialchangeismorelikelytooccurinsocietieswherethereisamixtureofdifferentkindsofpeoplethaninsocietieswherepeoplearesimilarinmany（1）.Thesimple（2）forthisisthattherearemoredifferentwaysoflookingatthings（3）inthefirstkindofsociety.Therearemoreideas,moredisagreements

（4）

interest,andmoregroupsandorganizations（5）differentbeliefs.In（6）,thereisusuallyagreaterworldlyinterestandgreatertolerancein（7）societies.Allthesefactorstendtopromotesocialchangeby（8）moreareasoflifetodecision.Inasimple-racial（9）,thereare（10）occasionsforpeopletoseetheneedortheopportunityfor（11）becauseeverythingseemstobethesame.And（12）conditionsmaynotbesatisfactory,theyareatleastcustomaryandundisputed.

Socialchangeisalsolikelytooccurmorefrequentlyand（13）inthematerialaspectsoftheculturethaninthenon-material,forexample,intechnologyratherthaninvalues;inthe（14）basicandemotionalaspectsofsocietythanintheiropposites;informratherthanin（15）;andinelementsthatare（16）tothecultureratherthaninstrangeelements.

（17）,socialchangeiseasierifitisgradual.Forexample,itcomes（18）readilyinhumanrelationsonacontinuousscaleratherthanonewithsharpdifferences.Thisisonereasonwhychangehas（19）comemorequicklytoBlackAmericansas（20）tootherAmericanminorities,becauseofsharpdifferencebetweenthemandtheirwhitecounterparts.

A.takedown

B.turndown

C.cutdown

D.setdown

【答案】1、ways

2、reason

3、present

4、in

5、with

6、addition

7、mixed

8、opening

9、society

10、fewer

11、change

12、though/although

13、readily

14、less

15、substance

16、acceptable

17、Furthermore

18、more

19、not

20、compared

【解析】1、根据句意可知，这里指人们在许多方面都很相似。inmanyways为常见搭配，表示在许多方面。

2、上句提到社会变革大多发生在融合了不同种族的人类社会中，本句是解释这个现象出现的原因。

3、根据句意：一个很简单的原因是，有更多不同的方法看待存在于第一类社会中的事物。presentin表示存在于，出现于。

4、in表示在...方面，原文指在兴趣方面有更多的想法和分歧。

5、with表示拥有，原文指更多的团体和组织拥有不同的信仰。

6、下文的内容是对上文的补充，Inaddition表示补充说明。

7、这里讲的是拥有不同种族人群的社会，用mixed表示混合的。

8、根据句意：所有这些因素都倾向于通过更多的生活领域来促进社会变革。open表示打开，开放，符合原文句意，by+v-ing形式，所以这里填入opening。

9、本段前半部分提到的是拥有不同种族人群的社会，这里应该指种族单一的社会。

10、根据下文，因为很多东西都是一样的，所以人们很少有机会看到变革的必要性或机会。fewer和上文的more相对。

11、根据原文可知，这里指社会变革。

12、根据句意：生活条件可能不令人满意，但它们至少是一贯的无可争议的。though/although引导让步状语从句。

13、根据句意可知，这里指社会变革在文化的物质方面比在非物质方面发生得更频繁，也更容易发生。readily表示容易地。

14、根据句意，这里指在社会中不那么基础的和不那么情绪化的方面。

15、填空处填入的词应和form相对，form表示形式上的，substance表示实质上的，符合原文语境。

16、根据下文的strangeelements可推测，这里应填入可接受的，合理的elements。

17、第三段是在前面两段的基础上进一步加深，所以用Furthermore表示还有另一种情况。

18、根据句意：它更容易出现在持续的人际关系中，而不是出现在有明显差异的人际关系中。morereadily表示更加容易，符合原文句意。

19、句意：这就是为什么变革在美国黑人当中没有来更快的原因。

20、原文句意指，跟美国少数民族相比较，所以用compared。

16.单选题

（

）formorethanfivetosevenminutes,thebrainwillbesubjectedtoirreversibledamage.

问题1选项

A.Oxygenoncedeprivedof

B.Oncedeprivedofoxygen

C.Deprivedofoxygenonce

D.Onceoxygendeprivedof

【答案】B

【解析】句意:一旦缺氧超过5到7分钟，大脑就会受到不可逆的损害。

语法题。考查动词过去分词。句子前半部分为Once引导的时间状语从句，Once需放在句首，故排除选项A和C;分句的逻辑主语应为thebrain,主语与从句动词构成被动关系,所以应该用deprivedofoxygen。故选B。

17.翻译题

Thebodieswhoplaymajorprofessionalsportshavechangeddramaticallyovertheyears,andmanagershavebeenmorethanwillingtoadjustteamuniformstofitthegrowingnumbersofbigger,longerframes.

【答案】这些年来，从事主要职业运动的选手们身高发生了巨大的变化，所以经理们很愿意调整队服，使其能够适合越来越多大体型的人。

18.翻译题

参与并取胜，这就是奥林匹克精神。他表现于弱者勇于向强者挑战，也表现于强者力争取得更好的成绩。胜而又胜，优而更优，这种理想一直鼓舞着运动员奋力前进。有人说竞技者终宄会是失败者，即使是最佳运动员也终将被更强者淘汰。成千上万个失败者才涌现一个胜利者，这个胜利者最终仍将被取代，挤出光荣榜——这就是竞技运动的规律。然而运动员却从不为这种不可避免的失败结局所沮丧，仍然力争最佳发挥。

【答案】Toparticipateandtowin—thatistheOlympicspirit.Itfindsexpressionintheweakdaringtodefythestrong,andthestrongstrivingforeverbetterperformance.Everbetter—theidealalwaysluringasportsmanforward.Itissaidthatnoneofthecompetitorscanavoidbeingdefeated—eventhebestisboundtobesurpassedbysomeonestillstronger.Thousandsofloserssetoffonevictorwhointurnwilleventuallybereplacedbysomeoneonthehonorlist.Thisistheruleofsports.However,undauntedbytheinevitablefailure,heisalwaysstrivingtodothebesthecan.

19.单选题

Whathesaidinthemeeting（）everybodypresent.

问题1选项

A.disgusted

B.dismissed

C.disposed

D.disabled

【答案】A

【解析】考查动词辨析。disgust“使厌恶，使作呕”；dismiss“解散，解雇”；dispose“处理，处置”；disable“使失去能力”。句意：他在会议上说的话使在场的每个人都（）。只有A项符合句意。

20.单选题

Manyoldhouseshavebeen（

）inorderthatnewbigbuildingsmaybebuilt.

问题1选项

A.leveled

B.collapsed

C.demolished

D.felled

【答案】C

【解析】考查动词词义辨析。level“使同等；对准；弄平”；collapse“倒塌；瓦解”，一般做不及物动词，无被动形式；demolish“拆除；破坏”；fell“砍伐；打倒；击倒”。句意：为了修建新的建筑，很多老房子被拆除了。选项C符合题意。

21.问答题

Asimpleideaunderpinsscience:"trust,butverify".Resultsshouldalwaysbesubjecttochallengefromexperiment.Thatsimplebutpowerfulideahasgeneratedavastbodyofknowledge.Sinceitsbirthinthe17thcentury,modernsciencehaschangedtheworldbeyondrecognition,andoverwhelminglyforthebetter.

Butsuccesscanbreedcomplacency.Modernscientistsaredoingtoomuchtrustingandnotenoughverifying—tothedetrimentofthewholeofscience,andofhumanity.

Toomanyofthefindingsthatfilltheacademicetheraretheresultofshoddyexperimentsorpooranalysis(seearticle).Aruleofthumbamongbiotechnologyventure-capitalistsisthathalfofpublishedresearchcannotbereplicated.Eventhatmaybeoptimistic.Lastyearresearchersatonebiotechfirm,Amgen,foundtheycouldreproducejustsixof53"landmark"studiesincancerresearch.Earlier,agroupatBayer,adrugcompany,managedtorepeatjustaquarterof67similarlyimportantpapers.A

leadingcomputerscientistfretsthatthree-quartersofpapersinhissubfieldarebunk.In2000―2010roughly80,000patientstookpartinclinicaltrialsbasedonresearchthatwaslaterretractedbecauseofmistakesorimproprieties.

Evenwhenflawedresearchdoesnotputpeople'slivesatrisk—andmuchofitistoofarfromthemarkettodoso—itsquandersmoneyandtheeffortsofsomeoftheworld'sbestminds.Theopportunitycostsofstymiedprogressarehardtoquantify,buttheyarelikelytobevast.Andtheycouldberising.

Onereasonisthecompetitivenessofscience.Inthe1950s,whenmodernacademicresearchtookshapeafteritssuccessesintheSecondWorldWar,itwasstillararefiedpastime.Theentireclubofscientistsnumberedafewhundredthousand.Astheirrankshaveswelled,to6m—7mactiveresearchersonthelatestreckoning,scientistshavelosttheirtasteforself-policingandqualitycontrol.Theobligationto"publishorperish"hascometoruleoveracademiclife.Competitionforjobsiscutthroat.FullprofessorsinAmericaearnedonaverage$135,000in2012—morethanjudgesdid.EveryyearsixfreshlymintedPhDsvieforeveryacademicpost.Nowadaysverification(thereplicationofotherpeople'sresults)doeslittletoadvancearesearcher'scareer.Andwithoutverification,dubiousfindingsliveontomislead.

Careerismalsoencouragesexaggerationandthecherry-pickingofresults.Inordertosafeguardtheirexclusivity,theleadingjournalsimposehighrejectionrates:inexcessof90%ofsubmittedmanuscripts.Themoststrikingfindingshavethegreatestchanceofmakingitontothepage.Littlewonderthatoneinthreeresearchersknowsofacolleaguewhohaspeppedupapaperby,say,excludinginconvenientdatafromresults"basedonagutfeeling".Andasmoreresearchteamsaroundtheworldworkonaproblem,theoddsshortenthatatleastonewillfallpreytoanhonestconfusionbetweenthesweetsignalofagenuinediscoveryandafreakofthestatisticalnoise.Suchspuriouscorrelationsareoftenrecordedinjournalseagerforstartlingpapers.Iftheytouchondrinkingwine,goingsenileorlettingchildrenplayvideogames,theymaywellcommandthefrontpagesofnewspapers,too.

Conversely,failurestoproveahypothesisarerarelyevenofferedforpublication,letaloneaccepted."Negativeresults"nowaccountforonly14%ofpublishedpapers,downfrom30%in1990.Yetknowingwhatisfalseisasimportanttoscienceasknowingwhatistrue.Thefailuretoreportfailuresmeansthatresearcherswastemoneyandeffortexploringblindalleysalreadyinvestigatedbyotherscientists.

Thehallowedprocessofpeerreviewisnotallitiscrackeduptobe,either.Whenaprominentmedicaljournalranresearchpastotherexpertsinthefield,itfoundthatmostofthereviewersfailedtospotmistakesithaddeliberatelyinsertedintopapers,evenafterbeingtoldtheywerebeingtested.

Allthismakesashakyfoundationforanenterprisededicatedtodiscoveringthetruthabouttheworld.Whatmightbedonetoshoreitup?Onepriorityshouldbeforalldisciplinestofollowtheexampleofthosethathavedonemosttotightenstandards.Astartwouldbegettingtogripswithstatistics,especiallyinthegrowingnumberoffieldsthatsiftthroughuntoldoodlesofdatalookingforpatterns.Geneticistshavedonethis,andturnedanearlytorrentofspeciousresultsfromgenomesequencingintoatrickleoftrulysignificantones.

Ideally,researchprotocolsshouldberegisteredinadvanceandmonitoredinvirtualnotebooks.Thiswouldcurbthetemptationtofiddlewiththeexperiment'sdesignmidstreamsoastomaketheresultslookmoresubstantialthantheyare.(Itisalreadymeanttohappeninclinicaltrialsofdrugs,butcomplianceispatchy.)Wherepossible,trialdataalsoshouldbeopenforotherresearcherstoinspectandtest.

Themostenlightenedjournalsarealreadybecominglessaversetohumdrumpapers.Somegovernmentfundingagencies,includingAmerica'sNationalInstitutesofHealth,whichdishout$30billiononresearcheachyear,areworkingouthowbesttoencouragereplication.Andgrowingnumbersofscientists,especiallyyoungones,understandstatistics.Butthesetrendsneedtogomuchfurther.Journalsshouldallocatespacefor"uninteresting"work,andgrant-giversshouldsetasidemoneytopayforit.Peerreviewshouldbetightened—orperhapsdispensedwithaltogether,infavourofpost-publicationevaluationintheformofappendedcomments.Thatsystemhasworkedwellinrecentyearsinphysicsandmathematics.Lastly,policymakersshouldensurethatinstitutionsusingpublicmoneyalsorespecttherules.

Sciencestillcommandsenormous—ifsometimesbemused—respect.Butitsprivilegedstatusisfoundedonthecapacitytoberightmostofthetimeandtocorrectitsmistakeswhenitgetsthingswrong.Anditisnotasiftheuniverseisshortofgenuinemysteriestokeepgenerationsofscientistshardatwork.Thefalsetrailslaiddownbyshoddyresearchareanunforgivablebarriertounderstanding.

【答案】Inthispassage,theauthorpointsoutaseriousproblemexistinginmodernscience,thatis,scientistsaredoingtoomuchtrustingandnotenoughverifying,whichhasdeterioratedthewholescienceandhumanity.

Inthelatterpassage,theauthoranalyzedthereasonswiththedetailedexamplesasproofs.Thefirstreasonisthecompetitivenessofscience.Thegreatlyincreasingpopulationofthescientistsimposedfiercecompetitionandforcedthemtopublishtheirarticlesregardlessoftheacademicquality.What'smore,highrejectionratesoftheleadingjournalsencouragenegativelyresearcherstoexcludeinconvenientdatafromresultsbasedonlyonsensationstooptimizetheirresearchandwintheopportunitytobepublished.

Lateron,theauthorofferssomesuggestionstosolvetheproblem.Onepriorityistomakedisciplinestightenstandards.Journalsshouldsparespacefor"uninteresting"workandacceptthosepapersconcernedwiththe"negativeresults".Governmentfundingagenciesshouldsetasidemoneytosupportandencouragereplication.Peerreviewshouldbetightened.Lastly,policymakersshouldensurethatinstitutionsusingpublicmoneyalsorespecttherules.

Atlast,theauthorrestatesandemphasizestheimportanceforsciencetoberightanditscapacitytobecorrected.Thefalseresearchescanonlyhindertheprocessofunderstanding.

22.单选题

Alltransactionsare（

）strictly,andweneversell,rentortradeanycustomersname.

问题1选项

A.considerable

B.confident

C.considerate

D.confidential

【答案】D

【解析】考查形容词辨析。considerable意为“相当大（或多）的”；confident意为“确信的，深信的”；considerate意为“考虑周到的，体贴的”；confidential意为“机密的，保密的”。

句意：所有交易都是严格保密的，我们从不出售、租借或交易任何客户的名字。

23.单选题

Howwelookandhowweappeartoothersprobablyworriesusmorewhenweareinourteensorearlytwentiesthanatanyothertimeinourlife.Fewofusarecontenttoacceptourselvesasweare,andfewarebraveenoughtoignorethetrendsoffashion.

MostfashionmagazinesorTVadvertisementstrytopersuadeusthatweshoulddressinacertainwayorbehaveinacertainmanner.Ifwedo,theytellus,wewillbeabletomeetnewpeoplewithconfidenceanddealwitheverysituationconfidentlyandwithoutembarrassment.Changingfashion,ofcourse,doesnotapplyjusttodress.Abarbertodaydoesnotcutaboy’shairinthesamewayasheusedto,andgirlsdonotmakeupinthesamewayastheirmothersandgrandmothersdid.Theadvertisershowusthelatestfashionablestylesandweareconstantlyunderpressuretofollowthefashionincaseourfriendsthinkweareoddordull.

Whatcausesfashionstochange?Sometimesconvenienceorpracticalnecessityorjustthefancyofaninfluentialpersoncanestablishafashion.Takehats,forexample.Incoldclimates,earlybuildingswerecoldinside,sopeopleworehatsindoorsaswellasoutside.Inrecenttimes,thelatePresidentKennedycausedadepressionintheAmericanhatindustrybynotwearinghats:moreAmericanmenfollowedhisexample.

Thereisalsoacyclicalpatterninfashion.Inthe1920sinEuropeandAmerica,shortskirtsbecamefashionable.AfterWorldWarTwo,theydroppedtoanklelength.Thentheygotshorterandshortertheminiskirtwasinfashion.Afterafewmoreyears,skirtsbecamelongeragain.

Today,societyismuchfreerandeasierthanitusedtobe.Itisnolongernecessarytodresslikeeveryoneelse.Withinreason,youcandressasyoulikeordoyourhairthewayyoulikeinsteadofthewayyoushouldbecauseitisthefashion.Thepopularityofjeansandthe"untidy"lookseemstobeareactionagainsttheincreasinglyexpensivefashionofthetopfashionhouses.

Atthesametime,appearanceisstillimportantincertaincircumstancesandthenwemustchooseourclothescarefully.Itwouldbefoolishtogotoaninterviewforajobinalawfirmwearingjeansandasweater,anditwouldbediscourteoustovisitsomedistinguishedscholarlookingasifweweregoingtothebeachoranightclub.However,youneedneverfeeldepressedifyoudon'tlooklikethelatestfashionphoto.Lookaroundyouandyou’llseethatnooneelsedoeseither!

1.Theauthorthinksthatpeopleare（

）.

2.FashionmagazinesandTVadvertisementsseemtolinkfashionto

（

）.

3.Causesoffashionare

（

）.

4.Present-daysocietyismuchfreerandeasierbecauseitemphasizes

（

）.

5.Whichisthemainideaofthelastparagraph?

问题1选项

A.satisfiedwiththeirappearance.

B.concernedaboutappearanceinoldage

C.farfromneglectingwhatisinfashion

D.reluctanttofollowthetrendsinfashion

问题2选项

A